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Necrotizing Sialometaplasia of Palate by Radka Cholakova in Open Access Journal of Biogeneric Science and Research

Abstract

Necrotizing sialometaplasia (NS) is a rare, benign, inflammatory condition, occasionally with ulcers, which is self-limiting and affects mainly salivary tissue. Purpose: To present a case of NS associated with a systemic connective tissue disease in a female patient. Material/Methods: A 56-year-old female patient with ulcers of the palate, surrounded by a red halo, for 2 weeks, which did not resolve when treated with topical antiseptics. Clinical and radiological methods, together with pathohistological analysis, were used to make the diagnosis. Immunohistochemical analyses to diagnose patient's systemic disease were performed at a rheumatology clinic. Results: The definitive diagnosis was made based on a pathological examination and the tests performed in the rheumatology clinic, which found that this was a case of necrotizing sialometaplasia of the minor salivary glands and a concomitant systemic connective tissue disease. Conclusions: NS is a rare disease, with an excellent prognosis, without any possible preventive strategies.

Keywords: Necrotizing sialometaplasia; diseases of the minor salivary glands; tumour-like lesion

Introduction

Necrotizing Sialometaplasia (NS) is a rare, benign, inflammatory condition, sometimes with ulcers, which is self-limiting and affects mainly salivary tissue. This disease is classified as a “tumour-like lesion” in the WHO classification of salivary gland tumours. It was first described in 1973 by Abrams, Melrose and Howell [1], and in the following year, Dunlap and Barker reported five diagnosed cases [2]. This lesion can be confused with a malignant disease, thus resulting in unnecessary radical surgery.

Materials and Methods

A female patient of visible age of 56, corresponding to her calendar age, with complaints of a non-healing “aphthous ulcer”, which appeared 2 weeks earlier. Treatment with antiseptic mouthwashes and topical application of propolis was administered. The aphthous ulcer did not resolve, but the pain subsided over time. The initial examination showed two ulcers with dimensions of about 2 mm, located on either side of the median palatine suture, with a red halo around them. After treatment with SOLCOSERYL (MEDA Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Germany), the ulcers resolved, but the red spots remained (Figure 1). The patient was referred for a CBCT in order to detect erosions in the palatine bone under the ulcers (Figure 2). The size of the formation did not decrease and, therefore, an excisional biopsy was performed in full thickness of one of the lesions, and then was provided for histopathological examination. The wound was covered with a PRF membrane and healed without complications. Pathological examination showed that there were cords of the lining multilayered squamous non-keratinizing epithelium, deep below it, without atypicality, and with rapid proliferation of granulation tissue, which covered the minor salivary gland ducts, with squamous cell metaplasia. The patient was a moderate smoker (up to 10 cigarettes/day). She had cholelithiasis without clinical manifestations. She had had surgery for a benign neoplasm of the breast several years before. Intermittent complaints of swelling and rash on the upper eyelids, erythematous rash on the nasal dorsum and photosensitivity were present, for which the patient had been admitted to a rheumatology clinic for examination. A systemic connective tissue disease was suspected there, as elevated total AHA, Anti-SS-A and Anti-SSB antibodies with very high titers and low C4 complement level, without significant proteinuria, were found. The dermatological examination showed pathological skin lesions of the nose with erythematous-edematous plaque, 6 cm in diameter. Sjögren's syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus were suspected in this patient. The pathohistological examination of the minor salivary glands from the lower lip mucosa found that this was not a case of Sjögren's syndrome. Biopsy of the plaque of the nasal lesion was recommended.

Results

The definitive diagnosis was made based on a pathological examination and the tests performed in the rheumatology clinic, which found that this was a case of necrotizing sialometaplasia of the minor salivary glands and a concomitant systemic connective tissue disease.

Discussion

Necrotizing sialometaplasia is extremely rare, accounting for less than 1% of oral lesion biopsies [3]. The mean age of onset is 46 years, and the male:female ratio is 2.7:1 [4]. The disease is prevalent among the Caucasian race, with Caucasian:African American ratio of 5:1, according to Brannon [5]. In most cases (80%), the minor palatine salivary glands are affected. Although rarely, it can occur in the retromolar space, gingiva, lips, tongue, cheeks, and nasal cavity [1,6]. This disease can also affect the large salivary glands in more than 10% of the cases [3]. The etiopathogenesis of necrotizing sialometaplasia is unknown, but it is thought that the lesion develops as a result of previous ischemia in the salivary gland. In experimental models, disruption of the arterial blood supply to the salivary glands in rodents results in a NS-like histopathological picture. This disease is found in patients with sickle cell disease, Buerger's disease and Raynaud's phenomenon, which are all vasculopathies that predispose to ischemia. Other risk factors for the development of NS include: smoking (and alcohol consumption), use of cocaine and anabolic steroids, hot food, fellatio, traumatic vascular injury, and bulimia [7-9]. The synergistic action of NSAIDs and alcohol over a long period of time results in a change in the oral mucosa functions due to suppression of prostaglandin production and reduction in the blood supply to the minor salivary glands, which causes ischemic events [10]. The iatrogenic factors for the development of NS are the use of local infiltration anesthesia with an anesthetic with a higher concentration of correctives, intubation, bronchoscopy, local radiotherapy, as well as surgical procedures in the vicinity of the affected area [3,7,11,12], which, in the case described by us, had not been conducted for a period of more than 6 months. Senapati et al. [13] reported that NS is a manifestation of local vasculitis. It may be associated with other tumours, in particular Warthin's tumour, Abrisokov's tumour, lip cancer, rapidly growing malignant mesenchymal disease and salivary gland tumours. There is also a connection with previous upper respiratory tract diseases (chronic sinusitis and allergies) in the past few weeks. It is possible that ischemia is due to immune complexes, resembling the pathogenesis of erythema multiforme or benign trigeminal sensory neuropathy. In our case, levels of immune complexes in the body were elevated.

Anneroth and Hansen described the following five clinical stages in the development of necrotizing sialometaplasia: infarction, sequestration, ulceration, repair and healing [6]. A subacute variant of this condition was also described in the literature. Histological features are ischemic lobular necrosis of seromucinous glands, with maintenance of intact lobular architecture, despite coagulative necrosis of the mucinous acini. Pale acinar outlines often persist, but the cell nuclei are hypochromatic or absent. Mucin extravasation into the adjacent tissues triggers an inflammatory reaction dominated by histiocytes and granulation tissue. Within the necrotic lobules, the inflammatory component is often minimal, but is usually found in the surrounding tissues. Although squamous metaplasia of ducts and acini is typical (which makes the diagnosis challenging due to its similarity to malignancies), the metaplastic cells have benign nuclear morphology, with minimal pleomorphism or hyperchromatism and few mitotic figures. Nests of squamous epithelium, which usually have smooth contours, occasionally may have an irregular outline.

Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, where the overlying or adjacent epithelium is markedly hyperplastic, together with extensive ductal metaplasia, may resemble malignant condition of the epithelium, which could be the reason for misdiagnosis and radical ablative surgery. It may be difficult to distinguish NS from squamous cell carcinoma, low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma and oncocytic tumours. Specific histopathological characteristics may have some relation to the “age” of the lesion at biopsy. Coagulative necrosis is more common in “new” lesions, whereas fibrosis and squamous metaplasia are typical of “older” lesions. In our case, biopsy was taken nearly 2 weeks after the onset of the first symptoms, and therefore the changes correspond to an “old” lesion. Management of this disease includes monitoring, use of topical antiseptics, and pain control until recovery [3]. In the presence of predisposing factors, their correction is necessary.

Conclusion

This work was supported with grants from the URPC, University of Benin, Benin City.

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Complex Kinesiological Conundrum Could Microzyman Machinations/Inhibitions Explain the Relative Tardiness of Initial Infantile Human Locomotion? Seun Ayoade* in  Open Access Journal of Biogeneric Science and Research

ABSTRACT

“The onset of walking is a fundamental milestone in motor development of humans and other mammals, yet little is known about what factors determine its timing. Hoofed animals start walking within hours after birth, rodents and small carnivores require days or weeks, and nonhuman primates take months and humans approximately a year to achieve this locomotor skill”.

Introduction

We, mankind, are the tardiest living thing in terms of the age we start walking. This is highly embarrassing. It is embarrassing to evolutionists who declare man to be the most biologically advanced and evolved species. It is equally embarrassing to creationists who insist that man was made in the Image of God. If man is the most advanced and evolved animal why do our babies take so long to learn to walk? Why are we, the “peak of God’s creation” carried around by our mothers for a year while the zebras and goats and horses are proudly walking and cavorting just hours after delivery? Creationists have a ready excuse-the fall of man and his expulsion from the Garden of Eden caused man to become genetically degraded [1]. After all, they argue, the first humans Adam and Eve walked and talked the very day they were created. Evolutionists on the other hand put forth other arguments for the very embarrassing ambulatory limitations of Homo sapiens. I hereby refute these arguments viz-Refuting the gestation argument-This argument states that humans are pregnant for 9 months unlike those other animals that are pregnant for shorter periods. However, baby elephants walk hours after birth and the gestation period in elephants is 18 to 22 months! Refuting the Life Span Relativity Argument This argument states that because horses and dogs have shorter life spans than we humans their apparent early walking is not really that early [2]. I refute this argument in the table below by showing at what age human babies would walk if we had the life span of cats and dogs etc table 1.

Refuting the Brain Development Argument

This argument states that all animals start walking when their brains reach a particular stage of development [3]. Then why do humans reach the stage so late if we are the most evolved animal?

Refuting the Bipedal Argument

This argument states that walking on two legs involves much more balance and coordination than walking on all fours and so should take longer. If this argument was true human babies would start crawling hours after birth! Human babies don’t crawl till 4 -7 months! Also studies by Francesco Lacquaniti at the University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy have shown that despite homo sapiens’ unique gait, the motor patterns controlling walking in other animals are nearly identical to that in man!

Intelligence Argument

This argument claims that since humans are more intelligent than other animals we have to start walking later because we have so many other things to do with our minds apart from walking [4-7]. However, ravens are very intelligent birds yet raven chicks walk and fly at one month old. Monkeys are intelligent and yet start waking at 6 weeks!

MY HYPOTHESIS AND PROPOSAL

The key to cracking this mystery will be to do a comparative study of the cellular dust [8-10] of various animals. This is not likely to happen any time soon however as the mainstream scientific community continues to deny the existence of the microzymas [11].

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Gene Editing via Integrase Enzyme by Umair Masood* in Open Access Journal of Biogeneric Science and Research

Short Communication

Targeted integrase enzyme is a most powerful tool for mediating genome alteration with high precision. The gene of the interest is directly catalyze nucleophilic attack of the 3 prime hydroxyl group at the end of processed DNA on a pair of phosphodiaster bond in the targeted DNA or genome of the interest. Integrase gene editing method contain two parts gene of the interest with integrase enzyme and desire genome. The integrase enzyme is start integration the gene of the interest into the desire genome or DNA.

Results via Gel electrophoresis

In order to check that whether gene of interest is integrated or not we can perform a gel electrophoresis. The gel contain a two band A and B.A band is a vector of human insulin vector which can show the negative control and B band is a vector of human insulin but the gene have some sequence mutation [1-5]. We can add a gene of the stranded human insulin by using integrase enzyme and gene can be precisely add to the B band that why B band is in 3.0 and A band is 6.0 which mean that A band is high molecular weight than the B band and a Marker must be 1kb and agarose should be 1% [6-9].

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Giant Cell Tumor of the Distal Tibia and Fibula (Rare Location) by Mohamed Hamid Awadelseid* in Open Access Journal of Biogeneric Science and Research

ABSTRACT

Giant cell tumor of the distal tibia is a rare, benign and usually asymptomatic condition. The discovery is sometimes made following a medical imaging examination or a painful symptom or more often a visible or palpable swelling with or without vascular and/or nerve compression. At an advanced stage, the X-ray is of paramount importance. The well complete surgical resection is part of the therapeutic. We present a clinical case report of a young man with a giant cell tumor localized in the distal tibia in Khartoum, Sudan. This case concerns a 37-year-old patient who presented in July 2021 of a huge painful swelling at left distal tibia treated with bonesetter at Kassla, eastern Sudan and whose X-ray radiography showed lytic lesion of the cortical bone in the lower third of the tibia. After the operative resection of the tumor mass, the pathological examination of the operative specimen revealed the diagnosis of a giant cell tumor. A giant cell tumor is a benign condition, with a few symptoms and the location at the ankle is exceptional. Complete surgical resection is a viable treatment option.

Keywords: Giant Cell Tumor, Wide Surgical Resection, tibia

Introduction

Giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone is one of the commonest benign bone tumors encountered by an orthopedic surgeon. The reported incidence of GCT in the Oriental and Asian population is higher than that in the Caucasian population and may account for 20% of all skeletal neoplasms. It has a well-known propensity for local recurrence after surgical treatment Although considered to be benign tumors of bone [1].

