seen from Vietnam
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Schistosomiasis is also known by the names bilharzia, red-water fever, and snail fever. It is caused by blood flukes, or flatworms, in the genus Schistosoma ("split body"; see figure 2.3).
"Plagues Upon the Earth: Disease and the Course of Human History" - Kyle Harper
This snail is dead and it's been taken over by a parasite controlling its motor functions & eye stalks, mimicking caterpillars. The parasitic worm wants the snail to be eaten by birds, in whose intestines it will reproduce. 🐌
The snail is infected by a parasitic flatworm called Leucochloridium paradoxum, also known as the green-banded broodsac. This parasite has a complex life cycle that involves two hosts: a land snail and a bird. The parasite’s eggs are released by the bird in its feces, which are then ingested by the snail. The eggs hatch into larvae called miracidia, which develop into a branching structure called a sporocyst inside the snail’s body.
Some of the branches of the sporocyst grow into long tubes that end in a swollen sac, which is called a broodsac. The broodsac occupies one or both of the snail’s eye stalks, where it pulsates and displays bright green and yellow bands. These colors and movements mimic the appearance of a caterpillar, which is a prey item for many birds. The parasite also alters the snail’s behavior, making it more likely to expose itself to sunlight and predators.
The parasite’s goal is to get the snail eaten by a bird, which is its primary host. When the bird consumes the broodsac, it releases hundreds of metacercariae, which are the infective stage of the parasite. The metacercariae travel to the bird’s cloaca, where they mature into adult worms and reproduce sexually. The cycle then repeats itself with the bird’s feces.
The parasite is very harmful to the snail, as it consumes its nutrients, damages its tissues, and reduces its chances of survival. The snail may not be dead yet, but it is essentially a zombie controlled by the parasite. The parasite is also a potential threat to human health, as it can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions if it penetrates human skin. I hope you learnt something new today. 😊🙏
Ceratonia siliqua, commonly known as the carob tree
(from Arabic kharrūb and Hebrew חרוב haruv), St John’s-bread, Johannesbroodboom, or locust bean (not to be confused with the African locust bean), or simply locust-tree,
“ is a species of flowering evergreen shrub or tree in the pea family, Fabaceae. It is widely cultivated for its edible pods, and as an ornamental tree in gardens. The ripe, dried pod is often ground to carob powder, which is used to replace cocoa powder. Carob bars, an alternative to chocolate bars, are often available in health-food stores.
The carob tree is native to the Mediterranean region, including Southern Europe, Northern Africa, the larger Mediterranean islands, the Levant and Middle-East of Western Asia into Iran; and the Canary Islands and Macaronesia. The carat, a unit of mass for gemstones, and of purity for gold, takes its name, indirectly, from the Greek word for a carob seed, kerátion.
The Ceratonia siliqua tree grows up to 15 m (49 ft) tall.It is frost-tolerant to roughly 20 °F (−7 °C)
The fruit is a legume (also known less accurately as a pod), that can be elongated, compressed, straight, or curved, and thickened at the sutures. The pods take a full year to develop and ripen. The sweet ripe pods eventually fall to the ground and are eaten by various mammals, such as swine, thereby dispersing the hard seed. The seeds contain leucodelphinidin, a colourless chemical compound.
The common Greek name is (Greek: χαρουπιά, charoupia), or (Greek: ξυλοκερατιά, ksilokeratia), meaning “wooden horn”. The carob genus, Ceratonia, belongs to the Fabaceae (legume) family, and is believed to be an archaic remnant of a part of this family now generally considered extinct.
Carob consumed by humans is the dried (and sometimes roasted) pod. The pod consists of two main parts: the pulp accounts for 90% and the seeds for 10% of the pod weight.Carob is mildly sweet and is used in powdered, chip, or syrup form as an ingredient in cakes and cookies, and as a substitute for chocolate. Carob bars are widely available in health food stores.
Carob pod meal is used as an energy-rich feed for livestock, particularly for ruminants, though its high tannin content may limit its use. The pulp is about 48–56% sugars and 18% cellulose and hemicellulose. Fructose and glucose levels do not differ between cultivated and wild carob. LBG is used as a thickening agent, stabilizer, gelling agent, or as a substitute for gluten in low-calorie products.
