“Posthuman is a concept originating in the fields of science fiction, futurology, contemporary art, and philosophy that literally means a person or entity that exists in a state beyond being human” (Posthuman, 2017).
“Many argue that these enhanced people might live better lives; others fear that tinkering with our nature will undermine our sense of our own humanity” (Roden, 2014).
Throughout last year I tagged posts with the hashtag #posthuman as I began to look into the future of the human race. As it turns out I was using this term too broadly, and my current level of understanding consists of 3 different concepts: Speculative Posthumanism, Critical Posthumanism and Transhumanism. It seems many people (myself included) don’t know the difference between these terms. Different articles seem to overlap and contradict each other, so I am still struggling to tell them apart. I have tried my best to summaries them below, however I have no doubt that in a few weeks I may have a completely different understanding of the concepts.
Transhumanism is about using the ‘NBIC’ technologies (Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information Technology and Cognitive Science) to improve human nature. Transhumanists view “human nature as an improvable ‘work in progress’”(Sterling, 2014) and believe enhancements come with moral benefits. They don’t seem to be concerned with the ethical questions surrounding posthuman form, and rather aim to ‘perfect’ the human race. David Pearce, “argues that transhumanists are committed to the three ‘supers’, i.e. super-longevity, super-intelligence, super well-being. In other words, transhumanists are committed to using NBIC technologies to live radically longer lives, increase their cognitive abilities, and achieve higher states of conscious bliss and satisfaction.” (Danaher, 2015).
Speculative Posthumanism is less concerned with human development in the pursuit of perfection and rather develop to push the boundaries of what could be. A posthuman is a hypothetical being "whose basic capacities so radically exceed those of present humans as to be no longer unambiguously human by our current standards” (Posthuman, 2017). “Speculative posthumanism is committed to the notion that future technological successors of the human race could be radically alien and different.” (Danaher, 2015). Through technological change, posthuman beings may cease to be human, and so speculative posthumanism raises questions around the definition of a human.
Critical Posthumanism “challenges the view of the human subject as something that is unique and worthy of glorification” (Danaher, 2015). Humans are seen through the Cartesian view as a single, self-governing, rational entity that is seperate from the world. However, critical posthumanists argue the opposite and claim that humans have complex relationships with the world around them; relationships that are developed, enhanced and increased by technology.
Overall, each of these concepts explore the development of humans through technology is some way or another. Posthumans are an entity which are more than human, whether through a change in human nature or a change in our physical form, I am not yet sure. Our digital skins paper lends nicely to the technological developments to the human shell, as these developments have the potential to create very theatrical and expressive garments.
LaGrandeur, K. (2014, July 28). What is the difference between posthumanism and transhumanism? Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Retrieved from http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/lagrandeur20140729
Danaher, J. (2015, July 6). Humanism, transhumanism, and speculative posthumanism. Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Retrieved from http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/danaher20150706
Posthuman. (2017, February 9). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 1, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthuman
Sterling, B. (2014, February 3). The Manifesto of Speculative Posthumanism. Wired. Retrieved from https://www.wired.com/2014/02/manifesto-speculative-posthumanism/
Roden, D. (2014). Posthuman Life. United Kingdom: Taylor and Francis.