GCT has a relatively high recurrence rate. Metastases occur in 1% to 9% of patients with GCT and some earlier studies have correlated the incidence of metastases with aggressive growth and local recurrence. Current recurrence rates between 10-20% with meticulous curettage and extension of tumor removal using mechanized burrs and adjuvant therapy are a vast improvement on the historically reported recurrence rates of 50-60% with curettage alone. GCT of bone constitutes 20% of biopsy analyzed benign bone tumors. It affects young adults between the ages of20 and 40 years, several authors have reported a slight predominance of women over men. However, GCT can be seen in patients over 50 years old. Ninety percent of GCT exhibits the typical epiphyseal location. Tumor often extends to the articular subchondral bone or even abuts the cartilage. The joint and or its capsule are rarely invaded. In rare instances in which GCT occurs in a skeletally immature patient, the lesion is likely to be found in the metaphysis,The most common locations, in decreasing order are the distal femur, the proximal tibia, the distal radius, and the  sacrum .Fifty percent of GCTs arise around the knee region. Other frequent sites include the fibular head, the proximal femur, and the proximal humerus. Pelvic GCT is rare[6]. Multicentricity or the synchronous occurrence of GCT in different sites is known to occur, but is exceedingly rare [2].

We report a case of a 37-year-old man who presented in July 2021, with a huge painful swelling his left distal tibia with an X-ray radiography showing lysis of the cortical bone in the lower third of the tibia. After the operative excision of the tumor mass, the pathological examination of the specimen revealed the diagnosis of a giant cell tumor. With a lytic lesion of the distal tibia and fibula bones in a young man on X-ray, one must think of a giant cell tumor [3].

Case Report

We report the case of a 37-year-old young man with no notable pathological antecedents who presented at the orthopedic consultation for a painful swelling of the left distal tibia and fibula, that had been evolving for 5 months and without any alteration of the general state. There was change in color and consistency of the skin with respect to the tumor action.

On physical examination, there was a dorsoflextion blockage of foot because of the large volume occupied by the tumor mass and the articular destruction at the level of the distal tibio-fibular joint; plantar flexion estimated at 10˚ and dorsal flextion at 3˚; inversion at 5˚ and eversion at 2˚. The x-ray showed a lesion with blurred boundaries, extending into the soft tissue that is not limited by a bony shell; with destruction of the cortex, invasion of soft parts and honeycomb pseudo-partitions (Figure 1-2). And finally, the Magntic Resonant Imaging (MRI) of the left leg showed (Figure 3-4-5-6) a lysis of the cortex of the lower extremity of the leg. It corresponds to grade 3 of the Campanacci and Merled ’Aubignee classification.

A complete surgical resection below knee amputation (BKA) was offered to the patient. Under spinal anesthesia, this incision was made proximally to expose a healthy portion of the leg bone. Surgical removal of the tumor by BKA a proximal resection of the tibia and fibular bone by about 2 cm in the healthy zone. The anatomopathological assessment (Figure7) showed abundant mononuclear cells and discrete nuclear anomalies with marked mitotic activity, but without atypical forms. The histological examination of the bone fragments confirmed a grade 3 giant cell tumor according to Sanerkin, Jaffe Lichtenstein and Pottis. CT scan was done to exclude pulmonary metastases (Figure 8). At three weeks removal of suture and start physiotherapy of knee. Surgical treatment with the excision of the large tumor mass by BKA improved the function of the leg and general condition of the patient.

Discussion

Giant cell tumors (GCT) account for 5%–9% of all benign and malignant bone tumors. They are considered benign but may present a progressive, potentially malignant clinical course. GCT recur in a high percentage of cases, become sarcomatous, yet produce metastases even without apparent malignant changes [4].

In the literature, the recurrence rate varies considerably, depending not only on the site and extension of the lesion but also on the type of primary treatment performed [5]. Successful treatment of GCTs and the adequacy of tumor removal is influenced by tumor location ,associated fracture, soft tissue extension ,and understanding of the functional consequences of resection .each option has advantage and disadvantage [6]. This technique has the advantage of preserving knee joint function, improved general and psychological condition of the patient and recurrences are no more frequent than with other techniques according to several authors.  Excision with tumor free margins is associated with lesser recurrence rates. However, for periarticular lesions this is usually accompanied with a suboptimal functional outcome [7]. Various studies suggest that wide resection is associated with a decreased risk of local recurrence when compared with intralesional curettage and may increase the recurrence free survival rate from 84% to 100% (8). However, wide resection is associated with higher rates of surgical complications which led to functional impairment, generally necessitating reconstruction.  This procedure resulted in good function preserving knee joint function after removal of suture 3 weeks later. After 5 months follow up, there was no recurrence or functional sequelae of the leg. Giant cell bone tumors generally have a good prognosis [9].

Conclusion

The giant cell tumor of the distal tibia and fibula bone, although rare, does not present any particularity. The gold standard X-ray image guided radiography with the bone tissue histology confirmed the diagnosis. use a CT scan or an MRI study if we fear an invasion of soft parts. Surgical treatment preserved joint function. This should be considered when presented with a lytic epiphyseal bone lesion.

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Structuring Virtual Teams by Ecler Jaqua* in Open Access Journal of Biogeneric Science and Research

ABSTRACT

The primary purpose of the virtual team is to address a specific problem at hand from different locations, which could either be locally, regionally or internationally. It implies that while working from diverse settings, it is vital for leadership to create a favorable environment where every member is afforded the opportunity for showcasing their skills and knowledge while at the same time demonstrating that they can be relied upon for the accomplishment of organizational purposes.

Introduction

The virtual team is created to share information about their operations to offer a review of the corporate hence ensuring that it continues with its success trajectory while at the same time eliminating the foreseeable challenges. In this regard, the team's togetherness is best described through linear approach, intuitive approach, and finally componential approach.

In the linear approach, the virtual team members accept the cultural diversity enabling the creative process, which involves defining and clarifying the work and solution to the challenge. It implies that the team's togetherness is created by the top-level management who, through induction, introduces the team's objectives and outlines this approach which primarily deals with elaboration of the steps guiding the development of the solution. It illustrates that togetherness is enhanced through three crucial steps: problem finding, fact-finding, and problem defining. On the other hand, the intuitive approach, a significant factor determining the team, is also best described through the intuitive approach, which encourages creativity among the team (Nemiro, 2004) [4]. It is one of the critical stages which holds the team together and can easily break the same. Finally, it implies that the team's togetherness is best described through the ability to recognize each member to contribute to the study discussion without being judged. The access the open communication is an indication that eliminates doubt within the team, thus making each member feel comfortable, which overall facilitates the attainment of the purpose. When virtual team members can communicate without being judged, they experience a sense of belonging and remain committed to organizational aims.

In the same way, the team's creativity is demonstrated through the componential approach, which mainly emphasizes the social psychology of creativity. Accordingly, this is an approach best described through three critical factors comprising a combination of factual knowledge, creativity, and task motivation. Again, and as demonstrated, the team's togetherness is promoted by setting rules, clarifying the purpose, showing respect and trust alongside the ability of effective communication.

