#portolan

[an-idearium]

‘The oldest original cartographic artifact in the Library of Congress: a portolan nautical chart of the Mediterranean Sea. Second quarter of the 14th century.’ via Wikipedia

[hiddenarchitecture]

Zodiac page of the Portolan atlas of 9 charts and a world map, etc. dedicated to Hieronymus Ruffault, Abbot of St. Vaasta -  Battista Agnese. 1544

Between 1536 and 1564 an enterprising Genoese chartmaker, Battista Agnese, produced in Venice a number of remarkably accurate and beautifully decorated nautical or “portolan” atlases on vellum for merchant princes and ranking officials. A version of this oval world map appeared in each of the seventy-one such atlases that have survived.

Agnese liked to show new discoveries and explorations of his maps, and this one includes the route that Magellan took around the world, inscribed in pure silver that later tarnished. He also traced, in pure gold, the route from Cadiz, Spain, to Peru, with overland portage across the Isthmus of Panama. This was the route of the treasure ships — heavily armed galleons that carried vast amounts of silver from Peru to Spain.

On the Agnese map continents are in yellow and green watercolors, mountains in brown, white, and silver, rivers (including the legendary sources on the Nile) in blue, and the Red Sea and Gulf of California in red. (In 1539 the explorer Francisco de Ulloa, noting that the water in the Gulf of California had a reddish tint, named it the Vermilion Sea to distinguish it form the Red Sea.)

In the blue-and-gold clouds surrounding the oval world are cherubs, or wind heads, representing the classical twelve-point winds from which modern compass directions evolved. The symbolic treatment of winds first occurred in world maps of the tenth century on which the windblowers are portrayed as human figures seated on Aeolus bags. With one hand they hold trumpets or horns, and with the other they squeeze the wind out of the bags. This symbolism was at least as old as Homer, who wrote of Aeolus, the son of Hippotes, god and father of the winds and ruler of the island of Aeolia. Figures of old men, cherubs, or angels as windblowers, with or without Aeolus bags, were popular illustrations on maps up to the eighteenth century. In some cases the facial expression and size of the blast emerging from the mouth told a great deal about the wind, without further explanation.

The portolan atlas containing this world map was drawn in Venice in 1543-44. It was originally prepared for and dedicated to Hieronimus Ruffault, abbot of the Benedictine monastery of St. Vaast and St. Adrian in Arras, a French city of Gallo-Roman origin. The map is also known to have been in the library of the old Hanseatic League town of Wernigerode, Germany, in 1916, to have subsequently been offered for sale by Otto Lange in Florence, and to have been in the possession of Lathrop Harper in New York. It was acquired by the Library of Congress in 1943.

[skullofjoy]

Frederick de Wit - Portolan map of the Indian Ocean from the Cape of Good Hope to the west coast of India (Malabar) 1675

[houghtonlib]

Boston is one of the many port cities depicted on this 17th century map for sailors.

Comberford, Nicholas ,active 1612-1670. Portolan chart of eastern North and Central America and northern South America] : manuscript, 1659. 

MS Eng 1449

Houghton Library, Harvard University

[maptitude1]

A portolan chart of the Atlantic from 1633

[unfailingnews-blog-blog]

The Mystery of Extraordinarily Accurate Medieval Maps

Hessler’s path to mathematical cartography began with butterflies. A frustrated chemical engineer and a passionate amateur lepidopterist, he decided in 2000 to take a one-year contract job in the French Alps, studying the evolutionary relationships among the...

READ MORE AT http://popi.st/1bllq4P

[armenianhighland]

Portolan chart of the Mediterranean by Diogo Homem, 1563. Biblioteca Nazionale, Florence

Armenia can be seen below "Asia Minor" on the far right side of the map.