#attributive

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Okinawan Verbs II — Negative, Fundamental

We’ve covered the basics of the role of verbs and the Continuative Stem in the last grammar post. Today, let’s get into the fundamental stem and the negative form of verbs.

Fundamental Stem

Since we’ve looked at the Continuative Stem, it’s time to look at another major stem: The Fundamental Stem. Unfortunately, the Fundamental Stem is more difficult compared to the Continuative Stem as finding a verb’s Fundamental Stem depends on what type of verb it is. 

You see, there are 9 types of verbs in Okinawan based on the final consonant sound in their Fundamental Stem state. They are the ka-column verbs (based on the fact that their final consonant sound in the Fundamental Stem state is k, aligning it with the か column of kana if you were to look at a kana chart), sa-column verbs, ta-column verbs, na-column verbs (of which there is only one, 死ぬん・しぬん・shinun・to die), ma-column verbs, na-column verbs, ma-column verbs, ra-column verbs (which we called -in verbs in the previous post, regardless of whether or not they’re in their -in or -yun ending state), ga-column verbs, da-column verbs, and ba-column verbs. 

So how can you tell which column a verb falls into by looking at the dictionary form? Well, there’s only one na-column verb, so we have that down. We just said that verbs that end in -in/-yun are ra-column verbs. Ma-column verbs end in -mun. Sa-column verbs end in -sun. Ba-column verbs end in -bun.

Things get trickier outside of those columns. You see, both ka-column verbs and ta-column verbs end in -chun in the dictionary form and both da-column verbs and ga-column verbs end in -jun in the dictionary form. So how do you know which is which?

Uh, near as I can tell, you have to learn each verb by heart. Open up the Okinawan Language Dictionary (see the resources list), open up the spreadsheets, and in the 品詞 column, see what type of verb it says it is (for example, if it has a capital ‘K’ in that column, it’s probably a ka-column verb). For now, I don’t think it’s possible to tell the difference between ka- and ta-column verbs and the difference between ga- and da-column verbs on sight in the dictionary form.

So, that confusing mess out of the way, what are the fundamental stems? Our first step is to take away the -un/-in like in the Continuative Stem (exactly like the Continuative Stem, actually). And then, we do the following:

 For Ka-column verbs — The ch- ending becomes k- Example: Kachun -> Kak-

For Sa-column verbs — Don’t do anything more. The sa-column Fundamental Stem is identical to the Continuative Stem.

For Ta-column verbs - The ch- ending becomes t- Example: Machun -> Mat-

For Na-column verbs - Don’t do anything more. The na-column Fundamental Stem is identical to the Continuative Stem. (Shin-)

For Ma-column verbs - Don’t do anything more. The ma-column Fundamental Stem is identical to the Continuative Stem.

For Ra-column verbs - This is going to be a bit different. For ra-column verbs, don’t even turn it into the Continuative Stem but simply remove -in or -yun and replace it with -r-. Example: Kooin -> Koor-

For Ga-column verbs - The j- ending becomes g- Example: Wiijun -> Wiig-

For Da-column verbs - The j- ending becomes d- Example: Yanjun -> Yand-

For Ba-column verbs - Don’t do anything more. The ba-column Fundamental Stem is identical to the Continuative Stem.

Plain Negative Terminal

Moving on, our first conjugation with the Fundamental Stem is the plain negative terminal form of the verb. To make the verb negative, simply put the dictionary form of the word into the fundamental stem and add -an.

書かん・かかん・Kakan - Not write

買ーらん・こーらん・Kooran - Not buy

Simple!

Plain Negative Attributive

Now, to make that attributive, we need to take the fundamental stem and add -aru.

書かる人・かかるっちゅ・Kakaru cchu - not-writing person

買ーらる人・こーらるっちゅ・Kooraru cchu - not-buying person

Polite Negative

Now, let’s make the negative terminal polite. In this case, we’re taking the polite form of the verb (that will either end in abiin or ibiin). As these are ra-column verb endings, their fundamental stem is abir- and ibir-. Add -an, and there you have it.

