Passive, Causative, and Causative-Passive Verbs 受動態、使役、と受動態の使役
こんにちは皆さん！私はサクラです。For today's post, we will be talking about Passive, Causative, and Causative-Passive verbs. Sometimes, we find ourselves in unwanted situations. For example, you could be forced to doing something you hate or someone does something much to your dismay. But how do you know which verb to use? In order to figure out, it is best to look at the verb forms and how they are used.
Passive verbs are used when someone does something that irks you. For example, if a friend were to make your room messy and you are upset about it, you could say 「私は友達に部屋をめちゃくちゃになられました」(Watashi wa tomodachi ni heya o mechakucha ni nararemashita). This can also apply when someone does something that bothers another person.
When making the sentences, have the victim be followed by the particle は and the perpetrator be followed by に. Afterwards, the action will be mentioned while using a passive verb. Keep in mind, when using a ru verb, you must combine the stem verb with られる (rareru). U verbs are a little similar, however the spelling will depend on the verb's final character. As for くる and する, their passive forms are こられる (korareru) and される (sareru).
Kanojo wa jon san ni furaremashita.
She was dumped by John (and she was upset).
Watashi wa otouto ni ongaku o urusakunararemashita.
My younger brother made loud music (and I am mad).
Kare wa kanojo ni koraremashita.
She came to him (to his annoyance).
Causative verbs are used when someone makes somebody do something. This is not always negative, as sometimes these verbs are used when someone lets someone else do something. If a person were to say "He let me read a book," it would be「彼は私に本を読ませました」(Kare ha watashi ni hon o yomasemashita).
To make the sentences, although は and に are used, the person who directs the other person comes first while the performer comes after. For ru verbs, the stem verb is combined with させる (saseru). Just like their passive forms, u verbs are similar to ru verbs, however the spelling will depend on the verb's last character. For くる and する、the causative forms are こさせる (kosaseru) and させる (saseru).
Sensei wa gakusei ni maishuu kuizu o torasemashita.
The teacher made the students take a quiz every week.
Oneesan wa imoutosan ni fuku o kigaesasemashita.
The older sister let her younger sister change her clothes.
Senpai wa kouhai ni souji o sasemashita.
The senior made her junior do some cleaning.
These verbs are basically passive versions of Causative verbs. Using these verbs indicates that someone was talked into doing something or forced to do something they do not want to do. For ru verbs and u verbs that end with す, the stem verb is combined with させられる (saserareru). U verbs have される (sareru) at the end, but again the spelling will depend on the last character. For くる and する, it is こさせられる (kosaserareru) and させられる (saserareru).
Watashi wa okaasan ni yasai o tabesaseraremasu.
My mother forces me to eat vegetables.
ケテイーさんはお姉さんに部屋をそうじさせられました。
Kateiisan wa oneesan ni heya o soujisaseraremashita.
Katie's older sister made her clean the room.
Yukisan wa otouto ni sonomono o kawasaremasu.
Yuki's younger brother forces her to by that item.
Whether using Passive, Causative or Causative-Passive verbs, it can be hard to know how to address anything upsetting in Japanese. However, knowing the correct situation and verb form is the key to explaining about an unwanted incident.
Here's a list for a quick review.
Ru verbs and U verbs that end with す
食べる/食べます＝食べさせられる/食させべられます
That's it for today's lesson! これが終わります！ありがとうございました。
Illustration was made by yours-truly.
