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This is a large file with almost all the Official Bulletins of the Somali government from the 1950s until the 1980s. It includes laws, regulations, public notices, and announcements in Italian, English, and Somali. I hope someone out there with skills could make a database of all the major relevant public laws.
Somali News 1966 - January to May
Find it here. Education for women is a big topic. As is Somalia’s foreign relations/Greater Somalia.
Somali News - May - December 1965
Uploaded here. Includes a Nuruddin Farah short story.
Somali News - January 1965-April 1965
I scanned these documents for myself but if anyone else is interested, here they are. The letters to the editors alone are great for info.
Colonialism and National Identity is a relatively new book about the institutional and social memories of Italian colonialism. This link only provides the first and second chapters but it’s a good book to check out, especially for the third chapter that has a lot of good information about archival sources in Italy.
Somalia: Statement of an Honest Fascist by Leone Iraci
This is the earliest known Somali autobiography, by Ibrahim Ismaa’il in 1928. Here’s the article where part of this autobiography was published.
This is a good place to start if you don’t know anything about Somali history (click). This was published in 1975 and there is a more recent historical dictionary written by Mohamed Haji Mukhtar. If your library has access to that one, check it out.
The 31st Edition of Présence Africaine was dedicated to Independent Somalia with articles from prominent Somali writers, scholars, and intellectuals.
Message me if you want access to any particular article.
Hello, I wanted to ask a question - I'm doing research on the Trusteeship Period in Italian Somaliland, I really appreciated that you had an scan of the Four Powers Commission report, I've been trying to track on down for a while! Anyways, I'm most interested in Section V on 'The Wishes of the Population'. I think part of it is included in the version on your blog, do you know if that is all of it or if it's missing bits? Any more info you have would also be amazing! Thank so much you again! :)
There were a few sections missing in that upload:
Part 1: https://www.dropbox.com/s/53i9wthvn0vivzf/Four%20Power%20COmmission%20Interviews%20II.pdf?dl=0
Part 2: https://www.dropbox.com/s/ctvpfinahzzhn23/Four%20Power%20COmmission%20Interviews.pdf?dl=0
Hi again! I wanted to get your opinion on something. I am coming up with a research topic for my dissertation and my initial focus is slavery in southern Somalia, specifically the legal mechanisms that facilitated slavery. I was thinking of comparing/contrasting the experiences of Oromo and Bantu slaves. Do you know of any good primary sources that I could possibly use for this sort of research? (I know a fair amount is in Italian but, alas, I am not fluent!) Thank you again, best wishes :)
Hey! Sounds like an interesting topic but sadly not one I know a lot about. I know broadly speaking, Mohamed Haji Mukthar, Lee Cassanelli and Catherine Besteman are names that stand out in my mind as far as people who have done a lot of historical/ethnographic work on southern Somalia. But I can’t say I know much about slavery. Besteman has definitely written at least one book on the legacy of slavery, if not the subject itself (it’s even on jstor: www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hjmk7). I’d say secondary sources are your best bet so just make sure to check the bibliographies/footnotes to find primary sources. A cursory glance at the Besteman book’s bibliography, for example, seems to have a lot of interesting sources you could look at.
This a subject I’ve gotten a few asks about. If anyone wants to recommend something feel free to send it.
The project [of nationalism in the colonized world] was that of cultural ‘normalization’, like, as [Benedict] Anderson suggests, bourgeois hegemonic project everywhere, but with the all important difference that it had to choose its site of autonomy from a position of subordination to a colonial regime that had on its side the most universalist justificatory resources produced by post-Enlightenment social thought.
Partha Chatterjee, Whose Imagined Community? (1991)
[It is the fact than otherwise] that the privileging of the written over the oral had roots in the relationship of power in society and history... The dominant social forces had become identified with the civilized and the written. With colonization, the same binary opposition was exported to Africa, with the written and civilized being identified with Europe as a whole, the oral, and the a historical being identified with Africa. The product of the oral no longer belonged to history because quite clearly, the colonizer did not want the colonized to have any claims to any history as the basis of his resistance and affirmation of his humanity.
Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o
Letters to the Editor, Somali News, April 14, 1961
On racism in South Africa and the United States.
Front page of Somali News on Eid al-Adha.
May 26, 1961.
Hi! I just wanna say your blog is really amazing, especially because I've just started to investigate Somali history. Also, thanks for answering my question on twitter about Italian Somaliland. I wanted to ask, do you know if there is anything written on white supremacy/racism towards Somali's in Italian Somaliland, or beyond? Like, are there accounts of policies/incident/etc of racism during this period? Thank so much! :)
Hey!
Well, firstly, I would consider colonialism racism and every day living under colonialism as racism. But if you want some more specific examples I’ll try to list some that I know but I don’t think there is any complete text on the matter
Ali Mumin Ahad wrote about colonial categories, which were inherently violence and continue to have repercussions to this day: “The Externally Defined Somali National Identity”
In Robert Hess’ Italian Colonialism in Somalia (sorry, i dont have a pdf of the book but maybe find it in a library) he writes about some anti-colonial action in the colony and how, for example, in 1893, Italians bombed Merca in response to the killing of an Italian lieutenant by a Somali in the city. in reaction to that, other Somalis boycotted the city by refusing to bring their livestock and goods. (see pages 44-46 of the book)
The Italians also bombed the town of Nimow and burned the town of Lafole after the “Lafole Massacre” (if you google lafole masacre, there’s a some stuff written on it on the internet other than Hess’ book)
Mohamed A. Eno has discussed the forced labor system in Italian Colonialism (see the chapter on colonial occupation):
“Colonial Italy had to engineer a way out of its mess. As a result, it introduced the ‘kolonyo’ (corvee) forced labor system that was among the prime factors of socio-economic disintegration and labor disorientation of the Jareer community. It became also a cause for rural migration, as the male youth could not live freely in their rural villages and among their families. The agenda of the Italian colonial economy denied them sanctity among their people; hence their involuntary divorce from their abode.”
There were also race laws during the fascist period but I can’t think of any article that discusses race laws in Somalia specifically. Check out this and this post for interracial relations during Italian colonialism more generally.
asalamu aleykum! do you have anything on the gulf of aden- illegal foreign fishing, "piracy" and so...? i haven't found any recent substantial information on this..
Walaykum Salaam.
The best and most recent article on the subject of piracy in the Horn is Piracy in the Horn of Africa Waters: Definitions, History, and Modern Causes by Afyare A. Elmi, Ladan Affi, W. Andy Knight & Said Mohamed
On your specific question, sorry I don’t really know. I’m not too familiar with the topic.