Mindset: The New Psychology of Success
"What are the consequences of thinking that your intelligence or personality is something you can develop, as opposed to something that is a fixed, deep-seated"
" Robert Sternberg, the present-day guru of intelligence, writes that the major factor in whether people achieve expertise 'is not some fixed prior ability, but purposeful engagement.'"
"Or, as his forerunner Binet recognized, itâs not always the people who start out the smartest who end up the smartest."
"...that the view you adopt for yourself profoundly affects the way you lead your life."
"This growth mindset is based on the belief that your basic qualities are things you can cultivate through your efforts, your strategies, and help from others."
"Do people with this mindset believe that anyone can be anything, that anyone with proper motivation or education can become Einstein or Beethoven? No, but they believe that a personâs true potential is unknown(and unknowable);"
"Why waste time proving over and over how great you are, when you could be getting better?"
"Why hide deficiencies instead of overcoming them? Why look for friends or partners who will just shore up your self-esteem instead of ones who will also challenge you to grow?"
"The passion for stretching yourself and sticking to it, even (or especially) when itâs not going well, is the hallmark of the growth mindset."
"In fact, itâs startling to see the degree to which people with the fixed mindset do not believe in putting in effort or getting help."
"In fact, studies show that people are terrible at estimating their abilities."
"But it was those with the fixed mindset who accounted for almost all the inaccuracy."
"And it was exactly the kind of perseverance and resilience produced by the growth mindset."
"Benjamin Barber, an eminent political theorist, once said, 'I donât divide the world into the weak and the strong, or the successes and the failuresâŚ.I divide the world into the learners and nonlearners.'"
"So children with the fixed mindset want to make sure they succeed. Smart people should always succeed. But for children with the growth mindset, success is about stretching themselves. Itâs about becoming smarter."
"I think intelligence is something you have to work forâŚit isnât just given to youâŚ.Most kids, if theyâre not sure of an answer, will not raise their hand to answer the question. But what I usually do is raise my hand,"
"...because if Iâm wrong, then my mistake will be corrected. Or I will raise my hand and say, âHow would this be
solved?â or âI donât get this. Can you help me?â Just by doing that Iâm increasing my intelligence.'"
"Certainly, they didnât want people who would pick on them or undermine their self-esteem, but they did want
people who would foster their development."
"Clearly, people with the growth mindset thrive when theyâre stretching themselves. When do people with the fixed mindset thrive? When things are safely within their grasp. If things get too challengingâwhen theyâre not feeling smart or talentedâthey lose interest."
"'[When] I work on something a long time and I start to figure it out.' For them itâs not about immediate"
"...perfection. Itâs about learning something over time: confronting a challenge and making progress."
"Isnât that what school is for, to teach? Theyâre there to learn how to do these things, not because they already know everything."
"'Becoming is better than being.' The fixed mindset does not allow people the luxury of becoming. They have to already be."
"Many of the most accomplished people of our era were considered by experts to have no future. Jackson Pollock, Marcel Proust, Elvis Presley, Ray Charles, Lucille Ball, and Charles Darwin were all thought to have little potential for their chosen fields."
"But isnât potential someoneâs capacity to develop their skills with effort and coaching over time?"
"People with the growth mindset know that it takes time for potential to flower."
"As a New York Times article points out, failure has been transformed from an action (I failed) to an identity (I am a failure). This is especially true in the fixed mindset."
"Even in the growth mindset, failure can be a painful experience. But it doesnât define you. Itâs a problem to be faced, dealt with, and learned from."
"John Wooden, the legendary basketball coach, says you arenât a failure until you start to blame. What he means is that you can still be in the process of learning from your mistakes until you deny them."
"...means thereâs a lot of intelligence out there being wasted by underestimating studentsâ potential to develop."
"...shows that even checking a box to indicate your race or sex can trigger the stereotype in your mind and lower your test score."
"But just put more males in the room with a female before a math test, and down goes the femaleâs score."
"So in the fixed mindset, both positive and negative labels can mess with your mind."
