#al-qadr

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Two hundred thousand worshippers performed Al-Taraweeh prayers during Alqadr night of Ramadan at Al-Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem. (April 6, 2024)

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سورة القدر

Al-Qariy - Ibraheem al-`Aseeriy. Surah 97 al-Qadr.

ТАФСИР | «Сура “Аль-Къадр” – повествование о несравненной ночи из ценного Рамадана»

من ” صفوة التفاسير “ ٣ / ٥٥٧-٥٥٨ للصابوني حفظه الله ونفعنا به : « ﴿ إِنَّا أَنزَلْنَاهُ فِي لَيْلَةِ الْقَدْرِ ﴾ ، — أي : نحن أنزلنا هذا القرآن المعجز في ليلة القدر والشرف

«“Поистине, Мы ниспослали его в Ночь Предопределения!”, – то есть: “Мы ниспослали этот Чудесный Коран в Ночь Предопределения и Почёта!”.

قال المفسرون : « سميت ” ليلة القدر “ لعظمها وقدرها وشرفها »

Учёные-толкователи сказали: “Она была названа “Ночью Предопределения” по причине своего величия, своей ценности и почётности!”.

والمرادُ بإِنزال القرآن إِنزالهُ من اللوح المحفوظ إِلى السماء الدنيا ، ثم نزل به جبريل — عليه السلام — إِلى الأرض في مدة ثلاث وعشرين سنة

Конкретно подразумеваемое под ниспосланием Корана — это ниспослание его из Хранимой Скрижали на небеса этого мира. А уже потом с ним на землю нисходил Джибри́ль, мир ему, на протяжении 23 лет.

كما قال ابن عباس رضي الله عنهما : ” أنزل الله القرآن جملةً واحدة من اللوح المحفوظ إِلى بيت العزة من السماء الدنيا ، ثم نزل مفصلاً بحسب الوقائع في ثلاث وعشرين سنة على رسول الله ﷺ

Как об этом сказал Ибн ‘Абба́с, да будет доволен Аллах ими обоими: “Аллах разом ниспослал весь Коран из Хранимой Скрижали в Храм Величия, — из “Ля́вху-ль-Махфу́з” в “Ба́йту-ль-‘И́зза”, — находящийся на небесах этого мира.

Затем, по мере происходящих событий, Он по частям ниспосылал его Посланнику Аллаха — да благословит его Аллах и да приветствует! — на протяжении​ 23 лет”.

﴿ وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ مَا لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ ﴾ ، — تعظيمٌ وتفخيمٌ لأمرها . أي : وما أعلمك ، يا محمد ، ما ليلةٌ القد والشرف ؟

“Но откуда тебе было знать, что такое Ночь Предопределения?”, — это возвеличивание и прославление её значимости. То есть: “Откуда ты мог знать, о Мухаммад, что такое Ночь Предопределения и Почёта?”.

قال الخازن ، رحمه الله تعالى : « وهذا على سبيل التعظيم لها والتشريق لخبرها ، — كأنه قال : ” أي شيء يبلغ علمك بقدرها ومبلغ فضلها ؟ “ »

Аль-Ха́зин, да смилуется над ним Всевышний Аллах, сказал: «Это пришло в форме указания на её величественность, —Он словно говорит:

“Чем таким из знаний об её ценности и о степени её превосходства ты располагаешь?”»

ثم ذكر فضلها من ثلاثة أوجه فقال تعالى : ﴿ لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ خَيْرٌ مِّنْ أَلْفِ شَهْرٍ ﴾ ، — أي :

Затем, по поводу её достоинств, Он — Возвышенный — подчеркнул три аспекта, сказав: “Ночь Предопределения — лучше, нежели тысяча месяцев!”, – то есть:

ليلة القدر في الشرف والفضل خيرٌ من ألف شهر ، لما اختصت به من شرف إِنزال القرآن الكريم فيها

Ночь Предопределения по своим высокому положению и достоинствам лучше тысячи месяцев, — в силу того, что была почтена ниспосланием в неё Благородного Корана!

قال المفسرون : ” العمل الصالح في ليلة القدر خيرٌ من العمل في ألف شهر ليس فيها ليلة القدر “

Учёные-толкователи сказали: “Праведный поступок в Ночь Предопределения лучше, нежели деяния на протяжении тысячи месяцев, в которых нет таковой ночи!”.

