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Making Money with EV Charging

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Making Money with EV Charging

Whenever we talk about EV adoption amongst regular people. The conversation inevitably leads to concerns about charging infrastructure. At times it feels like beating a dead horse, but in a way, it is a necessary conversation to have. Not just because of the problems people face when trying to find reliable EV charging. But also, the money-making opportunities that come with developing said charging infrastructure.

This is a part of EV charging that most people don’t even concern themselves with. Since it seems like such a foreign concept. Mostly because traditional petrol pumps are so highly regulated in our country. With licenses costing hundreds of thousands of rupees and lasting for years at end. Which means that unless you already have a license and a petrol pump. It is a rare chance that you will be able to get into this type of business. Just by putting in an application.

Thankfully, EV charging is not so hard to get into. Sure, you will have to pay a huge amount in upfront costs. Related to setting up the location, and dealing with the DISCOM’s and EVSE vendors. And general day-to-day expenses of running and maintaining the location. But it will take a lot less land than traditional petrol pumps. And will also offer more consistent returns. Without any worries about transport issues related to re-fueling. As long as the electricity keeps flowing and the chargers don’t break.

Government Policy on EV Charging

The government is also actively encouraging people to invest in new EV chargers. As we are building the entire EV network up from scratch. And government investment alone will not be enough to get the number of chargers we will need. To match the demand for EV charging that we are expecting to see in the next decade or two.

Towards this end, they have made it so that you don’t even need a license to build your own EV charging spots. At least not in the traditional sense. You will still have to get in contact with the local DISCOM’s that are handling these issues. And get an electric inspector to sign off on your equipment quality and safety standards.

But other than that, the process is pretty straightforward. With none of the hassles often associated with tender-based petrol pump allotments. In fact, in most cases the government isn’t even looking for greenfield projects. With a larger focus on upgrading existing parking locations to fit the needs of future EV’s.

To ensure this happens in a timely manner. The government has started putting pressure on building and housing societies. To devote a certain amount of space for EV charging. These locations will be technically considered as semi-public charging spaces. And will have to devote 20% of their overall parking space. To EV parking and charging infrastructure.

As well as create additional power capacity to match the electricity requirements. In most cases, this will be equivalent to the amount of power needed to run all chargers at once. With an additional safety buffer of 1.25 times the expected capacity.

Public EV Charging

Even though semi-private charging spaces will handle the lion’s share of EV charging. The primary concern related to EV charging is about the public charging infrastructure. Because the range anxiety related to EV’s is often associated with a lack of public chargers.

This is why the government is further planning to deploy a grid of public chargers in all major cities. With the hope that you will have at least one charging station available. In a grid of 3km x 3km. So you don’t have to travel too far to get plugged in. On major highways, this grid will have a charger at every 25kms increment. On both sides of the road.

Of course, some companies won’t mind opening their semi-public chargers to more people. If it means that they can make some money. But here we are talking about dedicated EV charging locations. That will need proper investment to setup. And will function as the primary means of income. For the people who operate these locations.

You too can become part of this growing network. By investing in your own EV charging location. In this article, we break down all the costs that are generally associated with this. And what kind of profits you can expect to make on this investment.

Minimum Charging Infrastructure Requirements

At present, only a few companies are successfully operating public EV chargers. With a handful of locations scattered across major metro cities. Even in these locations, the quality and number of chargers available in arbitrary. With some places only featuring wall mounted slow chargers and no dedicated parking. While others offering fancy spots with proper signage and security arrangements.

This is a bit inconsistent when you compare it with traditional fueling stations. That require a set amount of infrastructure and facilities to be functional. The government is trying to adopt a similar standard for EV charging spots. With new locations expected to have a minimum of 3 fast chargers, and 2 slow chargers. You will also need an exclusive transformer, with 11/33Kw wiring to handle this load.

This isn’t just a random number of chargers that they picked either. As each charger will have to support a different charging standard. From major international ones like CCS and CHAdeMO. To Indian ones like Bharat AC and DC. Here is a chart that will give you an idea of what that entails.

Charger Type

Charger Connector

Rated Voltage

No. of Chargers

Fast

CCS (Min. 50Kw)

200-1000

Fast

CHAdeMO (Min. 50Kw)

200-1000

Fast

Type 2 – AC (Min. 22Kw)

380-480

Moderate

Bharat DC (Min. 15Kw)

72-200

Slow

Bharat AC (Min. 10Kw)

230

This is just the minimum requirement for EV chargers. Businesses can scale this model up to handle all kinds of EV charging needs. Especially if they’re located in a densely populated area. That is expected to see a larger volume of EV’s on the road. You will still need to have a set number of chargers for a set number of EV’s. Here is how you can calculate your own requirements, based on your goals.

Charging Requirements for High Volume Operations

4-Wheelers

3-Wheelers

2-Wheelers

Buses

1 SC per 3 EVs

1 FC per 10 EVs

1 SC per 2 EVs

1 FC per 10 EVs

Non-Charging Infrastructure for EV Charging Spots

Charging infrastructure may be the biggest concern for EV owners. But that doesn’t mean charging stations can get away with providing the bare minimum. They will also need proper parking spaces, branding, and security infrastructure. This is often called the civil work aspect of EV chargers.

The government has released detailed guidelines on how these setups will function. The general consensus is that each parking bay should be at least 5 x 2.5 meters. However, you must also add enough space for vehicle circulation. Which is equivalent to 23 to 32 square meters. Depending on whether it is open parking or in a basement. This will give you a rough idea of what kind of space you will need to allot per location.

