Lmao
IT GOT FUCKING FLAGGED I’M SCREAMING
They’re fearing our resistance
🪼

JVL

★
AnasAbdin
Game of Thrones Daily

祝日 / Permanent Vacation
he wasn't even looking at me and he found me
wallacepolsom
Not today Justin
"I'm Dorothy Gale from Kansas"

titsay

if i look back, i am lost

Janaina Medeiros

Discoholic 🪩
art blog(derogatory)
Three Goblin Art
taylor price

Origami Around

ellievsbear
Cosimo Galluzzi
seen from Malaysia

seen from Yemen

seen from United States

seen from United Kingdom

seen from Türkiye

seen from Malaysia
seen from United States
seen from Brazil

seen from Malaysia

seen from United States

seen from Germany

seen from Türkiye
seen from France
seen from United States

seen from Bangladesh
seen from United States
seen from United States
seen from Thailand

seen from United States

seen from Mexico
@cahethel
Lmao
IT GOT FUCKING FLAGGED I’M SCREAMING
They’re fearing our resistance
Kinktober 25/31 - Strip Tease
“La musique était plutôt douce, pas besoin de la monter trop, les parois capitonnées étaient bien isolées du reste du club, et Adam avait toujours aimé la façon dont les lumières jouaient sur son corps, du bleu au violet tirant sur le rose, dont elles se réfléchissaient sur l’or de ses bijoux, dont elles soulignaient ses muscles déliés. Il aimait aussi se laisser porter par la musique.”
Adam (stripper) is @fantomefumee’s and Aaron (with undercut) is @cahethel‘s
I’m not late anymore ! (Enjoy it while it lasts 8D)
@loisreed : that’s so sweet !
kinktober 24: make up Iosefka and Yuu © @cahethel
Kinktober 21/31 - Weapon Play
Ajmar fit glisser le couteau en dehors de son étui et le manipula quelques secondes avec dextérité pour en tester le poids.
- Il y a des choses que je peux contrôler, mais j'aurai du mal à associer le sexe, la brutalité, et le contrôle. Un des trois sautera en route, expliqua l'ork avec sobriété.
L'elfe élargit son sourire.
- Alors tu sais duquel te débarrasser.
Nous sommes toujours avec cette chaudasse de Milan, et notons que malgré ce qu’il dit, Ajmar restera toujours précautionneux pour deux, histoire que l’instinct de survie ne disparaisse pas complètement.
day 18 ( late) kneeling
Kossith/Kreios belongs to @cahethel
Kinktober 16/31 - Romance
“ La conscience de son environnement le frappe avec une acuité inhabituelle. La pâle lumière du jour, filtrée par les stores en papier de riz. L'odeur du café encore tiède qu'ils ont oublié sur la table. Le doux son du morceau qu'il vient de mettre, en prenant soin de ne pas trahir qu'il était son préféré. Sous sa main, le souffle de Delsin est si calme qu'il pourrait être en train de s'endormir.
Le temps de quelques secondes, Takumi pourrait bien croire être heureux.”
Something strange for a kinky calendar, but it’s like a break between two nsfw artworks, and for the two of them, speaking of feelings is the most indecent thing you could ever imagine…
Delsin (sleeping one) is @cahethel !
Kinktober 07/31 - Kinbaku
“Faris captura brièvement le regard d’Ian alors qu’il vérifiait avec attention les derniers détails. Le sourire fugace qu’il vola à l’enchanteur valait toutes les caresses.”
Ian is @cahethel‘s character !
toMORROW IS INKTOBER AND I’M OFFICIALLY NOT READY
Update !
Bit of a last minute change, from #1 to #28 (I thought it seemed almost redundant to leave ero-asphyxiation in there, so I added masturbation in place of it. But now it’s #1!)
—-
October is near, so I’ve made my own version of Kinktober 2018! I made my own list as to what I’m going to be working with, but feel free to use this list and participate and reblog it around!
Mediums: Illustration & Writing (traditional or digital, no limit here!) Subjects: Anything- Yourself, your OTP’s, your OC’s…
Not all works have to be anything intricate or long, drabbles and doodles are perfectly ok if you want to catch up. Up to you!
If you want me to see your works, the tag is #marukakinktober18 ! I’ll reblog the ones I like on my nsfw art blog (you’ll know). And it goes without saying, most of my work will be posted there.
Feel free to ask any questions! See you in October! 🖤☠💕
-ℳ
Red Wyvern, 2017
Inks and gouache
Yasmine deleted her tumblr by accident so here’s the new one!
So I’m not sure what to call this
But I figured I’d at least try to impart my knowledge of (hank hill voice) weapons and weapon accessories.
If you like this, tell me, and I might do another tutorial some time!
Worldbuilding: City Structure Models
[source: City-Building]
Every city provides an array of service, residential, and industrial functions. How these services are arranged in relationship to one another is what we call the urban structure, or the land use structure.
There are three modern models used to describe these structures, which were based on observations of the North American city, as well as some additional models that help explain unique situations and antiquity. However, it is important to note that not every city falls into one of these models. These models attempt to explain larger organizational trends of people/services seen in existing cities. They do not dictate ultimate city form. In other words, you couldn’t use these models to decide whether or not your street patterns are gridded or irregular, you couldn’t use it to decide whether or not your city is planned, circular, square, or organic in form. You could design a grid city that fits any of these models for example! City form is only influenced, not dictated, by your urban structure.