وقد روي أن رجلاً لبس السلاح وجاهد في سبيل الله ألف شهر ، فعجب رسول الله ﷺ والمسلمون من ذلك ، وتمنى رسول الله ﷺ لأُمته فقال :

Было передано, что некий мужчина взял оружие и сражался на Пути Аллаха 1000 месяцев, — от чего Посланник Аллаха и мусульмане пришли в изумление.

Посланник Аллаха, да благословит его Аллах и да приветствует, возжелав подобного и для своей Уммы, произнёс:

” يا رب ، جعلت أُمتي أقصر الأمم أعماراً ، وأقلها أعمالاً “ ، — فأعطاه الله ليلة القدر وقال : ” ليلةُ القدر خيرٌ لك ولأمكت من ألف شهر ، جاهد فيها ذلك الرجل “

“О Господь, среди всех общин Ты определил моей Общине наикратчайший срок жизни и наименьшее количество деяний!”. Тогда Аллах даровал ему Ночь Предопределения и сказал:

“Ночь Предопределения для тебя и для твоей Общины лучше, чем те 1000 месяцев, что участвовал в Джиха́де тот мужчина!”.

قال مجاهد ، رحمه الله تعالى : ” عملها وصيامها وقيامها خير من ألف شهر “ . وهذا هو الوجه الأول من فضلها

Муджа́хид, да смилуется над ним Всевышний Аллах, сказал: “Деяния, пощения и выстаивания в течение неё — лучше, чем на протяжении тысячи месяцев!”. И это был первый аспект, касательно её достоинств.

ثم قال تعالى : ﴿ تَنَزَّلُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ وَالرُّوحُ فِيهَا بِإِذْنِ رَبِّهِم مِّن كُلِّ أَمْرٍ ﴾ ، — أي :

Затем Всевышний сказал: “Нисходят ангелы и Дух на протяжении неё — с позволения Аллаха — по всяческим повелениям!”, – то есть:

تنزل الملائكةُ وجبريل — عليه السلام — إِلى الأرض في تلك الليلة بأمر ربهم من أجل كل أمرٍ قدَّره الله وقضاه لتلك السنة إِلى السنة القابلة . وهذا هو الوجه الثاني من فضلها

Ангелы и Джибри́ль, мир ему, нисходят на протяжении этой ночи на землю, — по приказу своего Господа, — ради того, что Аллах решил и предписал в этом году, вплоть до грядущего. И это второй аспект, касательно её достоинств.

والوجه الثالث — قوله تعالى : ﴿ سَلَامٌ هِيَ حَتَّىٰ مَطْلَعِ الْفَجْرِ ﴾ ، — أي : هي سلام من أول يومها إِلى طلوع الفجر

Третий аспект — Слова Всевышнего Аллаха: “Она являет собой мир, вплоть до восхода зари!”, — то есть: с момента начала её дня и вплоть до восхода утренней зари.

تسلّم فيها الملائكة على المؤمنين ، ولا يُقدّر الله فيها إِلا الخير والسلامة لبني الإِنسان » ، — انتهى

В течение неё ангелы приветствуют верующих и Аллах предписывает на протяжении этой ночи человеческому роду лишь сохранность от бед и невзгод!», – конец цитаты.

[Шайх Мухаммад ‘Али Ас-Са́бу́ни́ | См.: «Са́фвату-т-Тафа́си́р», 557-558/3]

Источник: ittisoliyyah.livejournal.com/45745.html

© Канал «Daru al-Ittisoliyyah» | telegram.me/ittisoliyyah

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Divine Decree & Free Will

The concept of Al-Qadr (Divine Decree) is well established in the Quran and Sunnah. It is one of the six pillars of Iman (belief), as established by the hadith of Jibreel (PBUH) in which the prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) is reported to have said

“That you affirm your faith in God, in His angels, in His Books, in His Apostles, in the Day of Judgment, and you affirm your faith in the Divine Decree about good and evil. ” (Sahih Muslim 8a)

The essentiality of belief in the Divine Decree is also well established in the Quran in the following verse

Indeed, all things We created with predestination [Quran 54:49]

Thus anyone who rejects belief in Al Qadr, altogether, is not considered a Muslim by unanimous consensus of scholars of Islam. However, groups within the Muslim ummah have differed over the understanding of Al Qadr. Let us first try to understand the concept of Devine Decree as established by the clear text of Quran and Sunnah and how because of a lack of understanding led certain groups to misinterpret the concept of Al Qadr.

