Office Update KB3055034
Office 2010 Update KB3055034 was released on October 13, 2015. I have discovered that this update, when applied to systems that do not have any Office 2013 products installed, causes Office Applications, namely Microsoft Word 2010 and Microsoft Excel 2010, to crash upon attempting to open an office document such as a word or excel file, when that file is stored either in SharePoint or on a network file share. The version of SharePoint doesn’t matter. I’ve tried on both SharePoint 2010 and SharePoint 2013.
To resolve any issues experienced by this bug, please uninstall KB3055034. To do so, go to Control Panel > Programs and Features. Select ‘View all installed updates’. Sort the updates by installed date. The update would be listed under Microsoft Office 2010 <Version>, with a date of October 13, 2015 or greater, depending on when you installed it. Choose Uninstall. Reboot once it has been removed, and you should be good to go.
If you have your Windows Updates set to automatically download and install, you may want to change that for the time being, otherwise the update that you removed will be reinstalled shortly after removing it.
Hope this helps others out there.