In off-street applications, this kind of setup is at least expected to have 4 parking bays. 2 for cars, and another 2 for two and three wheelers. If by chance you are planning to launch chargers in denser urban environments. Where the only option you have is on-street parking.

Then the design will shift to include 6 individual bays. With 2 bays for cars, occupying the usual amount of space. And another 4 bays for scooters, that need a smaller space of around 2.5m x 1.4m. Since they can be easily parked perpendicular to the sidewalk.

Of course, you will need even more space for the charging equipment and transformers. Here is a chart to help you calculate that, based on your expected charging load.

Estimated Load

Recommended Setup

Required Space

100-300 Kw

11 Kw Pole or Plinth Mounted DT – 1

4m x 4m (Pole) 8m x 5m (Plinth)

300-700 Kw

11 Kw Plinth Mounted DT – 1

9m x 5m

700-1500 Kw

11 Kw Plinth Mounted DT – 2

10m x 8m

Setup Cost

Even though these land requirements are a lot less than traditional petrol pumps. Which have lot more open space to house the massive fuel tanks that are often buried underneath. That doesn’t mean that it will cost you any less to get this kind of setup, up and running. EV chargers themselves are pretty expensive. With additional costs associated with charging software licenses and third-party network integrations.

Not to mention the costs related to the day-to-day operations of a re-fueling station. Where customers are now expected to stay for longer intervals. While their vehicles charge up. All this can add up to a lot of money. But for now, let us only focus on the basic cost of EV chargers. So, you have an idea of where you can start off with. Here is a chart of the average costs of the different types of chargers available on the market today. This will help you get an idea of what kind of investment you will need to get started in EV charging.

We are not including the costs related to the civil work we mentioned above. Since the amount of money people spend on those aspects if often subjective. With some place only offering bare bones charging. While others come with attached lounges and restaurants where customers can relax while waiting. This is just to give you an idea of how much you will spend on chargers. And the kind of electricity load that will come with them.

Type of Charger

No. of Chargers

Power Output

Charger Cost

EV’s Supported

Power Per Day

CCS

50 Kw

Rs. 7,50,000

1000 kWh

CHAdeMO

50 Kw

Rs. 7,50,000

1000 kWh

Type 2

22 Kw

Rs. 1,25,000

440 kWh

Bharat DC

15 Kw

Rs. 2,40,000

200 kWh

Bharat AC

3.3 Kw

Rs. 70,000

200 kWh

The Science Behind Electric Vehicles Charging

Expected Revenue

It is understandable if you are a bit intimidated after adding up all those figures. But the good thing is that most of these costs are only one-time expenses. Which will give solid returns for years to come.

Considering the expected volume of EV’s to come into the market in the next decade or two. You will be able to easily recover these costs in 3-6 years. To give you an idea of how that will play out. We have created a chart that considers three different scenarios of EV charging. You can calculate your own expected profits based on whatever scenario fits you best.

Yearly Profit Scenarios

Poor Utilization

Average Utilization

Optimal Utilization

Yearly Charging Capacity

11,82,600 kWh

Capacity Utilization in %

Actual kWh Utilization

5,91,300

8,86,950

11,23,470

Average Margin per kWH

Rs. 3

Expected Yearly Revenue

Rs. 17,73,900

Rs. 26,60,850

Rs. 33,70,410

Delhi Govt to begin single window facility for EV-charging scheme

Of course, this chart doesn’t include the day-to-day running and maintenance costs. But those can shift over time, so it is hard to give an accurate estimation of how much it will take out of these potential revenue figures. You will get a better picture once you actually start running your own EV charging station.

Considering the challenges facing the EV market today, and the long road ahead. We don’t expect these kinds of investments to become mainstream anytime soon. But they will certainly begin to make more sense a few years down the road. When most major automobile manufacturers have launched their own EV lineups in India. That is a future we cannot wait to see. Which is why, we at Renewables India, are always excited to report on all the new developments in this field. To help you better understand how green technologies will change our lives for the better.

#electric charging station

Different type of Solar Power Plants.

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Different type of Solar Power Plants.

Renewables are here to stay, and to make them feasible, we will need lots of solar power plants. The current electricity grid isn’t setup to deal with the projected load of future EVs. To ensure we don’t brick it all with all that extra charging, we will need a lot more energy. More specifically, clean energy. Solar and wind are the renewable technologies that we can rely on most in this regard. But neither can make a big impact on the individual level alone.

We need utility level solar power plants to handle this task. With enough battery storage capacity to diffuse the peaks and drops in production. After all, it is common knowledge that solar and wind aren’t 24/7/365 power production solutions. But before we can start suggesting infrastructure investments. We need to understand the technology behind them. So, here is a look at what solar power plants are, and what they do.

Types of Solar Power Plants

When it comes to energy production, solar power plants can come in two distinct forms. One that focuses on gathering solar energy and converting it directly into electricity. While the other one adds another step in between. Here is what makes them different.

Photovoltaic Power Plant

This is the most common type of solar power plant in use today. It features lots of individual solar panels that are either fixed in a spot. Or mounted on a rotating mechanism. The panels remain tilted towards the path of the sun, to achieve maximum efficiency. Depending on the type of mount used, this tilting can be a one-time thing, or something that you adjust on a daily basis.