The correct understanding of Al Qadr is also well established in the Quran and Sunnah. These can be categorized in four aspects

The Knowledge of God. This entails that God has knowledge of everything that has happened and that is going to happen. The evidence for this is found in the Quran

Do you not know that God knows what is in the heaven and earth? Indeed, that is in a Record. Indeed that, for God, is easy. [Quran 22:70]

The fact that God ordered everything to be written. This entails that all that is going to happen is pre-recorded in al-Lawh al-Mahfooz. This is also well established from the Quranic verse quoted above as well as the following hadith

Ubadah b. al Samit said to his son : Son! You will not get the taste of the reality of faith until you know that what has come to you could not miss you, and that what has missed you could not come to you. I heard the Messenger of God (ﷺ) say: The first thing God created was the pen. He said to it: Write. It asked: What should I write, my Lord? He said: Write what was decreed about everything till the Last Hour comes. Son! I heard the Messenger of God (ﷺ) say : He who dies on something other than this does not belong to me. (Sunan Abi Dawud 4700)

The Will of God. This entails that whatever happens, it happens by the Will of God. This is established by a number of verses of the Quran including 14:27, 3:6, 4:90 and 6:137.

The fact that God creates everything. This entails the belief that God creates everything that exists. This includes not only our own creation but also our actions. This is very clear from the following verse of the Quran

While God created you and that which you do? [Quran 37:96]

This however does not reject the fact that humans have been given free will, which is also well established by Quran and Sunnah. God says in the Quran

so he who wills may take to his Lord a [way of] return. [Quran 78:39]

God also informs us that we will be held accountable for our actions in many verses of the Quran including 7:42 and 67:8-10

The fact that a belief in both of these is a requirement beautifully presented in the words of the prophet (ﷺ) in the hadith of Sahih Muslim when he was asked

why should we perform good deeds, why not depend upon our destiny? Thereupon he (ﷺ) said. No, do perform good deeds, for everyone is facilitated in that for which he has been created (Sahih Muslim 2647c)

In this hadith, we note that the prophet (ﷺ) affirmed both the Qadr of God as well as the free will of humans. It should also be noted that although we have free will, it is subservient to God’s will as the following verse of the Quran mentions this fact

For whoever wills among you to take a right course. And you do not will except that God wills – Lord of the worlds.” [Quran 81:28-29]

Now, on the face of it, this may appear contradictory to some people. How can everything be divinely decreed and yet humans are held responsible for their actions?

So, let us use our rational faculties and try to understand how both, the fact that we have free will, and the fact that everything is Divinely Decreed, are possible together. But, before we do so, we must acknowledge the limitations of our rational faculties. While we may try to rationalize these two facts in order to have a better understanding of the subject matter, the conclusions that we may reach about the mechanism of how this works cannot be definitive as the actual mechanism is only known to God and has not been communicated to us.

With that disclaimer out of the way, now let us try to understand how these could possibly work together. The way this is possible is when the Divine Decree and our decisions are harmonized and synchronized together. Let me explain this with an example.

Imagine there are two trains. Both these trains are moving together on two different tracks at the exact same speed. They are perfectly synchronized in a way that they seemed to be connected, but they are not. Each one is acting independently, yet they are perfectly synchronized.

When I take a glass of water to drink, my decision to drink water is perfectly synchronized with my actions of moving my hand forward and picking up the glass of water, which have been Divinely Decreed to act at this moment in time.

This, of course, only happens, when our will is in agreement with the Will of God because as it has been previously mentioned, our will is subservient to God’s will. However, if our will is not in agreement to God’s will, then the action will not be performed. Let us understand this with an example. So imagine, if I wanted to kill someone, and I took out a gun and shot, but due to some technical defect, the gun does not fire. Here my will to kill someone was not in conformity with the Will of God, and so the Will of God superseded my will, and the action of killing was not performed.