In contrast, the apartness of the team is described through the personal differences happening in the context of personal issues, cultural barriers, time zone, and lack of effective leadership. This issue causes the absence of unity of purpose. Each member focuses on their problem whose conflict of interest makes the overall attainment of the virtual team objective incredibly impossible. Accordingly, the cultural barriers are a challenge that requires the virtual team leadership to provide an approach to attaining the primary goal. It could entail looking for a professional translator to break down the communication barriers making the information accessible to all the people. Specifically, given that the team is working from different geographical areas, it is possible to have other working times, making the team unable to stick together and attain its objective within the specified time. It implies that the leadership should create a timetable when all people should increasingly participate in the virtual meeting, thus enabling the group's goals. The team apartness, also best described via lack of effective communication, shows a lack of leadership, thus making the team lack direction on how to execute their objectives. This overall enables negative analysis and communication within the team. Notably, there is no sequence for idea generation, development, finalization, and closure.

The Options for Work Design and Leadership of Virtual Teams

The available options for the work design and leadership in the virtual team comprise the wheel, modular and iterative approaches that guide and shape the team members from the idea generation to development, finalization, and closure. The wheel approach mainly entails the leader communicating what will be accomplished, how, and when to the whole team. The higher status or the manager is the communication through which all the information must pass from the low-level members. Thus, it eliminates the communication gaps and inconsistencies and assures the whole team to have an efficient flow of information. Finally, all the team members propose the ideas to the team leader, who, as a result, ends up making the requisite decision on tabling the various views to the whole team, which discusses the matter extensively, thus enabling the leader to make the right choices.

On the other hand, the modular approach involves the team member's ability to meet together to decide on the task, need, and purpose to be pursued. After agreeing on the goal, the team members divide the amount of work based on expertise. After each member has completed their pie, they consolidate and revise before finalizing the same and the successful implementation. This approach for work design plays an instrumental role that overall facilitates impressive work, which illustrates the ability to continue better and improved outcomes on the assigned tasks by the management.

The iterative approach, on the other hand, contains the use of e-mail. This approach requires adequate time, an open communication system, honesty, work-sharing technology, and increased task interaction alongside the willingness to accept feedback and continue with cooperation (Delice, Rousseau & Feitosa, 2019) [3]. The team members are provided with the tasks which they should accomplish within specific timelines. Therefore, once a team member works on a particular task within a specified time, they share the same with the management from which they are provided with feedback. From this, they work on the areas they have been advised to before submitting the same to the management. Accordingly, this creates a favorable environment that encourages more creativity, improving the work for the whole project. In essence, all this demonstrates that the leadership of a virtual team is instrumental during the work design. Furthermore, this indicates that the leadership creates a supportive environment and culture that makes all the employees feel valued and, at the same time, valid for the accomplishment of the corporate objectives. Accordingly, this signifies that a leader encourages creativity, employs open communication, embraces cultural diversity, and, most of all, offers direction while regulating the behavior among the team.

How Task Requirements and Team Characteristics Affect Work to Design and Leadership

Often, the virtual team works on a project needed to be accomplished within the specified time. From this project, the leader gauges the team members' capability based on the outcome they provide. Arguably, having a hierarchy within the virtual team may significantly alter the team to deliver on its mandate. Furthermore, as severally indicated, the team members are working from different places, and therefore reaching the team leader may be a challenge due to the various time zones. It implies that decision-making becomes impaired, increasingly affecting the ability of the corporate to attain its objectives.

In the same way, some tasks may be challenging for some members, thus requiring rotation which increasingly becomes the onset of bad blood within the team members. Often, the member whose work has been transferred to another individual within the team could have worked on the same for a considerable time. Still, since they cannot complete the same as anticipated, they get transferred to another capable member. This aspect affects the work design and the ability to lead the whole team since they need to accomplish their purposes.

In the same way, the issue of different time zones also affects the ability of the leadership to design the work effectively. Accordingly, when the other members are up, the other member could be asleep. Therefore, the variance of time overall affects the ability to have better and improved performance, thus wasting time and resources alongside inconveniencing the whole team (Davidaviciene, Majzoub & Meidute-Kavaliauskiene, 2020) [1]. In the same way, the team members have different attitudes and approaches towards each other. Therefore, the task at hand, which also considering they are working virtually, becomes impossible to consolidate the objective, thus increasingly facilitating the attainment of the corporate goals. Conversely, given that the team should work based on standardized procedures, following the same virtually can be challenging within the team, illustrating the challenge for the attainment of the group purposes.

Assessment of the Effectiveness of the Structures/Practices Covered by the Readings in this Module for Virtual Teaming.

Given the above task requirements and team characteristics affecting the choices of work design and leadership, it is easily possible to argue that virtual teaming is a flop. Because of the ability to create the physical human relations needed within the team, the communication barrier occasioned by the different time zones, and eventually, personal differences within the team. In contrast, these are challenges found within the virtual team but require effective communication and the establishment of a flat hierarchy of communication where all the members increasingly have access to open communication. Furthermore, it implies that the team first does the induction process, which outlines the expectations of each member while at the same time setting out the rules and regulations which should be followed within the team. Overall, this clearly indicates that once the team gets provided with training and development, they elevate communication and acceptance amongst themselves, thus changing the direction that should be employed. All this signifies the possibility for the continuation of open communication while at the same time increasingly enhancing cultural diversity within the whole team, which promotes a sense of purpose.

Conclusion

In this regard, I am convinced that virtual teaming works out provided there is effective leadership that offers communication, training, and development and, importantly, outlines the steps that should be followed for the team relations while encouraging open communication and subsequent feedback (Malhotra, Majchrzak & Rosen, 2007) [2]. Regarding timeframe, the team leader communicates a specific time that favors everyone but is equal to the team, following the team members. Since the COVID-19 outbreak, the reality of virtual teaming proved effective, with also immense literature supporting the view that it is practical. Virtual teaming requires building trust, appreciating diversity, managing the work cycle adequately, and enhancing the visibility of team members. Also, it requires adequate monitoring of the team members, ensuring that each member stands to benefit from the whole group.

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Antibodies for Sars Cov 2 in Infant Children of Mothers Vaccinated Against Covid19 by Néstor Fabián Sanabria Duarte

ABSTRACT

Since the beginning of the covid-19 pandemic, there have been multiple unknowns to be solved about this new disease, one of these has been the process to generate a vaccine, obtaining in 2020 the first vaccines, new doubts arise such as what special considerations pregnant women will have regarding vaccination and if there is the possibility of transferring antibodies from the newborn mother through the placenta, The current scientific evidence reflects that there is the possibility of transferring antibodies against covid-19 in infants whose mothers have been previously vaccinated against this disease, based on studies of serum, breast milk and umbilical cord, with positive findings about the presidency of these antibodies and the possibility of their existence in infants born to these mothers.

KEYWORDS: Antibodies; covid 19; vaccines.