These panels are set up in an array and connected to a large inverter/transformer. Which converts the DC energy generated by the panels into AC energy for regular use. Some plants even feature on-site batteries for storage. This type of system can help manage the supply of energy even when the sun is down.

Concentrated Solar Power Plants

This is a new type of solar power plant, which is sparingly used for solar production. While it is efficient in itself, we can’t call it a true solar power plant. Mostly because it doesn’t use solar power to generate electricity directly. Instead, it uses an array of mirrors and lenses placed in a circle. To concentrate the sunlight to a single spot in the middle.

The spot often features a receiver. Which absorbs the heat from all that concentrated sunlight. This heat is then transferred to a connected heat engine, like a steam engine. Which in turn produces electricity. Depending on the type of location and investment available. These arrays can come in all sorts of shapes and sizes.

Although, currently only 3% of solar power plants feature this kind of system. Because there is still a debate on whether this type of system affects the weather system of the region. There is also a risk of birds getting distracted by the bright lights and crashing down. Which is why we are only covering this type of system briefly.

Types of Solar Arrays

As we mentioned above, solar power plants feature different types of solar arrays. These arrays are basically divided on the basis on their maneuverability. The more movement an array can do to match the sun, the more it will cost. There is also the factor that arrays that move can also cast shadows on each other. So, the panels need to be often spread out over longer distances. With more space in between each panel. To help them move around easily, as well as prevent any shadows. Based on this criterion, there are three main types of solar arrays.

Fixed Solar Arrays

These kinds of solar arrays are the most common, and least expensive. They are permanently fixed in one single spot. And often face the equator to get the most sunlight possible. The exact position is often calculated on the basis of the location of the plant, and the movement of the sun. Not on a day-to-day basis, but over the entire year.

This way they only adjust the panels once, and leave them as it is for years. There is a variation of this design that allows for more movement. But only a few times a year. In this kind of design, the people in charge can calculate the best position for the panels in each season. And then adjust the array 3-4 times a year for best visibility to the sun.

Even this small adjustment adds to the cost of deployment and maintenance. Even though the added efficiency is usually minuscule. Which is why we don’t always see such systems in use. It is either completely fixed, or highly adjustable.

Single Axis Tracker Array

This is the next evolution of the fixed array design. It features a special mount uses linkages to connect to other panels. And then uses a single actuator to rotate multiple panels at once. This rotation only occurs on the horizontal axis. Often aligned with the north-south axes.

The purpose of this array is to follow the movement of the sun. On a day-to-day basis. This kind of system however offers no adjustability for the change in seasons. This makes the system relatively cheaper. Even though it is still a lot more expensive than fixed arrays.

5 Key factors to consider while designing solar rooftop PV system

Dual Axis Tracker Array

As the name suggests, this kind of array tracks the sun along two axes. One for the usual day-to-day tracking. And another for seasonal changes in sunlight. Since these arrays move in more than one direction. They require even more room between each panel for optimal efficiency.

This as usual increases the costs related to installation and maintenance. But that can be somewhat justified since you get better results. In fact, dual axis arrays offer up to 30% more efficiency in power production. Just by tracking the movements of the sun. And adjusting the arrays accordingly.

Solar Power Plant Land Use

While most of these solar power plants are often operated on a single utility level. There are certain systems that can offer more usability for the land. This is often true for brownfield sites. Which don’t always offer the option of setting up a clean array from scratch. In such cases, we have to improvise.

Agrivoltaics

In this type of system, the land in question is equally divided between the solar panels and crops. The crops are often planted between the panels. And are usually the kind that don’t mind sitting in shade. By simply reclaiming this extra land between the panels. We can increase the site profitability by up to 30%.

Co-Location

This kind of setup is often run when you don’t have enough space or funding to create the whole array in one location. So, you distribute the load between different contractors and builders. Who then create smaller arrays in adjacent plots. These clusters are then combined together to create a big solar power plant. This kind of system can also utilize the agrivoltaic formula to increase profits. Which is great for everyone involved.

This was just an overview of what solar power plants are, and what they can do. More and more countries are recognizing the benefits of having systems like this. That can help them transition to a greener future in a more sustainable way. India too is deploying lots of solar power plants to handle our own energy appetite. We can’t wait to see how these plants will shape the future of our nation.

#typeofsolarplants

Comparing Electric Vehicles over Conventional Fuel Vehicles

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Comparing Electric Vehicles over Conventional Fuel Vehicles

Electric vehicles are here to stay. It took them more than 100 years. But we have finally reached the point where they can be viable alternatives to ICE cars. That isn’t to say that electric vehicles and conventional fuel vehicles are the same. Or that any comparisons between them would be fair. But since we have so few models of electric cars in the market. It only makes sense that people would compare them to the cars they would generally buy.

But you can’t just compare the two using popular marketing terms. Like 0-100kmph times, peak horsepower and torque, and most importantly, the range. While these numbers do help sell vehicles. They don’t actually present a proper picture of what electric vehicles are and what they can do. To get that we will need to compare each system of a regular car, with its electric counterpart. So that we have a better understanding of how they differ and to what degree.

The Engine

Humans have spent the past 100 years perfecting the internal combustion engine. They come in all shapes and sizes, and offer reliable performance as long as you keep them maintained. But they also feature thousands of moving parts that wear and tear easily. Which results in increasing maintenance costs and depreciation, as the car ages. The performance of these engines has an upper limit though. With more powerful engines requiring more maintenance and costs. In both parts and fuel.