書ちゃびらん・かちゃびらん・Kachabiran - Not write

買ーいびらん・こーいびらん・Kooibiran - Not buy

買ーやびらん・こーやびらん・Kooyabiran - Not buy

 Polite Negative Attributive

And finally, to make that attributive, add -aru to abir- or ibir-.

書ちゃびらる人・かちゃびらるっちゅ・Kachabiraru cchu - not-writing person

買ーいびらる人・こーいびらるっちゅ・Kooibiraru cchu - not-buying person

買ーやびらる人・こーやびらるっちゅ・Kooyabiraru cchu - not-buying person

In review:

There are 9 types of verbs in Okinawan (ka, sa, ta, na, ma, ra, ga, da, ba)

A dictionary is required to learn if a verb ending in -chun is a ka or a ta verb and if a verb ending in -jun is a ga or a da verb.

The Fundamental Stem makes various phonetic changes from the Continuative Stem.

The Plain Negative Terminal: Fundamental Stem + an

The Plain Negative Attributive: Fundamental Stem + aru

The Polite Negative Terminal: Continuative Stem + abiran (or ibiran for -in ra column verbs)

The Polite Negative Attributive: Continuative Stem + abiraru (or ibiraru for -in ra column verbs)

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Okinawan Verbs I — Dictionary, Polite, Continuative, Attributive

Okay. After that last adjective grammar post sent me into hibernation, it’s time to begin to start talking about verbs. Today, I want to talk about the “dictionary” form of the verb alongside, the continuative stem, the continuative form, the polite form, the attributive form, and the polite attributive forms of verbs (all in the present tense).

The Dictionary Form Otherwise known as the present, plain, terminal form. This is the default form a verb takes and the form you will see it listed in dictionaries (hence, “dictionary form”). The present tense means it’s happening “now” (though it can also serve the role of a future tense). When I say “plain,” I mean that the verb is plain on the politeness scale. “Terminal” refers to the fact that the verb is in this form when it comes at the end of a sentence. Okinawan sentence structure generally follows a SOV pattern (subject, object, verb). 

Tip for Japanese Speakers: Though Japanese has the particle を to mark an object, Okinawan does not have a dedicated object marking particle. 

我んねー走ん。 わんねーはいん。 Wannee hain. I run.

上人ぬチーズ食むん。 っうぇんちゅぬチーズかむん。 ‘Wenchu nu chiizu kamun. The mouse eats the cheese

All verbs end in -un with the exception of -in verbs. -in is a special ending as these types of verbs also can end in -yun instead of -in. For example, either form is acceptable for the word “to run”:

走いん・はいん・hain・To run 走ゆん・はゆん・hayun・To run

Anytime you see a verb end in -in, understand that you can have the same verb that ends in -yun, and vice versa. 

The Continuative Stem In Okinawan, the conjugate verbs, you often need to modify the dictionary form verb into specific types of stems. The first stem I want to cover is what is called the “continuative stem.” It is called this because it is used to make the “continuative form” which we’ll get to later. 

The continuative stem is simply the dictionary form minus the final -un (or -in) at the end of the word.

Dictionary form: 食むん・かむん・kamun・To eat Continuative stem: kam-

Dictionary form: 走いん・はいん・hain・To run Continuative stem: ha-

Dictionary form: 走ゆん・はゆん・hayun・To run Continuative stem: hay-

The Continuative Form The Continuative Form (or conjunctive form) is another step in conjugating verbs. By itself, (I think that) the continuative form has no meaning. The Continuative Form is made by adding -i to the Continuative Stem. Please note that for the -in/-yun verbs, only the -in variant can be brought to the Continuative form

Continuative stem: kam- Continuative form: kami

Continuative stem: ha- Continuative form: hai-

Continuative stem: hay- Continuative form: (not applicable)

Keep the Continuative Form in the back of your mind for now, since the next form we’ll be looking at works with the Continuative stem. We won’t actually get to applications of the Continuative Form this lesson but it will show up later.