Thus we see that we have been given an independent free will that works in subservient to God’s will and we would be held accountable for our decisions, even though the actions were Decreed and Created by God.

The Ahle Sunnah wal Jammah took the evidence from the Quran and Sunnah and affirmed faith in both, the above-described aspects of Al Qadr as well the free will of humans, and have left the actual exact mechanism of how this works as a matter of the unseen.

However certain deviant groups have deviated from the correct understanding of Al Qadr and have gone to two different extremes.

The pioneer among them was a group known as Al Qadariya. They were a ‘rationalist group’, who, based on their subjective reasoning, and the influence of foreign ideologies, felt that Al Qadr as described above contradicted the concept of free will. They also believed that ‘evil’ cannot come from God, and so it must have human origins. Therefore they believed that human actions are a result of their own volition. In this way, they rejected a major part of God’s Divine Decree.

The origin of the group is reported to be Maʿbad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUkaym alJuhanī, who is reportedly ‘the first to speak about qadar in Baṣra’ (Ibn Abī Ḥātim, Jarḥ, 8: 280). It is reported that he argued that Usman (RA) could not have been killed by God and that the one who killed Usman (RA) acted independently against God’s Will (al-Balādhurī, Ansāb, 2: 256). He was later tried and punished for his deviant beliefs by the Islamic government of the time.

One of his students, Ghaylān, took the cause further and propagated his beliefs. He is reported to have written a number of treatises and gained followers. He was also punished for his beliefs and a group of the Qadariyya were later exiled by the government of the time (al-Ṭabarī, Tārīkh, 2: 1777).

The group was thoroughly refuted by the scholars of the sunnah based on the Quranic ayats and hadith presented above and slowly fizzled out.

There was another group that went to the other extreme. They were known as Al-Jabariyah. This group rejected human free will altogether and believed that even our decisions are a result of God’s Qadr, over which we have no control and therefore are not responsible for the way we act.

This group was from among the followers of Jahm ibn Safwan, who was influenced by Neoplotonic Greek philosophical ideas and had started denying the attributes of God. Being from among his followers, the Jabariyah gave precedence to philosophical thinking over explicit text from Quran and Hadith. This group was also refuted by the scholars of the sunnah.

Thus, we see that the groups who gave priority to philosophy, foreign ideologies, and their own subjected reasoning over the clear text of revelation, deviated from the correct understanding because of their own arrogance and failure to understand their own limitations. The people of the sunnah, on the other hand, stuck with the revelation of God and teachings of the prophet (ﷺ) and continued the balanced approach with regard to Qadr.

In conclusion, I would like to say that the correct belief in the Divine Decree gives us both patience, hope, and relief. We know that whatever challenges we face in our life have been Decreed by the One who Created us and knows us better than even we know ourselves. These challenges are a part of the tests of life that we are capable of handling and would only make us use the full potential that we have been created with. This has been described beautifully by the prophet (ﷺ) himself in the following hadith

“How wonderful the affair of the believer is! Indeed, all of his affairs are good for him. This is for no one but the believer. If something good happens to him, he is grateful to God, which is good for him. And if something bad happens to him, he has patience, which is good for him.” [Muslim]

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إِنَّآ أَنزَلْنَـٰهُ فِى لَيْلَةِ ٱلْقَدْرِ ١

Indeed, We sent it [i.e., the Qur’ān] down during the Night of Decree.

وَمَآ أَدْرَىٰكَ مَا لَيْلَةُ ٱلْقَدْرِ ٢

And what can make you know what is the Night of Decree?

لَيْلَةُ ٱلْقَدْرِ خَيْرٌۭ مِّنْ أَلْفِ شَهْرٍۢ ٣

The Night of Decree is better than a thousand months.

تَنَزَّلُ ٱلْمَلَـٰٓئِكَةُ وَٱلرُّوحُ فِيهَا بِإِذْنِ رَبِّهِم مِّن كُلِّ أَمْرٍۢ ٤

The angels and the Spirit [i.e., Gabriel] descend therein by permission of their Lord for every matter

سَلَـٰمٌ هِىَ حَتَّىٰ مَطْلَعِ ٱلْفَجْرِ ٥

Peace it is1 until the emergence of dawn.

Al-Qadr