Electric vehicles on the other hand only need a single motor to operate the wheels. Since it is the only moving part, they also don’t require regular maintenance. By replacing the complex engine with a simple motor, we can also reduce a lot of weight from the vehicle. As you also get rid of the air, fuel, and exhaust systems along with it. These EV engines can also deliver power instantly. Which makes them faster than most production cars in the world. Without the need for any extra upgrades or maintenance

The Transmission

One of the major flaws of an internal combustion engine is that it can’t produce peak torque on demand. You need to rev the engine up to a specific point to get peak output from it. This means multiple gears with different gear ratios. And a complex and heavy transmission that can bear that load. While it may feel good to shift those gears, it still is a liability on performance.

Electric cars on the other hand generally feature a single-speed transmission. Since they can produce peak torque from standstill. And don’t need different gear ratios to sustain it through the power band. This means that electric car transmissions are a lot lighter and smaller. And in some cases, fit right onto the motor itself, creating a single small unit that saves you a lot of weight and space. This compact design gives automobile manufacturers a lot of freedom. On where to place these units. Some even use multiple motor/transmission combos to power each wheel individually. Giving you a 4×4 system without the need of a transfer case

The Fuel

Conventional cars use traditional fuels like petrol, diesel, and others variations. These fuels have some of the highest energy density available in nature. And can be easily stored in fuel tanks for longer journeys. Since these fuels are also relatively stable and already have the infrastructure build-up. You can re-fuel almost anywhere, and a lot faster than electric vehicles. People prefer these fuels even though ICE engines cause a lot of energy loss in the process. And release pollutants into the atmosphere. While also being a bit more expensive in general.

Electric cars as the name suggests use electricity as a fuel. Which needs high-quality lithium-ion batteries for safe storage. These batteries weight a lot more than a regular fuel tank. And are one of the main reasons why electric cars are so expensive. But that has little effect on the fuel-efficiency. Since there are almost no energy losses in electric motors. Not to mention that battery prices are reducing each year. So, this temporary disadvantage might not last that long. More importantly, 90% of the time, you can always charge at home. And bypass the need to pay for the fuel. Especially if you have a solar power system that can give you free electricity.

The Technology Behind Electric Vehicles

Driving Range

This is one of the main reasons why most people still prefer conventional fuel vehicles. Even though they have a relatively modest driving range of around 500kms per tank on average. But, you can easily re-fill this range in a few minutes. At any one of the millions of fuel pumps present around the world. This is a convenience a lot of people aren’t willing to give up. Even though most people don’t travel more than 90kms a day on average. So, this advantage isn’t as useful as people claim it to be. Moreover, this range decreases proportional to the performance of the car. So, you might not go as far as you might expect.

Electric vehicles are quickly covering up this gap. With most modern EV’s coming with a range of around 200-500kms per charge. Some models from Tesla go as much as 610kms per charge. Which is more than enough for the amount of driving a person might do on a single day. Even if they are on a cross-country road trip. But since the re-charging isn’t instant, people still consider it a major flaw. Even though most EVs owners will only ever charge their cars at home, slowly and overnight. The bigger point is, that once the car if fueled up, you don’t have to worry about the range. No matter how fast your car is. Since some of the energy spent is also recovered. Through systems like regenerative braking.

Repair & Maintenance

This is one of the sections where conventional cars lose out. With thousands of components and hundreds of moving parts. It is common sense that ICE engines see a lot of wear and tear. With regular maintenance requirements for parts, including the fluids that go with them. These maintenance costs add up over time. With more expensive cars costing more in both parts and labor. This wear and tear also cause the cars to depreciate over time, making it a liability instead of an asset.

Electric cars on the other hand require little to no maintenance over their lifetime. Short of any major accidents. Even parts like the brakes, which you would expect to wear down more, due to the extra weight. Can still last a long time, thanks to systems like regenerative braking. Thus, ensuring that EVs hardly depreciate over their lifetime. Since the most expensive parts like batteries can still be easily recycled. Relatively, the few repairs that EVs do need are also a lot more expensive. Since there are so few parts. And the motor and batteries making up the majority of the price of EVs as it is. Not to mention the lack of EV repair places in general. This is something we hope will sort itself out, as more EVs start going mainstream.

Price

Other than the phantom range anxiety. This is one of the major factors that prevent people from adopting EV’s. Since conventional cars are still a lot cheaper than most modern EV’s. Even the smaller ones with pathetic performance and range. Not to mention the extensive used car markets that thrive all over the globe. And allow people to experience luxury cars, even if they can’t afford them new. It will take a long time for electric vehicles to overcome this disadvantage.

Electric vehicle manufacturers are trying really hard to cover this gap. They know it is the biggest hurdle in the path of EV adoption. Companies like Tesla and Ford are trying to do this by producing cars at scale. But their offerings are still relatively expensive than most conventional vehicles. With the cheapest models like the F-150 lightning and Model 3 still costing as much as an entry level BMW. As battery costs come down, these prices will too. But it will still take almost a decade for them to become as cheap or cheaper than conventional cars.

These are some of the parameters that we can compare the two types of vehicles on. Even though the results may vary from model to model. We can still see that EVs are fast closing the gap. And will soon surpass conventional cars on the road completely. At least that is the goal that most car manufactures are going for these days. We will just have to wait and see. How long it actually takes for this to happen.