Thus we can conclude that an urban structure model is more theory on the spacial relationships goods, services, and people need and have to one another in a city, and city form is your physical implementation of these ideas.
I am going to explain each model and then point out the Take-Aways, or the critical content and concepts that will help you in deciding and designing your city. Consider it your TL:DR version.
So! before we delve into this, I want to explain what a city ‘core’ is, mostly because it gets referenced quite a bit when discussing the models. A city core is the area of the city where the flow of people, culture, goods, services, information, etc is most concentrated. Often times it is considered the center of business. Cost of living is the highest here, as is the magnitude of activity. Today we may refer to this as the ‘downtown‘ of a city, or the ‘hub‘ or the ‘heart‘. Examples in antiquity are the Agora in Athens or the Roman Forum, and Central London in the modern. Cities can have one core or several, depending on many different factors.
So now that we have an idea of what a core is, lets look at these models!
Concentric Zones
In this first model, the city is organized in a series of rings emitting concentrically outwards from the Core. As you can see above, that core of the city makes up the entire first ring, followed by (2) a ring of industry & factories, (3) a zone of transition intermixing working class housing & industry, (4) working–class residences, (4) middle–class residences, and (5) the commuter zone. When applied generally, you can see this either in play or in the past in many American and European cities.
In real-time practice, these zones would encroach somewhat on each other, and would need to respond to any cultural influences and demands made by the terrain. As with all models, it needs a reasonable transportation network (good roads, trains, etc). However, in a Concentric Zone Model, most often the transit system is expensive and use is thus limited to the wealthy.
The Core & Inner Rings of Chicago
This model was developed by sociologist Ernest Burgess in his observation of cities in the American pre-car, industrial age (specifically Chicago). This model was based on the (at that time) observation that the poor did not have access or money to bring themselves in and out of the city every day (because transit was expensive!), while the wealthier wanted fresh air & space.
Here is the concentric model overlay of Chicago, as Burgess observed in 1920:
If you are interested in seeing how Chicago developed over a span of 100 years, this site has some really great images and a quick overview! If you do take a look, notice how each year Chicago expands concentrically outwards, as does the rail road. This animated graphic goes through changing median incomes over the last 40 years, where you can still see present the observations Burgess made–a strong economic center, surrounded by poorer industry & working class residences, followed with the middle & upper classes always remaining even further outwards.
The First Take Away: This model really hits home the influence of a core, whether it is business, legislative, or religious. A core is a major organizational component of a city–knowing where your core (or cores) are in your city will help you decide your next major moves.
Though this model was developed in reflection of the early industrial city, where you had concentrated inner city poverty and outer wealthy suburbs, you can always adjust these relationships and ring definitions as you build your own city. And these relationships are different, depending on the city you look at. It is easy to make the case for a wealthy inner city that surrounds the core, with manufacturing and poverty towards the outer rings (See: New York, See: Ancient Aachen).
Aachen City Plan (Check out High Res here!!)
Districts/Sectors with a Central Hub
This model also has a single core, with social groups and industries arranged around it in a series of sectors or districts that are more defined by their relationship to major transit lines. In a way, this is just an evolution of the Concentric model–where, as a more complex and affordable transit network emerges, the city too responds.
The lesson here is that city form follows transit lines and that you need to think about who uses those lines: Industry? Low Income Residents? Commuters? Furthermore, Higher income neighborhoods tend to follow higher ground, extending along non-industry river fronts, along transit lines as well, and usually towards open country. This model also acknowledges that there is high-income residents interested in living close to the core.
An example would be Sunderland, England, as diagrammed below; read more here. The waterline here is a major transit line and you can see industry hugs this waterway. Lower classes in turn hug the industrial belt, where they would find a source for work. Middle and upper classes expand towards the open but still have relative access to the CBD (Central Business District/Core)