"...the mark of a champion is the ability to win when things are not quite rightâwhen youâre not playing well and your emotions are not the right ones."
"They were people who worked hard, who learned how to keep their focus under pressure, and who stretched beyond their ordinary abilities when they had to."
"Those with the growth mindset found success in doing their best, in learning and improving. And this is exactly what we find in the champions."
"...that personal success is when you work your hardest to become your bestâ"
"Those with the growth mindset found setbacks motivating. Theyâre informative."
"...wish to have as my epitaph: âHere lies a man who was wise enough to bring into his service men who knew more than he.â"
"Hierarchy means very little to me. Letâs put together in meetings the people who can help solve a problem, regardless of position...."
"Genius is not enough; we need to get the job done."
"In the early 1970s, Irving Janis popularized the term groupthink. Itâs when everyone in a group starts thinking alike. No one disagrees. No one takes a critical stance."
"Groupthink can occur when people put unlimited faith in a talented leader, a genius."
"'I take it we are all in complete agreement on the decision hereâŚ.Then I propose we postpone further discussion of this matter until our next meeting to give ourselves time to develop disagreement and perhaps gain some understanding of what the decision is all about.'"
"We now have a workforce full of people who need constant reassurance and canât take criticism."
"What would this feedback look or sound like in the workplace? Instead of just giving employees an award for the smartest idea or praise for a brilliant performance, they would get praise for taking initiative, for seeing a difficult task through, for struggling and learning something new, for being undaunted by a setback, or for being open to and acting on criticism. Maybe it could be praise for not needing constant praise!"
"...managers do not believe in personal change. These fixed-mindset managers simply look for existing talentâthey judge employees as competent or incompetent at the start and thatâs that. when employees do improve, they may fail to take notice, remaining stuck in their initial impression."
" Although managers, of course, want to find the right person for a job, the exactly right person doesnât always come along. However, training and experience can often draw out and develop the qualities required for successful performance."
"Presenting skills as learnable ⢠Conveying that the organization values learning and perseverance, not just ready- made genius or talent ⢠Giving feedback in a way that promotes learning and future success ⢠Presenting managers as resources for learning"
"Think seriously about how to root out elitism and create a culture of self-examination, open communication, and teamwork."
"Remember, people can be independent thinkers and team players at the same time. Help them fill both roles."
"Bullying is about judging. Itâs about establishing who is more worthy or important."
"We always hear the term constructive criticism. But doesnât everyone think the criticism they give their children is constructive? Why would they give it if they didnât think it was helpful? Yet a lot if it is not helpful at all. Itâs full of judgment about the child. Constructive means helping the child to fix something, build a better product, or do a better job."
"The great teachers believe in the growth of the intellect and talent, and they are fascinated with the process of learning."
"'Success is not coming to you, you must come to it.'"
"'Did I win? Did I lose? Those are the wrong questions. The correct question is: Did I make my best effort?'If so, he says,...'You may be outscored but you will never lose.'"
"(We donât want them to just try harder with the same ineffective strategy.)"
"What are the events or situations that take us to a place of judgment rather than to a place of development?"
"Whether theyâre aware of it or not, all people keep a running account of whatâs happening to them, what it means, and what they should do."
"'Youâre in charge of your mind. You can help it grow by using it in the right way.'"
"'That I have to be more patient because learning takes a great deal of time and practice.'"
"Sometimes the problem with a child isnât too little effort. Itâs too much. And for the wrong cause."
"You may have felt devalued and disrespected when your spouse shirked the tasks or broke your rulesâas though they were saying to you, 'Youâre not important. Your needs are trivial. I canât be bothered.'"
"When you feel yourself losing it, you can learn to leave the room and write down your ugliest thoughts, followed by what is probably really happening"
"You can also learn to loosen up on some of your rules, now that each one is not a test of your partnerâs respect for you. With time, you might even gain a sense of humor about them."
"Itâs a reminder that youâre an unfinished human being and a clue to how to do it better next time."