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Technology is the procedure by which scientific man masters nature for the purpose of moulding his existence, delivering himself from want, and giving his environment the form that appeals to him. KARL JASPERS, The Origin and Goal of History The value of a college education is not the learning of many facts but the training of the mind to think. ALBERT EINSTEIN, New York Times, May 18, 1921 The test of education, apart from the accomplishments that secure places in an artificial system, should be this: Let the man be thrown naked on an unknown shore, and be forced to win his way amidst a new people. It may then be of little use to play cricket or to mishandle Tschaikowsky on a piano, but good physique, intelligence, and will power make their way infallibly. ARTHUR LYNCH, Moods of Life
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Hourglass and Text Linguistic Time WaveGenetics Korotkov's images transformation in meta-modeling process:
Korotkov's images transformation in meta-modeling process The Hourglass of Writing The Standard Structure of Academic Papers What is Academic Writing? There are many kinds of academic paper writing, and it may be intimidating to students to feel like they need to become familiar with so many different formats. Fortunately, there is a standard structure that virtually every form of academic writing follows. When visualized, that structure resembles an hourglass.
Time and Text Intro The Introduction Notice that the top of the hourglass is quite broad. Your topic will begin with a broad, global point of view. The introduction is where you provide the background of your topic, so that your reader can understand the points you bring up later. We always begin with a very general overview of the topic, then slowly focus in and become more specific until we reach the thesis statement. The thesis statement is where the hourglass becomes narrow – it is the specific focus of your paper, and your details and evidence will illustrate this point. The Thesis Statement The thesis statement is your “point” - It is the reason you are writing this paper! What would you like your reader to learn from your paper? What was important about the evidence you are presenting to them? In a laboratory paper, the thesis statement is where you state your hypothesis – what did you expect to find with this experiment? In other forms of academic writing, the thesis statement serves a similar purpose: what does the evidence suggest about this topic? The thesis statement often takes the form of an argument, or a stance on an issue. If you are having trouble identifying your thesis statement, it may help to look at your conclusion – what point did you make? What did you ultimately decide was the most important thing to emphasize with your evidence? A paper that has an unclear thesis statement will tend to drift aimlessly within its topic, and the conclusion will often be weak and unsatisfying. If you frequently have trouble with conclusions, it may help to work on your thesis statement skills. The Body The body is where the bulk of your writing occurs. It is the narrow and specific part of the ‘hourglass’. Now that your paper has become specific and focused in on a thesis statement, it is time to present all the evidence that backs up that statement. Try to make it obvious how each piece of evidence relates to the thesis statement. Once the reader reaches your conclusion, they should see how all of the evidence ties together to form the big picture. The Conclusion The conclusion is where you wrap it up and emphasize your points. There are usually three major parts to the conclusion: What did we just learn? - Recap your thesis statement and remind the reader how all of the evidence works toward it. Why is it important? - Discuss the implications of this evidence. Why was it important to learn this? What should we do now? - Take it further. We have discussed the evidence and supported the thesis statement. What should we do now that we know these things? You can now offer some suggestions for future action. It is important to realize you don’t need to ‘save the world’ with your suggestions - identifying weaknesses or gaps in the research is just as important as offering solutions to problems. In many ways the conclusion is a mirror of the introduction. Notice how the hourglass shape becomes broad again at the bottom - your paper will do the same thing! Bring your paper away from the specific focus of your thesis and back to a broad point of view. Now that we know the specifics of this topic, how does it apply to the world as a whole? Source
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What is the Hourglass Format? The Hourglass format is an organizational pattern based off the Inverted Pyramid format, where you provide the most important information first and lead towards the details. The Hourglass Format, however, goes into more depth and will end up back at the most important details. The Hourglass expands on the essentials and important information in order to create a more well-rounded and expansive document. When Do I Use the Hourglass? The Hourglass format is commonly used in news writing. It is a useful method for reporting about stories that have a story with narrative aspects, or that have a greater complexity than can be covered in the “5 Ws” of the Inverted Pyramid. How Does the Hourglass Work? The Hourglass works in a similar way to the Inverted Pyramid, beginning with the specifics and most important information, then turning to give context and a narrative aspect to the story. more
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The Hourglass: a dynamic organisational model The Hourglass & the organization of: The essay: exam and term essays The investigative report & the mirror image The Hourglass and the Text as narrative
The Hourglass
The image of an hourglass is useful to communicate movement from the beginning to the end of a text the shift in level of generality through the text, from the general to the specific and back to the general Here is the hourglass model applied to an investigative report.