The Second & Third Take Away: This model is a little more realistic when it comes to more industrialized cities. People and industry pretty much always follow transit systems. That doesn’t mean you cant have several transit systems in place. Maybe there is one train line for industrial use and one for commuters? Maybe you have some major public boulevards for carriages used primarily by merchants and high-income and offshoot pedestrian paths for the low-income residents? Service roads and commercial streets?
This model also acknowledges that people of all income classes like to live closer where they work.
I am adding a map of Bruges, though it never really underwent any sort of industrialization. Here you can see how the city has expanded along major transit lines and water ways–the most along the major water channel, which happens to have a significant amount of industry surrounding it as you move north.
Districts/Sectors with Multiple Nuclei
This model states that cities are composed of several cores-religious cores, industrial cores, business cores, cultural cores, etc. Around each of these cores conglomerate related services. For example, a university core may attract well-educated residents, pizzerias, and bookstores, whereas an airport may attract hotels, low-income residences, and warehouses. Incompatible activities will avoid clustering in the same area. (1)
This obvious acknowledges that different functions require different amenities. But, it also that a city requires a really strong transit infrastructure. This is most likely a system to exist on a large scale where cars or some other form of rapid transit are in place.
Los Angels is a great example of this, since the city is so large. One can even make an argument for NYC–with a cores around Wall Street, Times Square, Central Park, and Downtown Brooklyn–though modern NYC is a little more complicated when it comes to analyzing form due to all the planning & regulation that has influenced development over time.
The Fourth and Fifth Take Away: Larger cities tend to have several cores. Consider cores for religion, culture, ethnic backgrounds, businesses and trades, classes and government. Though there may be one central pulling force for all of them, they all most likely also have their own centers of operation. Additionally, different cores/functions require different amenities and have different users.
Garden City by Howard
Additional Models and Structures
So the previous three were all conceived upon the studying of North American cities. Thus you may find this doesn’t always apply in Europe, modern day 3rd worlds, and elsewhere. (If applied generally, these cities may fit). I want to briefly touch upon a few other patterns and models as well.
Irregular / Organic Pattern
Favela, Rio De Janeiro, Brasil
Most likely you’d see this occurring now in third world countries, where there is no rhyme or reason as to what is getting built where and people are building for themselves. There is no clear plan for expansion–it just happens on its own when the population needs it to. City form can take all sorts of an appearance, industries can get mixed quite heavily (so there really is a complete free for all) but you still will most likely see a separation of high and low income.
Planned Models
Brasillia, Brazil
I wanted to include planned cities because they appear all the time throughout history. A planned city is often the product of a planner taking an urban structure (existing or invented) and allowing it to dictate city form. These types of cities have been in use for thousands of years–with deliberate premeditation to zoning, land use, ritual, administration, and critical city systems.
We will delve heavily into these later on in separate articles as well. But the take away here is that, if you wish, you can take (or design) any urban structure / model and allow it to inform all your decisions about placement of housing, streets, infrastructure, and services. A city can be completely preconceived, and there are examples of planned cities going back thousands of years.
Timgad, Roman City 100AD
Mohenjo-Daro, 2600 BCE
Evolving / Patterns over Time
Europe and Middle Eastern cities each have a lot of history behind them, which of course often gives them no easily identifiable city structure today (though many can broadly fit into one of the models above). These cities have often evolved out of previously large towns or ports and have seen their borders continually expand.
Originally, many were built for the pedestrian (vs the more modern cities in North America for the cart, car, & commerce). Their form and centers are also defined strongly by their original hook—Islamic cities tend to be centralized around religious grounds, whereas many of the cities in England are centered around their ports and rivers. With time they expanded to include other services, and perhaps other cores, but this ‘old city’ still remains present and active.
The Take Away? All cities evolve over time. The longer the city has existed, the more likely there are multiple designers, cores, and ideologies of planning at play, the more likely you will have a mix of modern & ancient infrastructure and materials (dirt, cobble, and paved roads all within radius, for example, or the old city vs the new city). Additionally, older cities are more likely to be pedestrian friendly, with pedestrian-only streets, plazas, and public space.