#electric vehicles

Geothermal Energy utilization in Indian context

Geothermal Energy Introduction

Power plants convert the heat to electricity. Geothermal energy as the name suggests it is the heat energy from the earth that is being utilized for electricity generation or direct heating and cooling processes. This energy comes from the original formation of planet Earth & from the radioactive decay of materials. It is contained in the rocks and fluids beneath the earth’s crust and can be found deep at the earth’s hot molten rock called magma.

The difference in temperature between core of the planet (Approx. 4000 °C) & its surface, termed as Geothermal gradient which drives the conduction of the heat energy from the core to the surface of the planet earth. This high temperature and pressure in the earth’s interior causes some rock to melt and solid mantle to behave plastically and convecting upwards being lighter than surrounding rock.

A global perspective on Geothermal energy

To limit global temperature, rise to 1.5°C and bring CO2 emissions closer to net-zero by 2050, clean and sustainable energy technologies are to be prominently used. Geothermal has been a clean, environmentally friendly, sustainable, and expanding source of energy in recent years. These are usually located close to tectonically active regions in the earth’s crust. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), geothermal energy has grown steadily from around 10 GW globally in 2010 to 14 GW in 2020. The total installed capacity for geothermal direct heat utilization for heating/ cooling (excluding heat pumps) is around 23 GWth.

The first geothermally generated power was produced in Larderello in Italy in 1904. The world geothermal map as indicated in figure 2 shows that the United States is the largest producer of geothermal energy in the world followed by Indonesia.

During the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), held in Paris, France, in December 2015, the Global Geothermal Alliance (GGA) was formed of which India is a member, to increase the use of geothermal energy, both in power generation and direct use of heat. India has set a target of installing 175 GW of renewable energy by 2022 majorly by solar and wind energy. Geothermal energy in India is still at a nascent stage given site-specific nature, risk, and uncertainties with exploration and high capital cost

India’s Perspective on Geothermal Energy

A ‘hot springs committee’ consisting of the National geophysical research institute (NGRI), Geological Survey of India, and Jadavpur University, Kolkata was formed in 1963 by the ministry of power and irrigation to explore the utilization of thermal springs in India commercially. In 1971, India sought assistance from the United Nations in preparation for the report on the geothermal resource development project, and the final project document was updated in 1973. After, 1973, the Geological Survey of India (GSI) with CSIR – National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI) carried out a preliminary resource assessment for the exploration and utilization of geothermal resources.

There are about 300 thermal spring localities in India as per the Geological Survey of India (GSI) report 2002 and these localities were grouped into geothermal provinces having estimated potential to produce around 11 GW. Chief geothermal provinces in India are shown in figure 3 which includes the Himalayas, Naga-Lushai province, Sohana, West coast, Andaman-Nicobar Islands, Cambay, Son-Narmada-Tapi (SONATA), Godavari, and Mahanadi valleys.

In 2007, MOU between the Centre of Excellence for Geothermal energy (CEGE, Ahmedabad) India and Iceland geo survey (ISOR) Iceland took place for cooperation on geothermal development in India.

In 2015 MNRE launched a draft national policy on geothermal energy to establish India as a global leader in geothermal power by installing 1GW in the initial phase by 2022. After the Paris summit on climate change, India proposes to install 10 GW geothermal energy by 2030 through active international collaboration with the US, Philippines, Mexico, and New Zealand.

On 7Th Feb 2021, the Agreement for establishing India’s first-ever geothermal field development project was signed, a step towards the goal of carbon-neutral Ladakh and MOU was signed between union territory administration of Ladakh, Ladakh Autonomous hill development council (LAHDC), and Oil & Natural gas cooperation (ONGC) energy center. This project will put India on the geothermal power map of the world. Puga and Chhumathang in eastern Ladakh is the most promising geothermal field in India as per the GSI where the deepest borehole was drilled up to 385 m depth and 220 m depth respectively.

These geothermal provisions are classified as medium enthalpy (100 to 200 Deg C) and low enthalpy (less than 100 Deg C) geothermal systems depending on the temperature profiles. Puga and Chummathang in Ladakh and Tatapani in Chhattisgarh are medium enthalpy geothermal systems that can be used for power production. The utilization of geothermal energy depends on the quantity and quality of the fluid and its temperature and pressure. In Puga, Ladakh geothermal fluids are used for extraction and refinement of borax and sulfur along with experimental space heating for a long time through shallow wells drilled.

Recently, ONGC has planned Puga field development geothermal project in Ladakh in three phases. Phase-I involves exploratory-cum-production drilling of wells up to 500 metres depth and setting up of a Pilot Plant of up to 1 MW power capacity. Phase-II would involve deeper and lateral exploration of geothermal reservoir by drilling of optimal number of wells and setting up of a higher capacity Demo Plant and preparing a Detailed Project Report. Phase-III would involve commercial development of the geothermal plant.

Application routes of geothermal energy

The low-temperature heat energy from the earth crust can be utilized directly through direct heating and cooling of buildings, drying processes and industrial process heating applications whereas the high-temperature heat energy of about 150 Deg C can be used to generate the uninterrupted electricity.

Direct Exploitation

· Provide heat for building.

· Hot springs as Spa.

· Heating water at fish farms.

· Provide heat to industrial processes.

· Raising plants in greenhouses, drying crops.

Indirect Exploitation

· Electricity generation & heat recovery

Hot water or steam deep below the earth surface at high temperature are drilled out to obtain environmental friendly, continuous, carbon-free, uninterrupted clean energy in the geothermal power plants by the use of turbines, generators, and transformers as being done in conventional power plants.