Polite Present Terminal The difference between the Dictionary Form and the Polite Present Terminal is the politeness level. To create these polite verbs, add -abiin to the continuative stem. For -in verbs, add -ibiin instead of -abiin.

Continuative stem: kam- Polite Present Terminal:食まびーん・かまびーん・kamabiin・To eat

Continuative stem: ha- Polite Present Terminal: 走いびーん・はいびーん・haibiin・To run

Continuative stem: hay- Polite Present Terminal: 走やびーん・はやびーん・hayabiin・To run

Plain Present Attributive Form Sometimes the verb isn’t in the last place. For example, “He runs” can be あれー走いん。But what if we want to say “I see the running man?” ‘Running,’ in this case, is not in the terminal position. In that case, we put “to run” before “man” but make sure that the verb “to run” is in what’s called the attributive form. 

我んねー走ゆる男見じゅん。 わんねーはゆるうぃきがんんじゅん。 Wannee hayuru wikiga nnjun. I see the running man.

The attributive form is created by adding -uru to the continuative stem (or adding -iru to -in verbs in their continuative stem).

Continuative stem: kam- Plain Present Attributive Form: kamuru

Continuative stem: ha- Plain Present Attributive Form: hairu

Continuative stem: hay- Plain Present Attributive Form: hayuru

Polite Present Attributive Form So, following our pattern, what would the polite version of the attributive form be? Well, the continuative stem of the -abiin suffix is -abi- and -ibiin is -ibi. (But! Keep in mind that these are -in verb endings meaning they technically can be -abiy- and -ibiy- as well). Following our pattern we get:

Continuative stem: -abi- Polite Present Attributive Form: -abiiru

Continuative stem: -abiy- Polite Present Attributive Form: -abiyuru

Continuative stem: -ibi- Polite Present Attributive Form: -ibiiru 

Continuative stem: -ibiy- Polite Present Attributive Form: -ibiyuru

This lesson is light on examples but there’s a lot to cover with verbs and I hope to get more verb practice in with some proper sentences and translations of things like songs in the future. 

In review:

The Dictionary Form, or Plain, present, terminal form ends in -un (or -in).

Where there is a verb that ends in -in, there is also a verb that ends in -yun.

Okinawan sentence structure is in a Subject-Object-Verb pattern.

There is no particle to mark the object of a sentence. 

The Continuative Stem is formed by removing the last -un or -in.

The Continuative Form is formed by adding -i to the Continuative Stem (and is only applicable to -in verbs in their -yun appearances). 

The Polite Present Terminal is formed by adding -abiin to the continuative stem (and adding -ibiin to the continuative stem for -in verbs)

The Plain Present Attributive is formed by adding -uru to the continuative stem (and adding -iru to the continuative stem for -in verbs)

Thee Polite Present Attributivee is formed with -abiiru or -abiyuru on the continuative stem (or -ibiiru or -ibiyuru on the continuative stem of -in verbs)

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Grammar: Attributive

The attributive is actually inclined to the subject position, the first part of a sentence where the noun usually appears.

It simply means that words used in the subject position are considered attributive, a word that mostly appears as an abbreviation, attrib., in the dictionary to indicate that this sense of the word is used in front of the subject noun to modify the noun.

One example that…

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The TV Brain = Talking Heads

TV shows are talk-talk-talk. Movies are walk-walk-walk.

Books are neither. Books are both. Books have the ability to get the reader right into the life of the character, “transplant” the reader’s head into the mind, heart and soul of the protagonist* but sadly, fewer and fewer books are accomplishing this.

In order to have our readers experience the guts of the character, we as writers must be…

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Dialogue Maketh the Character

Excerpt from Really Stupid Writing Mistakes: How to Avoid Them:

Are these examples true?

“Sufferin’ succotash!” she mumbled.

“I don’t give a damn,” he hissed.

You can hiss “sufferin’ succotash”, but you can’t mumble it and you can mumble “I don’t give a damn”, but you can’t hiss it. The sentence has no sibilants.

If we are going to use attributives (she mumbled/he hissed, she said/he said) then…

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