You can see here in this map of Bruges, the old city in pink and the new city extents in green, growing along major transit paths.
Milan, 1600s
And Beyondddd….
Erich Kettelhut – Metropolis
Gotham City Concept by Anton Furst and Nigel Phelps
I’m sure there are more theories of city structure out there–there are definitely numerous theoretical and unrealized designs for cities floating around in dusty tomes of history and the deep recesses of the net. I’ll eventually touch upon some of those, but as to general city structure, this should be a good place to jump off from. Realize that you can create your own city structure and logic to things. These models above are based on the observable reality here today on this earth.
Overall Take-Aways:
These structural models are simplified ways of looking at what are ultimately very complex systems. These are a good place to start if you are unsure where to begin, but don’t be afraid to have anomalies and to allow your city to grow organically as well. No city that exists today can perfectly fit any of these models, and neither really should yours. :) Mix, match, and make it work.
These models don’t completely dictate form. City form, street patterns, and architecture are all left to your personal discretion. You can design a gridded city for any of these models, for example.
Your city has a history, and you need to know it if you are going to design it. As above, how old is the city? Did it start as a city (preconceived) or was it originally a town? Was it a series of villages and towns joined together through expansion or conquest? Were there many designers, over many years, or just one? Or none?
Know your city profile. What is its major hook–religion? commerce/trade? legislative? This will help you identify city cores.
People and industry pretty much always follow transit systems.
In cities, the poor are more likely to live close to where they work when there is a poor/ineffective/non-existent/expensive transportation system in place. This is why in NYC, for example, middle and low income residents live in the outer boroughs, because transit is cheap and effective!
Having fresh air, space, good light are attractive to the wealthy. If you want them in your center, then maybe your center is garden-city styled, gated, or the likes.
The wealthy do not want to live near low income housing, usually due to its poor quality, and they do not want to live near industry.
Old cities are more pedestrian friendly, Modern cities more transit friendly.
All cities evolve over time and can shift between models in this evolution.
‘Mixed Income’ residential areas are naturally uncommon, but they do exist and are planned and executed often through law.
Knowing what your transit system is and where your critical arteries lie will help you design your city structure.
Different industries and services have different needs, both in terms of labor supply, service supply, and access to transit. We are going to discuss this in the next article!
Exercises & Questions
The following questions will help you figure your city form.
When was your city established?
What major topological features intersect your city?
Was your city conceived as a city or did it grow forth from a town? If it grew forth from a town, you probably will have an ‘old city’ district, or some sort of indicator of the old. You also will most likely, though not always, have your core somewhere located in that old city. Its infrastructure will also be a little more messy, and the city most likely will be more pedestrian friendly.
Has there been any urban renewal? – Specifically, major projects to protect or replenish different parts of the city. Cities subject to massive urban renewal projects often see a shift in where their populations live and do business.
How large is the city? — Area & population?
What age of technology was your city built in? — For example, cities built prior to cars tend to have small streets and pedestrian only ways (think tiny, winding streets like this one in Toldeo) whereas cities built for cars tend to be a little more spaced out, with every street being car accessible. You just wouldn’t get those tiny winders in cities designed or conceived in a post-industrial age.
What infrastructure is available today?–what age of technology are you in? Cart & Wagon? Trains? Cars? Space ships? These all need to be accounted for and your city form needs to change from when it was first built to today (or it doesn’t. see: Venice)
What is your city hook? Culture & Entertainment & Tourism? Trade & Banking? Administrative activity? Religion? This will help you figure out what your city cores are. You can have one or several or all of these being important, if you wish. But be careful, too complex can be messy. All of these of course will exist in your city on some level, but here you are looking to decide what the biggest driver(s) is. We will discuss this in depth later.
