Economic growth off to a slow start on weaker consumption
Capex, a continued bright spot, may be ready to pick up the slack
Growth slowed noticeably during the first quarter due to a combination of residual seasonality, a sharp downturn in non-farm inventory building, warmer winter weather that damped utility demand and rising inflation. The result was a meager 0.7 percent increase in gross domestic product (GDP) and a weak 0.3 percent increase in overall consumption. Even so, the details of the report look a bit stronger than the headline increase, with growth on a year-ago basis up 1.9 percent. Meanwhile, real final sales increased 1.6 percent and final sales to private domestic purchasers climbed 2.2 percent.
The policy implications of the GDP report are twofold: first, the Federal Reserve will likely look right past this data, comfortable that the underlying details and bump in inflation is aligned with their forward-looking forecast for additional interest rate increases this year. Second, the Trump administration and Congress will likely view this as evidence that, absent comprehensive tax reform and infrastructure development, the economy will continue to chug along at a sub-2 percent pace for growth. While we forecasted a rebound to near 2.5 percent growth in the current quarter, there is a growing imbalance between investor and business expectations (the so-called soft data, which reflects sentiment) for growth, and hard data, which points to sluggish economic activity.
The bottom line is that if tax reform and clarity on infrastructure investment isn’t forthcoming this year, one should expect a reduction in risk appetites across the real economy and asset markets. That alone should get the attention of policymakers in D.C.
Consumption details in the report were somewhat bleak. Demand for utilities waned, resulting in an abysmal 0.4 percent increase in outlays on services, well below the 2.5 percent average over the previous four quarters. While utilities account for about 5 percent of total service demand, seasonal shifts in demand can exert powerful swings from quarter to quarter inside the GDP estimate. And, slowing non-durable demand to 1.5 percent was definitely influenced by the 20 percent year-over-year increase in the price of retail gasoline. Regardless, the aforementioned declines should reverse in the current quarter back toward the long-term trend.
A bit more concerning is the decline of 2.5 percent in durable goods. This is undoubtedly a function of the auto sector seeing the impact of tightening credit conditions and damped consumer purchasing after a multi-year period of robust demand. That said, the sustained increases being seen in job creation and wages should support a return to form, which has resulted in a 3 percent increase in overall spending over the past three years.
During the first quarter, disposable personal income increased $121.0 billion, or 3.4 percent, compared with an increase of $141.6 billion, or 4.1 percent, in the fourth quarter of last year. Real disposable personal income increased 1.0 percent, compared with an increase of 2.0 percent during the previous quarter.
The silver lining in the data was the sustained improvement, albeit at a slower pace, of gross private investment to near 4.3 percent. Fixed investment climbed 10.4 percent, and residential investment expanded by 9.4 percent. Outlays on structures increased 22.1 percent, equipment 9.1 percent and intellectual property advanced 2 percent. Residential investment improved by 13.7 percent. We expect these gains in overall capital expenditures to be sustained in the current quarter, an improvement over the sluggish capex seen so far throughout this business cycle. Moreover, the most recent quarter’s RSM US Middle Market Business Index indicated that, at least among middle market businesses, there is continued scope for increasing capex six months ahead.
Exports advanced 5.8 percent and imports were up 4.1 percent as net exports remained essentially unchanged from the previous quarter. The swing in non-farm inventories, which exerted close to a 1 percent drag on overall growth, will be reversed in the current quarter and support a much strong pace of economic expansion. Government spending dropped 0.3 percent due to declines in defense, state and local spending.