Introduction

The current SARS VOC 2 pandemic is having a huge impact around the world; started in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 causing the COVID-19 disease. This is primarily a respiratory illness that presents with symptoms including fever, cough and shortness of breath, which can progress to respiratory failure, this can present with a wide spectrum of symptoms including sore throat, headache, loss of taste or smell, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea [1,2]. The groups most vulnerable to presenting serious disease and complications are those over 60 years of age, people with coexisting diseases such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, lung disease, obesity, kidney disease, neoplasms and pregnant women, among others. [1,2,3]

Pregnant women are in a higher risk group for acquiring respiratory diseases due to the series of physiological changes that occur in pregnancy, such as increased oxygen demand, elevated diaphragm, among others. [4,6,7]

There is a series of pathologies where there is the possibility of maternal-fetal transmission, such as HIV, influenza, toxoplasmosis, and the possible maternal-fetal transmission of Covid -19 has been investigated [5,7]

As a result of this, the efforts by the World Health Organization have been aimed at the production of a vaccine, in order to prevent the transmission and the severity of the clinical picture, the scientific literature shows the possibility of transmission of antibodies through the placenta not only for covid-19 disease. [8,9,10].

Vaccines are designed to prevent different diseases such as chickenpox, hepatitis, meningitis, influenza, among others. When a pregnant woman receives a dose of any vaccine, there is the possibility of transferring antibodies from mother to fetus, since there is scientific evidence that shows us antibodies present in newborns whose mothers received some type of vaccine. The objective of this study is to review the presence of antibodies to SARS COV 2 in infants of mothers vaccinated against COVID 19.

Material & Methods

A bibliographic search was carried out in different databases, highlighting PUBMED, SCIENCE DIRET, SCIELO, OVID, SCHOLAR GOOGLE, from 2015 to 2021 our keywords were: antibodies, Covid-19, Pregnant, Lactating, Vaccines. The initial results showed a total of 125 studies, of which those works published in any language other than English or Spanish and those that did not have full text available were excluded, thus we have a total of 15 articles for our review, highlighting reviews , meta-analysis, clinical trials, systematic reviews, later the studies found were read, which describes physiological and anatomical aspects in pregnancy, the physiology of the maternal-fetal immune response, the different mechanisms with which vaccines generate antibodies and how these antibodies can be transmitted from mother to infant.

Result

Pregnancy and its relationship with Covid-19. Pregnant women are particularly prone to respiratory pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2, due to physiological changes during pregnancy; the increase in oxygen demand and the elevation of the diaphragm, for this reason it is explained that pregnant women are susceptible to hypoxia, the first data do not indicate that pregnant women have a greater risk of morbidity, but they do indicate a greater risk of admission and ventilation in the ICU. Furthermore, due to the increased concentration of ACE2 receptors in the placenta, there is concern about the possibility of vertical transmission from mother to child. In fact, case studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 can infect the placenta. (figure 1) [2,5,6].

Maternal-Fetal Antibodies

The placenta plays an important role that intervenes in the interaction of the mother and the developing fetus, this is a multifaceted organ, among the crucial functions of this organ to protect the fetus from the maternal immune response in order to prevent it from being rejected by the same, in addition this conditions the transfer of maternal antibodies. It is worth noting that the fetus represents a graft once implanted in the mother, since it produces foreign proteins for the maternal immune system, capable of being synthesized by the genetic information that the father provides, therefore a compatibilizer mechanism intervenes that inhibits the rejection of the fetus, which is caused by various factors such as immunosuppressants and modulators from the placenta [4,5].

Immunity is considered as a set of integrated processes or mechanisms that play an important role in our body's defense response to different foreign agents, whether internal or external, to which we are exposed [2]. In the uterus, the fetus is protected by the mother from all external agents, therefore it does not need a functioning immune system. Once outside, the fetus has a complete but immature immune system, even so, it is capable of responding to antigenic stimuli. Maternal immunity provides maternal immune cells and antibodies that are capable of protecting newborns, but temporarily, this transfer of antibodies can be carried out by the placenta in the prenatal stage, by colostrum and in breast milk [4,5,6].

In the fetus, the immune system is given by the cells that are derived from the precursor cells of the hematopoietic system, which until the third fetal week come from the germ sac, in the eighth week of the fetal liver and after the fifth month of gestation is given by the bone marrow. All these cells carry out different processes in order to create an innate and adaptive immune system. In weeks 9-10 of gestation, innate immunity begins complement synthesis and NK cells can be found in the liver. In weeks 12-14, humoral immunity presents pre-B cells with IgD, IgG and IgA, and in this stage the passive transfer of maternal IgG begins. Between weeks 20-30, in humoral immunity, B cells secrete antibodies and transplacental transport of IgG gradually increases. Taking into account the above, with regard to fetal life, serum immunity during is limited to the transfer of maternal IgG that has the ability to reach the fetal circulation, and that is why newborns only have a limited percentage of antibodies. This immunoglobulin has the competence to cross the placental barrier, primarily in the last trimester of pregnancy where its percentage in circulation increases [4,5,7].

In this way, it can be explained how maternal antibodies give neonates partial protection against various viral infections; however, so far there is very little knowledge of the perinatal humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 [2]. A study carried out in China set out to describe the dynamic changes in antibody levels in 6 newborns of mothers who developed coronavirus disease during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. It was found that the 6 of the patients who suffered from the infection in the second and third trimesters presented different immune responses. Of the three patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the third trimester they showed positive results in the PCR, in addition that levels of IgG and IgM were detected until the moment of delivery, while the neonates of these mothers did not have viral results positive, but I did have detectable IgG at delivery, and one had IgM. In both three women infected in the second trimester and their newborns, SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acids were not found at the time of delivery, but specific IgG for the virus was detected, but not IgM. It was also found that after delivery, women infected in the second trimester and their children had a long-lasting IgG response compared to those infected in the third trimester and their children. The conclusion reached in the study was that it was found that those asymptomatic infants who were born to mothers infected with COVID-19 in the second trimester of pregnancy have a stronger immune response. This could be explained by the above, by the transfer of IgG from the mother to the fetus through the placenta, which begins at the end of the second trimester and reaches its highest levels in the third trimester at the time of delivery [3,4,5,6].

Antibodies Against Covid -19 And Infants.

Since the beginning of the pandemic caused by the SARS COV 2 virus, there have been many attempts to produce a vaccine that is highly effective against it and that manages to generate an immunity that lasts over time and manages to combat the different variants. Among these, multiple mechanisms of action stand out that will eventually lead to the production of antibodies, (Table 1) [8,9].

All of these ultimately what they seek is to induce an active immunity similar to that caused by infection, but without contracting it. This virus has multiple proteins; which cause an immune response in the host mediated by CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes together with the production of specific neutralizing antibodies. The CD4 T lymphocyte response against protein S is one of the largest and is consistent with the magnitude of IgA and IgG titers. This S protein plays a fundamental role in the development of vaccines since it helps the virus to bind to the receptors of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE 2), therefore, it is attractive for the creation of vaccines [9,10,11].