Geothermal electric power generations can be classified into three types as shown in figure 6. Dry steam plants are the oldest form of geothermal technology and take the steam out of the ground through production well and use it to directly drive a turbine. It is used when high-temperature steam is available. Transportation, storage, and combustion of the fuel are eliminated leading to the least land footprint among various energy generation technologies. Flash steam plants use high-pressure hot water into cool, low-pressure water. Hot water flows up through the well in the ground under its own pressure. As it flows upwards, pressure is reduced and hot water boils into steam. Steam is separated from water in the flash tank and is further utilized to generate power. Separated water and condensed steam are injected back to the reservoir for reheating through an injection well. Binary cycle plants pass hot water through a heat exchanger where secondary liquid with a lower boiling point (organic compound), turns to vapor and is used to drive the turbine.

Also Read: Geothermal Energy Scope in India

References:

1. https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/

2. https://www.power-technology.com/features/what-is-geothermal-energy/

3. http://www.globalgeothermalalliance.org/

4. https://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/connect/en/media/press-release/geothermal-energy-ladakh

5. Geothermal energy provinces in India: A renewable heritage by Kriti Yadav & Anirbid Sircar https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2577444120300617

6. http://164.100.94.214/geothermal-database-india

7. https://www.gsi.gov.in/webcenter/portal/OCBIS/pagePublications

. https://www.renewable-india.com/geothermal-energy-utilization-in-indian-context/

India witnesses World’s largest Solar Plant by Adani Green Energy

Where is the biggest solar power plant located in India

This solar power plant in India is set up at Kumuthi, Ramanathapuram in Tamil Nadu, it is ambitiously propelled by the government target to achieve 3,000 MW energy to suffice commercial and domestic energy demand in and around the state.

With an investment of Rs. 4,550 Cr, the company sourced the machinery and equipment from different parts of the world. Set up in record time of eight months only, the plant boasts of 8500 personnel who worked hard to achieve an installation of 11 MW each day. The company created at least 4 lakh direct and indirect jobs through this project.

Speaking on the achievement, Mr. Gautam Adani, Chairman of, Adani Group said, “This is a momentous occasion for the state of Tamil Nadu as well as the entire Country. We are extremely happy to dedicate this plant to the nation; a plant of this magnitude reinstates the Country’s ambitions of becoming one of the leading green energy producers in the World. I would like to express our deepest gratitude to the Hon’ble Chief Minister and the government of Tamil Nadu for their valuable support and guidance in achieving this gigantic feat”.

Source – Adani Green Energy

The business model of Adani Green Energy is focused on long-term contracts where they can build large projects at a faster pace with investment-grade counterparts. Since its public listing two years ago, the group has started fashioning solar development partnerships with big global giants where they pursue methods to reduce their carbon footprint. This largest solar plant is one of the colossal steps to strengthening this model.

Which is the largest solar power plant in India

This biggest Solar Power plant includes 25,00,000 solar modules, 576 inverters, 3,80,000 foundations, at least 6000 km cables length, 154 transformers, and 27,000 Mt of structure. Connected with the 400 KV substation of Tantransco, this 648 MW plant producing clean and green energy is the world’s largest Solar Plant at a single location. Adani group is revolutionizing not just the ecological system of India but is playing a major role in transforming how India will stand on the world map of Renewable Energy. Building Solar plants, Solar parks while boosting the country economically and ecologically, the company is creating a seamless manufacturing integration that will enhance the Solar-powered technological advancements.

https://www.renewable-india.com/india-witnesses-worlds-largest-solar-plant-by-adani-green-energy/

Solar Panels – Now in your reach

Solar energy is one of the most untapped energy. It is crucial to understand more about this renewable source of energy so that we can make use of it more effectively and without damaging our ecosystem. Therefore, let us begin with understanding the basics of this available energy – What are and types of Solar panels, how they work and their availability, finally the benefits of using Solar Energy.

Many advanced technologies convert solar energy for commercial or household use. Solar photovoltaics is the most frequently used source of electricity for homes and businesses, solar water heating, and space heating and cooling. This helps the owners to save money by producing electricity on a massive scale to power houses, buildings, towns, or cities.

There is a lot of confusion between solar panels and solar energy and people tend to use both these terms as synonyms. Solar Panels convert solar energy to power homes and businesses and are the most effective way of generating power as a renewable energy source.

Solar Panels

Devices that convert solar light or radiation into electricity, solar panels consist of crystalline silicon wafers in mono or poly combinations. They have spread mostly on glass (sometimes plastic) sheets. There is a protective layer between two sheets and they act as support platforms for the whole system. Producing what is called “The Green Energy”, the solar panels are the main and vital component of the whole PV system.

The energy produced by the PV system does not produce any harmful gaseous by-products or pollute the environment. The electricity produced this way can be utilized for using any type of equipment or upgrading the whole infrastructure for more power needs.

Process of generating electricity through solar panels

At the core of solar panels lies the Photovoltaic cells that harvest solar energy to electricity. These cells capture the solar light and turn it directly to power through an intricately designed electric field. To meet substantial energy requirements since ages ago, our ancestors harnessed the very same energy more efficiently than now.

When the sun rays fall on these solar panels, electrons are created in the silicon wafers and they start vibrating at a very high speed. The power generated from these vibrations is the electricity that is used by organizations, houses, and institutions.

This solar energy is stored as Direct Current in batteries and is transformed into Alternating Current by a solar inverter. This current is then distributed through the electrical network of the space to all the appliances. This power is just like any other source of power.