Time and Text The hourglass model is a useful and reader-friendly way of structuring of a report. Go to Argumentation to see how the model combines with the deductive and inductive triangles. The hourglass model shows how: the writer takes the reader into the study, from the broader issues to the specific hypotheses under examination the writer takes the reader back out, throughthe immediate comment on findings of the study the relationships to previous work to the applications and wider implications of that work:recommendation of a decision in a business contextrecommendation for future research in an academic context In both cases, there should be reference to: future action, what remains to be done or to be studied The Hourglass and the organization of essays and investigative reports The essay: exam and term essays In an exam: you have only a few minutes to prepare and to make an outline for your essayyou only have time to work on a single draft You can develop the skills to handle exam essays when you prepare term essays. A term essay - whether for philosophy, religion, sociology or political science, follows the basic structure: Introduction, Body and Conclusion. This does not mean that you should not use these as headings in your essay. TASK: Here is an example of how to organise your argumentative structure, set within the hourglass framework. Can you see how the functions shift in level of generality? : Position statement, establishing the problem or controversial issue under study or your own view/argument A summary of the issuesDefinition of key terminologyQuotation and paraphrase of sources to build the controversial nature of the subject (optional) Including: Background to establish a past/present relationship (or in Introduction) A thesis to establish your positionArguments in defense of one sideAnalysis of the issues, pro and conEvidence from your reading, including quotations as appropriate : Re-establishment of thesis, clarifying a position which has evolved logically from your analysis and discussion of the issues The investigative report and the mirror image Investigative reports and essays both begin with a review of largely secondary sources. But an investigative report goes on to feature original, empirical (or inductive) research. An investigative or research report can be based on: the standard procedural format, ora more customized mix of procedures and topic Here is the hourglass model applied to an investigative report. TASK Notice how the sequence of functions in the Discussion section mirror those in the Introduction, appearing in reverse order (1-2-3-4 mirrored in 4-3-2-1). Q. What do you think is the explanation for this mirror sequence in the Discussion? The Hourglass and the Text as narrative The hourglass model can be used for the structure of any text. The role of narrative in texts - telling a story Scholars such as Thompson (1990) and Bruner (1990) believe that the way we interest each other in our texts is dominated by the timeless traditions of story-telling. Texts have a beginning, a middle & an end Texts take us on a journey and arrive at a destination. A more functional breakdown might suggest that they: pose a problem proceed towards a solution and conclusionsraise questions arrive at answers (or more questions) Sample Narrative Analysis, using the Hourglass Model Radway (in Thompson, 1990: 390) analyses the stages in the plot of a romantic novel. She asked readers of novels about their expectations of a typical plot in a novel and found certain patterns in their responses. Her respondents felt it was important to have each clue or element in the plot resolved by the writer before the end of the book. Here are the stages she identifies, based on her reader feedback: Initial situation: setting up the tensionIntervention: an intervention which provokes and explains a transformationResolution: final transformation of the initial situation, resolving the tension Radway’s model shows how each complication is resolved, each knot untied, each thread brought together before the conclusion. Look again at the Hourglass diagrams of the term essay and investigative report to see the parallels in structure and development between the different text types. Radway’s model, with the hourglass superimposed
Radway Hourglass Model http://www4.caes.hku.hk/acadgrammar/general/organize/hourglas.htm
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Hourglasses 298, post card Time travel is the traveling between certain points in time, analogous to movement between different points in space Today, you canTime travel with the Biointernet Equipment See also:
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