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The role of plasma

Plasma is the extracellular fluid of blood cells. It is an important part of the body's environment and plays an important role in communicating the body's and external environment. The composition of plasma can be changed correspondingly by the body's metabolic activities and the external environment. However, under normal circumstances, the body maintains the composition of plasma relatively constant through various adjustments. When the body is sick, some components in the plasma can fluctuate beyond the normal range. Therefore, the determination of plasma components can provide a basis for the diagnosis of certain diseases.

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Summary of ELISA experience:

1. The nature of the coating source is very important. The protein concentration and whether it is degraded are related to whether the antibody you make can be recognized by it. Therefore, it is very important to preserve the antigen. When I make recombinant protein, my seniors strictly warn me to This is why it slowly melts under the ice bath. There are also some coating sources that may not be proteins. For biotin and lipids or small molecules, we need to modify them before coating. I briefly list the methods as follows:

①Avidin Biotin: Pro-avidin first coats the carrier and adds biotinylated DNA. This coating method is uniform and firm, and has been expanded to be used in the quantitative determination of various antigen substances.

② Lipid substances: Dissolve them in organic solvents (such as ethanol) and add them to the wells of the ELISA plate, open the lid and leave in the refrigerator overnight or dry in cold air. After the alcohol evaporates, let the lipids dry naturally and solidify on the solid surface.

③Small molecules must be fixed on the solid-phase carrier only after being coupled with the large protein carrier.

2. The choice of coating liquid, generally choose ph9.6 carbonate buffer. But sometimes due to the needs of the experiment, the particularity of the coating material may also be coated with a neutral buffer solution. The following principles should be noted: since the protein and polystyrene solid-phase carrier are combined by physical adsorption, it relies on the interaction between the hydrophobic groups on the protein molecular structure and the hydrophobic groups on the surface of the solid-phase carrier. This physical adsorption is Non-specifically, it is affected by the molecular weight, isoelectric point, concentration, etc. of the protein. Smaller macromolecular proteins usually contain more hydrophobic groups, so they are easier to adsorb to the surface of the solid support. Specific experiments must have a solid theory and practice, and see if they can be applied to their own experiments in the end. In addition to the pH 9.6 carbonate buffer just mentioned, the commonly used coating solutions also include pH 7.2 phosphate buffer and pH 7-8 Tris-HCL buffer.

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Analysis of some common mistakes in dairy cow feeding

In recent years, the animal husbandry industry has become more and more dominant in China. The dairy industry has invested a lot in animal husbandry, but there are many unreasonable factors in many aspects of breeding management, which affect the performance of dairy cows’ milk production and cause dairy cows. The milk production is reduced and the benefit is not high, which hinders the development of animal husbandry.

Dairy Cow Feeding and Management Technology

1. The feed should be diversified. 

The feed for dairy cows should be based on green and juicy feed and high-quality hay. The lack of nutrients should be supplemented with concentrate and other small amounts of additives. In terms of dry matter, green juicy feed can account for 50%, roughage 30%, and concentrated feed 20%. The dairy cow’s diet, especially during the milking period, should be diversified. At least two kinds of roughages such as green hay, straw or corn husks; 23 kinds of juicy materials such as silage, carrots, sugar beets, etc. and 34 kinds of concentrates such as It is composed of cornmeal, bran, bean cake, barley, etc. If possible, you can also feed some tofu residue, beer lees, pear peel and other side materials that are conducive to milk production. Green fodder is the main ingredient and concentrated fodder as the supplement; silage is the main ingredient and the green mowing is the supplement. We insist on hay and silage all year round, so as to achieve diversified feed and good palatability, promote the appetite of dairy cows, and improve feed utilization.

2. Pay attention to feeding methods.

Feeding cows should be regular and quantitative, and high-yielding cows must be raised according to their characteristics and hobbies. Some like to eat dry ingredients, and some like to eat wet ingredients. Different preparation methods should be adopted to meet their needs. The number of feedings per day is the same as the number of milkings. Generally, it can be milked 3 times and fed 3 times a day. The feeding order is generally given as concentrate, juicy feed, green fodder, silage, hay, etc. Don't change it easily after forming a habit.

3. Adequate drinking water. 

Dairy cows with a daily milk production of 50kg need about 5075kg of water per day. Insufficient drinking water will directly affect milk production. The cattle should be given water at least 34 times a day, and when the weather is hot in summer, the water should be increased to 56 times. Water tanks should be set up in the sports grounds, which should be filled with clean water so that the cows can drink them at any time. In winter, the water temperature should not be too low. Drink warm water if necessary.

4. Ensure adequate exercise. 

Milking cows can improve their physical fitness through exercise, especially for cows in sheds to ensure proper exercise. Insufficient exercise can easily make the body fatter, affect milk production and fecundity, and even develop obstetric diseases such as dystocia and inferior placenta. Therefore, in addition to the 23-hour driving exercise every day, cows should also be placed on the sports field on sunny days after milking and feeding to allow them to move freely.

5. Brush the bovine body frequently. 

The purpose of brushing is to enhance the metabolism of cows and improve blood circulation. Insist on brushing 12 times a day. The time is before milking. Utensils are Malian root brush and soft brush. The brushing sequence is from front to back, from side to side. The method is to use a brush to reverse the hair and then smooth the hair. After brushing a few times, scrape off the dirt on the iron, and then brush it all over the body. In the hot summer, clean water can be used to brush feces or soil contaminated parts, such as the buttocks, tails, external genital organs and surrounding areas of cattle. Brush dry as much as possible in cold weather, and do not wash the bovine body with water to prevent colds. Always keep the hoof wall and hoof fork clean and remove the attached dirt. To prevent the hoof wall from cracking, petroleum jelly etc. can be applied frequently. If the tip of the hoof is too long, it will be eliminated in time. Normal hoof repair is usually once a year in spring and autumn.