Where to buy a Solar Power System

The best and safest way to install a Solar power system for your personal or professional use is to opt for CEC Approved Solar Power Installation Company. This comes with a 25-year warranty on all parts and 5 years warranty on the whole solar power system. They also give a performance warranty for a couple of years.

Solar power systems are an upcoming source of power and are now one of the most trending technology across the globe. They might sound expensive in the beginning but in the long run, you can save big bucks just by switching to this source of renewable energy. May countries' governments have started provided subsidiaries on the electric bills generated by households or businesses motivating others to join this Solar power movement. They are easy to install and demand low maintenance.

What are you waiting for?? That’s enough for the motivation!! Get up and Go Green.

Renewable Energy Technologies – A Synopsis

Renewable energy technologies permit us to create electricity, heat, and fuel from renewable sources that do not harm our ecosystem. While producing energy from these sources there is no emission of injurious byproducts.

Sun is the supreme power source of Solar, wind, hydro, wave, heat energies. They are all mechanized by the sun, directly or indirectly. Technologies like tidal and wave energy are powered by the moon. Whereas, Geothermal technologies are powered by the heat produced in the Earth's core.

Bioenergy technologies are produced by converting the solar energy stored in plants, sewage, food wastes, forest wastes, algae, and farm wastes into heat, electricity, and fuel, using a variety of different methodologies.

Through these technologies, we can heat and cool our buildings/houses/offices, and generate electricity. They are also used in technologies to power travel by land, sea, and possibly also by air. Renewable energies are generated without producing dangerous greenhouse gases and other forms of pollution.

Solar Energy

Capturing the radiant energy from sun rays and then converting it into heat, electricity, or hot water is how Solar Energy is produced. Photovoltaic (PV) systems convert direct sunlight into electricity through the use of solar cells that are spread over the solar panels.

Solar PVs are now frequently used for water pumping - irrigation and drinking water and are gaining widespread acceptance in many countries. These countries are now investing in more such projects where solar energy can be tapped to its maximum.

One of the major benefits of solar energy is that sunlight is functionally limitless - With the increasing technological advancements to harvest this energy, there is an infinite supply of solar energy.

With proper understanding of this source of impeccable energy, it can make fossil fuels obsolete. Also, stressing more about solar energy rather than fossil fuels will help in improving public health and environmental conditions. When used for a longer duration, solar energy could also eradicate energy costs, and in the short term, decrease energy bills. Many governments have started to provide incentives to businesses/houses or other infrastructures using solar energy by providing rebates or tax credits.

Wind Energy

Wind farms capture the energy of the flowing wind by using huge wind turbines and converting them into electricity for industrial use. There are different types of systems used to convert wind energy and each of them varies in size, capacity, and technology.

For huge industries, there are commercial grade wind-powered generating systems that can power big colonies too. Single-wind turbines are used to provide additional power to pre-existing or small energy organizations. There is another form is utility-scale wind farms. These are purchased by contract or sold at wholesale rates.

Wind energy is a form of solar energy as the sun is the center of major energy sources. Scientifically, “wind” is a phenomenon caused by the differences in temperature in the atmosphere when combined with the revolution of Earth and its geography.

Geothermal Energy

The heat that is trapped beneath the earth’s crust is known as Geothermal Energy. This heat is generated by the formation of the Earth billions of years ago and from radioactive decay under the crust. Volcanic eruptions are a result of this heat escaping naturally. Such type of energy or heat can be captured and is then used to produce geothermal energy. By using the steam that comes from the heated water below the earth’s surface, which then surges to the top, can be used to power a turbine.

Energy from Oceans

Thermal and mechanical energies are produced by the ocean. Ocean mechanical energy uses the tides to generate energy. The ebbs and flows of the tides are created by the moon’s gravity pull and the rotation of the earth. The thermal energy of the ocean occurs due to the warmth of water surface temperatures to generate energy. This renewable form of energy is predictable and it is very easy to estimate the approximate amount of energy that can be produced.

Hydroelectric

Dams are always associated with hydroelectric power. When water flows through the dam’s turbines it produces power, known as pumped-storage hydropower. A very versatile source of renewable energy and can be produced through Large scale or Small scale projects like Hoover Dam and Underwater Turbines respectively. The Small Scale projects are usually carried on small rivers and streams.

Biomass

Derived from biomass, Bioenergy is another type of renewable energy. Biomass is organic matter that originates from the recent decay of living plants and other organisms. One very common way of using Biomass is using wood in the fireplace.

As numerous methods are being used to generate energy through the use of biomass, it is one of the most commonly used sources of renewable energy. Burning of biomass, and harnessing methane gas produced by the natural decomposition of organic materials in and around water bodies are few ways of producing Bioenergy.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen needs to be combined with other elements to make it a source of Renewable energy. When combined with oxygen it makes water. This cannot occur naturally as a gas on its own. But when hydrogen is separated from any other element it can be used to produce both fuel and electricity. Hydrogen is also used as clean-burning fuel aiding in less pollution and a cleaner environment.

Renewable energies allow users to be responsible individuals and provides a greener alternative. Reduce your footprints by opting for better living solutions for a healthier and cleaner tomorrow.