Note of caution:” carob (Ceratonia siliqua trees are a cause of Cryptococcus gattii infection to animals and humans, which is a yeast that lives on the tree. Cryptococcus gattii causes the human diseases of pulmonary cryptococcosis (lung infection), basal meningitis, and cerebral cryptococcomas. “The fungus also infects animals. *see research link 21521012 and wiki. Also not good when you’re thinking of a health food to reduces wrinkles, the anti-fibrosis properties which reduce the damage of Bilharzia are due to collagen degradation.
Antidepressant properties *see research link 21328139
Contains a lot of good fatty acids linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid, which are mostly lost if they’re commercially-processed *see research link 19763833
Contains sedative and anxiety reducing compounds (excerpt from research:” the compounds acting on peripheral benzodiazepine receptors were found to be extremely concentrated in the young leaves (2572.57 ng PK 11195 equivalent/g). The presence of substances with central benzodiazepine activity in carob extracts seems of great importance in view of the possibility to use carob extract as potential natural products with anxiolytic-sedative effects “) *see research link 12165334
Stomach protective *see research link PMC4546091/
Anticancer properties against cervical cancer * see research link /21399924
Contains a lot of sugar, sucrose (excerpt:” sucrose is the major carbohydrate in carob bean and its concentration can be reached up to 52 g 100 g−1·d.m “) *see research link PMC5133875/ under header Sugars
Contains a lot of fibers, handy for lowcost paper *see research link PMC5133875/ under header Fibers
Contains a lot of gum , which can be used in a lot of applications food, cosmetics.. *see also link /PMC5133875/ under header Gum
Anti-parasitic & reduces damage of the Schistosomiasis /Bilharzia parasite (see research link:” Following CPE (300 and 600 mg/kg) treatment starting at day 46 post-infection, the oogram pattern revealed a complete disappearance of all immature and mature ova “) Ceratonia siliqua pod extract (CPE) *see research link PMC5100080/
Gastro-esophageal reflux decreasing properties in babies *PMC4737686/
Research and tips on Carob:
Bilharzia: Penyakit Parasit Air Tawar yang Masih Mengancam Jutaan Orang
Epidemiologi: Beban Penyakit Global dan Situasi di Indonesia Patofisiologi: Siklus Hidup Parasit dan Mekanisme Penyakit Manifestasi Klinis: Dari Infeksi Akut hingga Komplikasi Kronis Diagnosis: Metode Deteksi dan Tantangannya Pengobatan: Prazikuantel sebagai Terapi Lini Pertama Pencegahan dan Pengendalian: Pendekatan Multisektoral Kesimpulan Daftar Referensi Schistosomiasis, atau lebih…
Schistosomiasis: A Comprehensive Guide to Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment 1
IntroductionWhat is Schistosomiasis?Types of Schistosomiasis Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma haematobium Schistosoma japonicumTransmission of SchistosomiasisLife Cycle of Schistosoma ParasitesSymptoms and Complications of SchistosomiasisRisk FactorsDiagnosis of SchistosomiasisTreatment of SchistosomiasisGeographic DistributionPrevention and Control MeasuresPublic Health EffortsThe Impact of…
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Bill Hazier.
Best Ways to Prevent Bilharzia in the Lakes - Rivers of Uganda - Rwanda
Best Ways to Prevent Bilharzia in the Lakes – Rivers of Uganda – Rwanda
The Best Ways to Prevent Bilharzia in the Lakes – Rivers of Uganda – Rwanda – knowing where to swim in Lakes and Rivers. Bilharzia (also known as Schistosomiasis or snail fever) can be very unpleasant and detrimental who has been infected.
Best Ways to Prevent Bilharzia in the Lakes – Rivers of Uganda – Rwanda – know which lakes and rivers are safe and Bilharzia-Free. Bilharzia is a nasty – hard…
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Lake Boukou at Ounianga Serir in northern Chad, Central Africa, is said to be free of bilharzia and thus safe for swimming. Many freshwater fish inhabit the lake.