Recommendations from different organisms have justified the efficacy and safety of these vaccines in pregnant patients and during the lactation period, in addition to the fact that it has been proven that they could also produce temporary immunity in the newborn [3]. The prospective cohort study carried out by Gray et al in which a total of 131 women of reproductive age who received messenger RNA vaccines against SARS CoV 2 were included, 84 of them were pregnant, 31 were lactating, 16 were not pregnant, and from whom serum samples were taken from 10 of them, samples were also taken from the umbilical cord, and from breast milk to study IgG, IgM and IgA titers; found that these antibodies were found in all samples taken from both umbilical cord and breast milk, although in the umbilical cord sample they were lower than in the maternal serum sample, the difference was not significant; Immune transfer to newborns was also shown to occur through the placenta and breast milk [4]. On the other hand, the prospective cohort study carried out by Perl et al and in which a sample of 84 women of breast milk was taken after vaccination with Pfizer BioNTech and who were studied for the presence of IgA and IgG antibodies, showed that after 6 weeks after vaccination, these antibodies were still being secreted in breast milk; the antibodies found in the breast milk of these women showed strong neutralizing effects, suggesting a possible protective effect against infection in the infant [13].

Although the information available about studies carried out in infants is very limited due to the ethical implications that studying newborns brings, it is important to highlight the studies carried out in mothers who are breastfeeding since current evidence reflects the possibility of transmission of antibodies against covid-19 already being vaccinated, it has been possible to obtain information about studies carried out in breast milk, serum and umbilical cord, giving as a positive finding the presence of antibodies against covid-19 in these samples suggesting a possible transmission to the newborn born, providing immune protection during the first weeks of life against this disease [4,6].

Discussion

Multiple studies have been carried out in order to study the effectiveness of vaccines by studying the production of antibodies over time. As is the case of the study carried out by the Bogotá district health secretariat, in which 241 (of which 41 were excluded because they were seropositive prior to the application of the vaccine) patients who were vaccinated with the biological Pfizer- BioNTech and who underwent a semi-quantitative study of total Ig and specific IgG for SARS CoV 2, resulting in that at three weeks after the application of the first dose, 95% and 96% of the immunized individuals, show reactivity for total Ig and IgG, anti-S, respectively, evidencing the appearance of antibodies in this sample, which is not far from the results obtained in our investigation [14,16].

The objective of our study was to describe the antibodies to sars cov 2 in infants of mothers vaccinated against covid-19, thus finding that if samples from mothers vaccinated against covid-19 are studied, whether serum, breast milk or even umbilical cord , there are positive data about the transmission of antibodies, which suggests the possibility of the presence of antibodies in newborns and possible immunological protection against Covid-19, comparing these results with information obtained in other studies that look for the immune response in newborns faced with different diseases, such as the flu or influenza, we have the study carried out by Shabir and collaborators where they carried out a study characterized by double-blind randomized controlled trials, where 2116 HIV-uninfected women included 194 HIV-infected women using placebo and inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (IIV3) evaluating immunoglobulin enicity, safety and efficacy of the vaccine in pregnant women and their babies up to 24 weeks after birth, measuring immune responses using hemagglutination assays and PCR testing, finding that the influenza vaccine was immunogenic in both infected and non-infected pregnant women infected by HIV, presenting a partial proportion of protection against confirmed influenza in both groups and in babies, thus evidencing the transmission of antibodies from the mother to the fetus and providing immunity in the first weeks of life, when comparing these results with our research , we can investigate that there is a particular mechanism of transmission of maternal-fetal antibodies for various vaccines [12,14,15].

CONCLUSION

We conclude that there is the presence of antibodies against covid-19 in infants whose mothers have been previously vaccinated against this disease, this always when breast milk or umbilical cord serum is studied, suggesting the presence of antibodies in infants in the first weeks of life, further studies are recommended to deepen these findings.

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Research Networks Generated by Organizational Structures, Co-Authorships and Citations: A Case Study of German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (Idiv) by Zhao Qu*

Abstract

Exploring whether different patterns emerge across networks generated by organizational structures, co-authorships and citations for characterizing and evaluating cooperative relationships is particularly important for transferring the research results into practice. This research-in-progress paper focuses on using the structure of scientific collaborations and mapping knowledge transfer to gain insight into the influence of collaborative research centres linked to the German Research Foundation (DFG) funding. Within the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), the DFG sponsors research conducted across all participating universities and institutes by more than hundred research groups who bring their expertise to the manifold research fields of biodiversity. Using iDiv’s research from 2013-2020, we build co-authorship networks and identify the most cohesive communities in terms of collaboration and compare them with groups presented on its website. Corresponding cited and citing works are analysed by distributions to investigate the knowledge’s intellectual structure. Our findings show that the number of publications and the intensity of research collaboration have maintained a steady increase except 2018. Despite the highly cohesive cooperation structure addressed by iDiv, the internal scientific collaboration has not gained strong momentum compared with its growing trends in international collaborations. The tendency towards covering cross-disciplinary research foci is not evident.

Introduction

Cooperation between researchers, academic institutions and companies is gaining importance as research is increasingly being conducted in both homogeneous and heterogeneous collaboration contexts, including structured programs such as the collaborative research centres, and publicly funded projects between universities and companies [1-3]. The proportion of collaborative research conducted between researchers from multiple disciplines and multiple research institutions or involving non-academic partners in all fields is growing [4]. Cooperation offers great potential by linking competencies, perspectives, experiences, resources, and personalities. However, various obstacles stand in the way of fruitful cooperation in such a context. For instance, when dividing up the tasks involved in applying for a collaborative research centre, it becomes more challenging to integrate the objectives as the larger the group and the more heterogeneous the actors. The German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) offers the possibility to investigate typical problems (e.g., changing memberships, allocation of output, fluid boundaries of the working groups involved in the cooperation, the informative value of funding acknowledgements) since this DFG centre is established upon cooperation from 1995 called “Unibund”, extending the network from members based primarily in Halle, Jena and Leipzig to researchers from 30 nations. Eleven research institutions (Figure 1) joined forces to establish iDiv within the network have equal footings (S. Matthiä, personal communication, December 4, 2008). Collaborations with experts worldwide are central momentum at iDiv, and 13 core research groups have been newly established since its founding (Table 1). The composition of personnel at iDiv is somewhat complicated, with employees and members, of which the membership includes full members, associated members, and honorary members. Although there is no requirement in the cooperation agreement that the centre needs to be labelled by its members as the author's affiliation, this complex structure would significantly impact a deeper understanding of bibliometric research findings. For instance, a paper affiliated with iDiv would not necessarily imply that the author is employed by the centre, whereas the research is primarily done within iDiv. The iDiv context may refer to the physical space or the research network. A new question arises amid characterizing and evaluating cooperative relationships: whether different patterns of networks emerge between research groups generated by organizational structures and scientific collaborations?