What major industries operate in your city? Do they need their own districts? Do they have any topographical needs? What services do they need to be adjacent to? For example, a butcher in a medieval city probably should be downstream from residences, so their pollute doesn’t affect drinking waters. A university will most likely be established near the city archives or library. Factories that employ cheap labor are also probably close to low-income housing. etcetcetc.
What is the social stratification in your world/city? Do the rich loathe the poor or take pity? How many classes or tiers are there in your society? Do they mingle or do they avoid one another? Are there orphanages? Slums? Places where each class does not, or can not, go?
What is the racial stratification in your world/city? In many cities, people of different ethnic and racial backgrounds tend to stick together, especially immigrant populations. Look at NYC–traditionally, the following neighborhoods popped up to serve migrant populations: Little Italy (Italian), Harlem (African American), Spanish Harlem (Mexican), Chinatown (Chinese), Five Points (Irish) etc. Your city probably has some version of this too.
Are there any major ceremonies that all portions of the population acknowledge? For example, say you have a city who whenever a new king is crowned, there is a big parade. Say the King gets crowned in the major church and then proceeds back through the city to his castle (all the way on the other side of the city). It would make sense, then, for there to be a major boulevard connecting this church to the castle. So figure out if you have any important ceremonies, religious or military celebrations, etc and decide if your city should respond accordingly.
Are there any major roads running near by or to the city? Most likely they should be intersecting your city, because most major cities are points of intersection–roads, trades, cultures, etc. These roads also will become your major boulevards, transit pathways, etc.
Bonus Reading and Sources:
Burgess E.W. (1924)”The growth of the city: an introduction to a research project” Publications of the American Sociological Society, 18:85-97
Hoyt H (1939): “The structure and growth of residential neighborhoods in American cities” Washington DC; Federal Housing Administration
Harris C D and Ullman E L (1945), “The nature of cities” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 242: 7-17
Rodwin, L. (1950) “The Theory of Residential Growth and Structure”, Apprasial Journal, 18, pp.295-317
Harris, Chauncy “The Nature of Cities” http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1026055?uid=8305256&uid=3739832&uid=69&uid=2&uid=3&uid=8305240&uid=62&uid=3739256&sid=21104557850137
Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Urban Land Use Models in Urban Land Use and Transportation
Hofstra Urban Land Use Burgess Model http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch6en/conc6en/burgess.html
You can read more in depth about structure models that have emerged for British & European cities here.
A friendly guide to describing your OCs (to your artists):
-When describing them, DON`T:
✿ Write 3 pages about your character. One paragraph is more than okay. A few pages for just a general idea of your character will be unconfortable for your artist to keep handy and picture your character correctly.
✿ Include their backstory. Its irrelevant for your artist to know all the details for your ocs personal life.
✿ Just say “its a nice guy :)” try to use descriptive, objective words to describe briefly their personality. The same can be applied to “shes beautiful”. What is beautiful to you? Talk about their specific features!
-Please DO:
✿ Keep it short and simple.
✿ Include their personality! Facial features mean nothing if we dont know what their demeanor is like! Want expressive art? Be sure to include their personality.
✿ Be as objective as you can. Talk about their body shape, the size and shape of their nose, the color of their hair, specific markings, etc.
More often than not I’ll crack into a sprawling fantasy series and, while I appreciate the luscious descriptions of furniture, landscapes, and clothing, all I’m focused on is that I don’t actually know how this world works. I only know what it looks like.
Including some functionality to your universe can add to immersion and give your reader a strong foundation on which to build their mental model of your universe.
You certainly don’t need to use all of these questions! In fact, I recommend against that, as all of these certainly won’t make it into your final draft. I personally find that starting my worldbuilding off with 5 to 10 functional questions helps pave the way for glittery and elaborate aesthetic development later on.
How is the healthcare funded in your world?
How does healthcare functionally differ between the wealthy and the poor? (i.e. can only the wealthy go to hospitals? do poor families often have to rely on back-alley procedures?)
Where are health centers (i.e. hospitals, small clinics, etc.) organized in your cities?
Does it differ in smaller towns?
How does this affect people’s ability to get healthcare?
Is healthcare magical, and if it is, how does that affect the healthcare system?
If healing is instantaneous, how does that affect people’s views on injury, illness, and chronic ailments?