Author: Shivalika is the editor of Renewable India and an entrepreneur, leader, trainer, and marketer with over 12 years of experience holding masters in marketing and strategic development. She’s editor-in-chief of a global e-magazine ‘ClearOut Magazine’. A multifaceted individual, Shivalika is also associated with few startups as their growth consultant. She also conducts skill development and corporate etiquettes workshops too. Shivalika helps her client to understand the current market and make them future-ready by providing a strategic and designed approach. She’s passionate about learning and developing at every stage of life.

#renewableresource #solar energy #solarpower #renewable fuel

WASTE WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

What is considered wastewater?

Wastewater refers to all effluent (sewage or liquid waste that is discharged into water bodies either from direct sources or from treatment plants) from household, commercial establishments and institutions, hospitals, industries and so on. It also includes stormwater and urban runoff, agricultural, horticultural and aquaculture effluent.

How do we waste water?

Wastewater comes from domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities. The composition of wastewater varies widely depending on the source.

Where does wastewater come from?

Wastewater comes from:

Homes – human and household wastes from toilets, sinks, baths, and drains.

Commercial wastewater comes from non-domestic sources, for example:

Industry, Schools, and Businesses – chemicals and other wastes from factories, food-service operations, airports, shopping centres. This wastewater may contain hazardous materials and requires special treatment or disposal.

Wastewater is guided down the drains and into the sewers that run under the roads. These sewers carry the wastewater to the treatment plants or sewage treatment works.

Sources of industrial wastewater

Almost all industries produce some form of wastewater. Here are some wastewater-heavy industries:

Ø Pulp and Paper

Ø Wood processing

Ø Power Plants

Ø Battery manufacturing

Ø Mines and Quarries

Ø Oil and Gas

Ø Chemicals Industry

Ø Iron and Steel

Ø Food Industry

Water and waste management

Water as a valuable resource is a challenge that the entire world is facing currently, and potable water shortage may lead to poor health and living standards for the entire world population. Wastewater management covers the aspects of design, building and operation of plants for water treatment and supply, sewerage, wastewater treatment and disposal, and solid waste treatment and disposal.

Wastewater treatment facility

Wastewater has a lot of impact on the natural world and it is important to treat it effectively. By treating wastewater, you don't just save the creatures thriving on it, but also protect the planet as a whole.

Wastewater treatment facilities produce wastes that contain many potential contaminants.

Reclaimed wastewater is usually clean enough to be used for irrigation, but usually contains higher concentrations of dissolved solids than the source water.

Also, chlorine-disinfected reclaimed water can contain significant trace amounts of disinfection by-products.

There are two wastewater treatment plants:

1. Chemical or physical treatment plant

Effluent Treatment Plant- Plant design varies depends upon the Influent.

Physical waste treatment plants use chemical reactions as well as physical processes to treat wastewater. Physical wastewater treatment plants are mostly used to treat wastewater from industries, factories and manufacturing firms. This is because most of the wastewater from these industries contains chemicals and other toxins that can largely harm the environment.

2. Biological wastewater treatment plant

Sewage Treatment Plant

Biological waste treatment plants use biological matter and bacteria to break down waste matter. Biological treatment systems are ideal for treating wastewater from households and business premises.

Wastewater treatment plant process

Wastewater treatment plant process steps are numerous and heavily depend on the type and extend of the contamination.

Wastewater treatment process consists of a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes and operations to remove solids, organic matter and, sometimes, nutrients from wastewater.

Wastewater treatment process steps:

Preliminary treatment

Preliminary treatment is the removal of coarse solids and other large materials often found in raw wastewater.

Primary treatment

Primary treatment is the removal of settleable organic and inorganic solids by sedimentation, and the removal of materials that will float (scum) by skimming.

Secondary treatment

Secondary treatment is the further treatment of the effluent from primary treatment to remove the residual organics and suspended solids. Secondary (or biological) treatment uses microbes to consume dissolved organic matter that escapes primary treatment, converting it to carbon dioxide, water and energy for microbe growth and reproduction.

Advanced treatment

Advanced wastewater treatment is employed when specific wastewater constituents which cannot be removed by secondary treatment must be removed. To eliminate specific contaminations to meet regulatory requirements, many plants must resort to special treatment, e.g., the Fenton process to remove non-biodegradable COD.

Disinfection

After the primary treatment stage, the secondary treatment process and advanced treatment process, there are still some diseases causing organisms in the remaining treated wastewater. To eliminate them, the wastewater must be disinfected in tanks that contain a mixture of chlorine and sodium hypochlorite.

Sludge Treatment

The sludge that is produced and collected during the primary and secondary treatment processes requires concentration and thickening to enable further processing.

Industrial wastewater disposal

Industrial sites for light, general and heavy industry build the economy and provide substantial employment opportunities. Industrial waste management practices may pose a significant risk to sensitive water resources.

Appropriate site location, provision of services, wastewater plant design and best operational management practices are needed to minimize this risk. In summary, the wastewater treatment process is one of the most important environmental conservation processes that should be encouraged worldwide.

Author: Mr. Ravishankar A (Ace Dynamics)

ACE DYNAMICS is an Indian entity, working on Eco-friendly water harvesting management technology. They design, manufacture, supply, and undertake annual maintenance contracts for water treatment plants, wastewater treatment plants, Effluent treatment plants, Reverse Osmosis systems, Swimming pool filtration units, and Ozone generators under the brand name “BLUE SEA”. Apart from this, they also take on industry-specific Erection, testing & commissioning of Hydro-pneumatic pumping systems.

For more information, you can visit their website www.acedynamics.in

#renewableresource #renewable #100% renewable

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