Collaboration in groups has a long tradition in experimental sciences [5], while collaboration in research networks is a parallel and complementary to the research group in a university department or an industrial laboratory [6]. In general, research networks differ from research groups in that they offer greater flexibility and less bureaucracy. There is an increasing number of studies on scientific collaboration networks [7]. Bibliometric research of scientific collaboration has been conducted in various fields, particularly by using co-authorship data [8-12], providing a quantitative dimension of the frequency and extent of cooperation among researchers in the practice of their research. It should be considered that co-authorships do not fully represent collaborations as not all collaborations lead to co-authored publications, and not all co-authored publications are based on collaborations. However, this method has undoubtedly proven its worth, especially in combination with network analyses. Research on biodiversity, its relation to ecosystem functioning and services, and the assessment of the impacts of environmental change on biodiversity calls for an interdisciplinary perspective [13,14]. While several studies have analysed the disciplinary variety of bibliographic references in papers to express the acceptance of concepts, methods and data from other subject areas, other studies have analysed the distribution of citations received by these papers from other areas. The analysis of citations and co-citations, in both cited and citing publications, constitutes one of the main approaches to the interdisciplinary phenomenon [15,16].

This paper is an evaluation of the current state of research networks of a collaborative research centre through the analysis of articles and citations. Specifically, it aims to provide a micro-picture of networks generated by organizational structures, co-authorships and citations within iDiv, and examine the relative importance of membership in networks for individual publication output. However, it is not only the pure quantity structure of publication activities that provides information about changes, but also structural elements of publication activity. This paper addresses two main questions for exploring whether different patterns emerge across networks:1) How different are networks of cooperation bounded by membership and collaboration presented by scientific publications? Are members within a research centre/group more likely to be co-authors, or the external authors yield a higher collaboration potential? 2) Whether insights from different fields are being acknowledged with one another or are instead located in disciplinary siloes? That is, is there a growing trend towards cross-disciplinary collaboration through citation analysis of iDiv biodiversity-focused research? This special issue is a bridging effort to bring together scientific knowledge producers and network analysis by exploring the structure of collaboration in the social context. The findings may be informative in establishing, assessing, and evaluating research networks.

Data and Methods

For answering the questions addressed in this paper, bibliographic data of 2,107 journal articles identified by DOIs inserted on the website of iDiv’s research published between 2013 and 2020 are retrieved from Web of Science Core Collection coupled with network analysis of co-authorships and citations. Co-authorship networks are generally adopted to provide an overview of the critical contributors within iDiv. Collaborative activities between communities will impact the understanding of how scientific research can add value and offer insights into central issues of concern for policy and practice. Collectively, authorship and citation analyses identify the distribution and accumulation of capital that develops as the centre evolves. The iDiv’s papers herein are first analysed through annual records, source of the leading authors, and the degree of collaboration. The number of authors per article ranges from one to 728, with over 70 per cent of iDiv’s research having three to nine authors. Therefore, we use the percentage of articles with more than two authors to measure collaboration intensity. Furthermore, we use a three-fields-plot based on a Sankey diagram that visualises how journals, research topics and countries/regions are interrelated. The general bibliometric analysis also compares the whole set of cited references and citing papers with the collected publications by research area in general.

We extract the authors and affiliation information for exploring the network of actors within the iDiv research network and its corresponding influence on scientific knowledge production. The expression differences of authors at the same institution poses difficulties in the data processing of this study. We apply a thesaurus file created through a three-step process to merge 786 institutional names from 3,841 author affiliations listed in the raw data. The data cleaning tools of VantagePoint   perform software cleaning. Then, parts involving problems with misspellings, language conversions and abbreviations that have not been approached (e.g., University Jene, Gottingen University or CSIC) are integrated manually. Finally, experts review the processed data to keep the names of their affiliations standardized. We employ network-clustering algorithms in VOSviewer 1.6.16 to map and analyse the patterns of corresponding networks. The structures of co-authorship networks formed by authors and institutions are further compared with groups and networks bounded by memberships within iDiv. Given the limited team size of 13 research groups, the full membership list serves as an additional basis for interpreting the co-authorship network. As this is one of the numerous case studies in the ongoing project research, we conduct a preliminary analysis of the conceptual and intellectual structures of knowledge using data extracted from 6,467 references and 17,751 citing papers as at 31.12.2020 of 106 highly cited publications within the dataset as aforesaid. A direct citation analysis develops the intellectual structure as this approach provides a more accurate representation of the taxonomy of scientific and technical knowledge. We use a historical direct citation network coupled with trend topics to visualise topics of interest and the following debate that scholars open in the scientific field.

Results and Discussion

General trends in iDiv’s research

Between 2013 and 2017, research of iDiv presented a growing trend in counts and international scientific collaborations, with minor fluctuations since 2018 (Table 2). Although the intensity of collaboration does not vary significantly from year to year, iDiv has maintained considerable momentum in international collaboration.

The interconnections among journals, research topics and countries can provide useful insights. Hence, we present a three-fields plot in Figure 2, which shows the interactions among the most relevant publication outlets (left), author keywords (middle) and countries (right) of iDiv’s papers. Meanwhile, Table 3 presents the distribution of primary source journals by subject area. We find that studies on biodiversity mainly distribute in journal Ecology Letters, most of which are authored by German scholars. Similarly, the journal Global Change Biology has published the majority of the climate change-related studies, again mainly authored by German scholars. In general, authors from Germany and the United States have broadly investigated research topics concerning biodiversity, species richness, functional diversity, and climate change. Chinese scholars have shown a particular interest in bef-china related research. On an aggregate level, authors from European countries have a great interest in ecosystem studies. Among the journals, Ecology publishes studies in a comparatively broad range of topics including disturbance, global change, competition, and community assembly.

There are 3,509 documents mainly with German authors of 88,538 references included in the articles of iDiv were co-cited over five times. Nearly 50 per cent of 33,272 citing papers (without self-citations) to iDiv’s research are published by authors from the United States and China. We compare the whole set of cited references, citing papers and the collected publications by research areas in general. Terms shown in blue colour in Table 4 refer to areas where both iDiv’s research and its references have explored. The parts marked in grey colour refer to the overlap in research areas between iDiv’s research and its citing papers. Nearly 90 per cent of the leading research areas covered by the three groups of publications are consistent, but with minor differences in each area's proportion. The iDiv scholars have cited works on Statistics Probability, Computer Science Interdisciplinary Applications and Cell Biology, while related topics are not explored further. Likewise, citing papers have not broadly investigated issues concerning Biochemical Research Methods, Mathematical Computational Biology and Economics. However, we can find in the distribution of research areas of the forward citations that topics not covered by the references have been extended in subsequent studies. There is a constant flow of relevant research on topics not addressed in the previously cited literature.