If you have both magical and physical healthcare, which one is deemed superior and how does that affect society?
What illnesses are common in your world?
How does this affect daily life?
What do the people in your world think illnesses are?
Is it a miasma theory?
Humor theory?
Demons?
Do they know about biological viruses and bacteria?
How does this affect healthcare?
How do people get water?
Is the water sanitary and if not, how do they sanitize it?
How does agriculture work?
Is it large corporations or individual farms?
What sort of agricultural technology exists in your world and how does it affect food production?
Are farmers wealthy or poor?
What sort of natural resources does your world/country(ies) have and how are they obtained?
How does this affect the average wealth of the country?
How does this wealth affect the culture?
What livestock or beasts of burden are most valued? Least valued? Why?
What is considered a luxury good vs. a regular good?
What forms of transportation does your world have?
What classes use what forms of transportation?
How far has the average citizen traveled, given your transportation limitations?
Which cities are the most accessible and which are the least? Why?
How do popular transportation methods change how cities/towns are laid out?
Does your world have public transportation? What is it?
Is there a coming-of-age aspect to travel?
Describe your world’s postal system or whatever equivalent there is.
Who pays for it?
How reliable is it?
Are there emergency methods for transporting information?
How does your world keep time (i.e. watches, sundials, water clock, etc.)?
Does your world have a currency system, barter system, or something else?
If you have multiple countries, do different currencies have different values across said countries?
How does this affect travel?
Do you have banks in your world and if so, how are they run?
Who owns the banks? Government? Wealthy? How does this affect the economy and/or class system?
How does credit operate in your universe?
Does your world operate more on big corporations or small business? Something in between?
How are workers/labourers treated in your world?
Are there workers unions and if so, what are common views on unions?
Describe your tax system. If you don’t have a tax system, explain why and how your world is affected by that.
Can certain social classes not own property, certain livestock, certain businesses, etc.? Why?
How are business records kept? Are business records kept?
If your world has technology, does your world prioritize developing entertainment tech, communications tech, transportation tech or something else entirely?
What does this say about your world?
How does this affect your economy?
To the closest approximation, what type of government does your world have?
How are rulers/presidents/nobles put in place?
How much power does an individual ruler have?
Is there a veto process?
If you have multiple countries, do they have different types of rulers?
Describe any large-scale alliances (i.e. countries, factions, etc.) that are present in your world.
How did they come about and how are they maintained?
Are they strained or peaceful?
How does it affect the greater politics of your world?
Describe how wars are fought both internationally and nationally.
Do methods of war differ between countries/races?
What about philosophies about war?
If there is a military, what is its hierarchy structure?
How does the military recruit?
Is the military looked upon favourably in your society?
What weapons are used by each country/type of people during warfare, and how does that affect war strategies?
Describe the sentencing system of your world.
Is your accused innocent until proven guilty, or guilty until proven innocent?
How are lawbreakers punished?
If you have prisons, describe how they are organized and run, and who owns them.
Does differing ownership change how the prisons operate?
What are the major ways in which laws between countries vary?
Do laws between cities vary? If so, how and why?
How does citizenship work in your world? What rights and privileges do citizens have that others do not?
Can certain classes or races not become citizens?
Are there certain taboo subjects or opinions that artist/authors/musicians are not allowed to depict (i.e. portraying the official religion in a negative light, explicit sexual material, etc.)? What does this say about your society?
How do people get around these censorship laws?
What is the official hierarchy of duty in your world? (i.e. is family the most important, or patriotism? What about clan?)
How many languages are there in your world, and how many languages share a common origin?
How many people are multilingual?
Which language is the most common?
How is multilingualism viewed?
How are different languages viewed? (i.e. is one language ugly/barbaric while another is romantic and sensual?)
Feel free to add your own questions in reblogs or in comments!
Joshua et Jayesh, mon perso et celui de @eldarianne-art pour sa campagne de Numenera.
Commission de Juin <3 Les personnages sont à : @fantomefumee | @eldarianne-art | @rann-poisoncage Je connais pas tous vos usernames ici, mais n’hésitez pas à vous manifester au cas :)