Primary contributors and scientific collaboration networks

The network generated by research collaboration of iDiv is relatively broad, both in terms of the average number of authors per article (6.92) and the number of co-authors per item (12.1). We can identify the equally high rates of the collaboration of highly productive scholars and organizations in this collection, which is measured respectively by an individual author’s contributions to a published set of papers and affiliation’s total links (Table 5). The following primary authors are all full members of iDiv, while nearly half of the institutions are outside the network defined by the cooperative agreement.

The preliminary results of the network analysis reveal that there are 957 authors with more than five articles and collaborated with others at least five times. For a more straightforward layout of the network of iDiv-related scientific collaborations and to reduce the influence of multi-author articles, we used fractional counting methods to analyse co-authorship among authors with at least ten publications (Figure 3), gathering 325 authors and 13 clusters. Among of them, 11 of 13 research group leaders are scattered across eight different clusters. Close internal collaboration is identified within cluster seven generated by leaders from groups of Biodiversity Conservation, Ecosystem Services and Macroecology. However, cluster 12 dominated by the group leader of Evolutionary Ecology is more independent than the others. As the size of a node depends on the score of Avg. normalized. citation, the actors within clusters one and 11 with the research foci of Ecology and Plant Sciences correspond to relatively more citations.

Following the approach outlined above, we map out networks of collaboration at the level of representative institutions coupled with an overlay visualization (Figure 4). It consists of 634 nodes and 10 clusters. The temporal distribution of collaboration indicates that the collaborative structure changed over time, from a loose interconnection of clusters to an expanded structure in terms of intensity of connection and the number of new actors joining the network. Three universities from “Unibund” (Halle – Jena – Leipzig) together with Ufz Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res as institutions joined forces to establish iDiv have also played a prominent role in the scientific collaboration shown as both maps. Trend topics and citation networks

References of highly cited iDiv’s papers range between 1994 and 2019, mainly including scholarly works from the United States and Germany. Respectively, citing papers from 2014 to 2020 have been broadly conducted by scholars from China and the United States. We map trend topics by author keywords extracted from highly cited research, its references and citing papers to compare the conceptual structures of knowledge, setting the parameters to a minimum word frequency of five. iDiv’s highly cited papers in the last decade have shown common interests in the topics frequently explored in cited references between 2008 and 2014, such as species richness and functional traits. Authors’ research foci in citing papers are forest management and risk assessment, while iDiv related scholars have contributed to studies on biodiversity (Figure 5).

We employ the historiographic mapping to trace research paths and investigate the knowledge’s intellectual structure (Figure 6). Each node represents a document cited by others, and each edge represents a direct citation. The list of articles is shown in Table 6. The direction of the arrows in Figure 6 explains the chronical change of research trends from the past, steering the research paths of biodiversity, bioinformatics, ecosystem and biological evolution. For example, Tittensor [17] provided a comprehensive mid-term assessment of progress toward international biodiversity targets, and then the subsequent research discussed how biodiversity was changing by combining synthesis, theory and detection [18 -25]. This contributed to promoting articles facilitating quantitative analysis of temporal patterns of biodiversity [26-28] and research on a typology of generalized knowledge claims [29]. Recently, changes in biodiversity have been explored in a broader societal context together with economic models and human activities [30-34].

Conclusion

The preliminary analysis presented here suggests that the networks generated by the organizational structures, scientific collaborations and citations can potentially provide additional insight into the impact of funded collaborative centre beyond that achieved through typical analyses of the research outputs based on publication and citation count data. The number of publications and the intensity of research collaboration have maintained a steady increase since 2013. iDiv is dedicated to bringing together member institutions to cover cross-disciplinary research foci, while the internal scientific collaboration among members has not demonstrated strong momentum. Nearly 90 per cent of the leading research areas covered by cited references, citing papers and collected publications are consistent. Research paths presented by direct citation links in highly cited papers indicate the coherent research foci of iDiv on ecosystem, biodiversity and bioinformatics. Nevertheless, the strong international research collaboration developed by member institutions provides an expanding platform for knowledge production, exchange and transfer than the established organisational structure. Further research will provide a deeper understanding of whether the establishment of iDiv has strengthened the internal links between members with existing cooperation and its potential influences on the emergence of new research communities. Moreover, data retrieved from sources like funding texts and personal profiles are further coupled to explore what facilitates iDiv’s scientific research and relevant collaboration at different levels.

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Expected Life Expectancy of Life Expectants Due to Covid-19 Phenotypes Reduced to Life Expectancy Cohorts by Shane Smyth* in Open Access Journal of Biogeneric Science and Research

Opinion

I met a man once who had Covid and he said that he felt it was bad for his health. He had a cough and I said o you poor man, you should go to hospital but he didn’t go to hospital and when I called over to his house two days later to return his Sleepless in Seattle VHS tape, he was dead. I said what are you doing you should have gone to hospital but he did not go to hospital because he was dead and I think he was dead because of the Covid. In his house I found a note that said I have covid and I think I need to go to hospital but I like this scene with Hanks and I should finish it. He also had cooked pasta and beef and I did not eat it but his dog looked hungry and I gave it to his dog but the dog was dead. I don’t know if the dog had covid but I think it’s possible. I then called over to the neighbours and they were alive. I told them that the man and his dog were dead and they asked where was the Seattle tape and I said I thought I might take it home to watch Hanks and they said okay. I said there was some beef and pasta and they said they had sealeeak disease and could not eat it I suppose that’s right. I decided I would give them the Hanks tape and they said even better come inside and we shall watch it. They made tea but when we sat down in the living room, they had a DVD player I see and the VHS did not play. They said what is this 1996 a VHS!? 2021 but they still were laughing that’s okay, I guess. Then I had a dream and what happened was the same. I tell you what the dream was. It happened when I fell asleep on the couch. They had put something in my tea. It was milk. I met a man once who had Covid and he said that he felt it was bad for his health. He had a cough and I said o you poor man, you should go to hospital but he didn’t go to hospital and when I called over to his house two days later to return his Sleepless in Seattle VHS tape, he was dead. I said what are you doing you should have gone to hospital but he did not go to hospital because he was dead and I think he was dead because of the Covid. In his house I found a note that said I have covid and I think I need to go to hospital but I like this scene with Hanks and I should finish it. He also had cooked pasta and beef and I did not eat it but his dog looked hungry and I gave it to his dog but the dog was dead. I don’t know if the dog had covid but I think it’s possible. I then called over to the neighbours and they were alive. I told them that the man and his dog were dead and they asked where was the Seattle tape and I said I thought I might take it home to watch Hanks and they said okay. I said there was some beef and pasta and they said they had seabeach disease and could not eat it I suppose that’s right. I decided I would give them the Hanks tape and they said even better come inside and we shall watch it. They made tea but when we sat down in the living room, they had a DVD player I see and the VHS did not play. They said what is this 1996 a VHS!? 2021 but they still were laughing that’s okay, I guess.

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