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[inhandnetworks-blog]

ALMA Disco 3g router  vers the Youngest Protoplanetary Disk to Date

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Using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, astronomers have discovered the youngest disk around a protostar to date.

Planets form in disks around their host protostar, but when and how disks form is still an unanswered question. ALMA observations by a team of astronomers led by Nadia Murillo and Shih-Ping Lai [1] have found the youngest disk around a protostar to date, at an earlier stage than predicted by most models.

Material in our own Solar System follows Kepler’s Laws, with the inner planets orbiting the Sun faster than planets further out. This is what is usually referred to as Keplerian rotation. Keplerian disks, that is disks with Keplerian rotation, are very likely to eventually form planets in stable orbits. Discovering these types of disks in the very early stage when the protostar is still deeply embedde Verizon Embedded router d in its natal cloud provides insight into the ability of these systems to form planets.

VLA1623, a triple protostellar system  low-cost cellular router located in the rho Ophiuchus star-forming cloud.

ALMA was used to observe VLA1623, a triple protostellar system located in the rho Ophiuchus star-forming cloud. A disk structure was observed towards VLA1623A, a very young source still wrapped in its cocoon of dust and gas. Thanks to ALMA’s capabilities, analysis of the gas in the disk revealed its motion to be Keplerian and to have a radius of roughly 5 times the radius of Neptune’s orbit [2], but with a central protostar mass of only 0.2 times our Sun’s mass. This shows that the protostar is still very young and growing.

Models and simulations have previously predicted that Keplerian disks cannot form in the earliest phases of star formation. However, the discovery of VLA1623A’s big Keplerian disk proves otherwise, suggesting that other factors may play a role in disk formation. This is in line with more recent studies that suggest that misalignment of magnetic field and rotation axes or turbulence may enhance early disk formation, producing disks of 100 times the Earth-Sun radius or larger. The recent evidence that nearly all stars, including multiple stars, have at least one planet is in line with our observed result that nature finds a way to make protoplanetary disks.

Notes

[1] ALMA Cycle 0 data were obtained by Nadia Murillo and Shih-Ping Lai through East Asia partnership while Nadia Murillo was a Master student at National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan.

[2] The radius of Neptune’s orbit around the Sun is about 30 times that of the Earth.

Publication: Nadia M. Murillo, et al., “A Keplerian disk around a Class 0 source: ALMA observations of VLA1623A,” A&A, Volume 560, A103, December 2013; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201322537

PDF Copy of the Study: A Keplerian disk a inhand  round a Class 0 source: ALMA observations of VLA1623A

Image: Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array

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People in Less Affluent Neighborhoods  IoT and M2M ConnectvityBreathe More Hazardous Particles

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People living in non-white and low-income communities breathe in more hazardous particles than in affluent white ones. This new study isn’t intended to speak on the racial disparity, but on the widening economic gap when it comes to air pollution.

The findings are by Yale University and were published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives. These communities face greater health risks even if their air quality meets federal health standards.

Smog over Los Angeles

Los Angeles, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, St. Louis and Fresno are among the metropolitan areas that have unhealthy levels of fine particles. More than 50 counties exceed tighter health standards for particles proposed by the EPA.

Some of these particulates are linked to asthma, cardiovascular problems and cancer. The particles that people breathe in are a mix of metals and chemicals. People living near refineries are exposed to more nickel and vanadium, while those living near coal-fired power plants breathe in particles with higher sulfate content. Neighborhoods near busy roads have more nitrates from vehicle exhaust.

People with less than a high-school education, unemployed or living in poverty had more exposure to silicon and zinc. Regulatory agencies may want to assess how da monitoring   they can encourage emissions reductions from sources that are having localized impacts.

Low-income and minority neighborhoods in the USA ar industrial LTE router  e often clustered around industrial sites, truck routes, ports and other air pollution hotspots. Asthma rates are four times higher in some polluted areas than the national average.

The health effects of fine particle pollution are well-documented in scientific literatures.  UMTS router  Studies have shown that on days where fine particle concentrations increase, more people will die from heart attacks and respiratory problems.

Sulfate can trigger asthma attacks, while vanadium irritates lungs. Nitrates cause inflammation that may lead to heart attacks or strokes. More research is needed to understand which components are the most harmful and why this is so.

[via Scientific American]

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MIT Physicists Create a Superfluid in a Record WiFi  -High Magnetic Field

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Equipment used by the Ketterle Group to create superfluids. Photo: Bryce Vickmark

Physicists from MIT have created a superfluid gas, the so-called Bose-Einstein condensate, for the first time in an extremely high magnetic field.

The magnetic field is a synthetic magnetic field, generated using laser beams, and is 100 times stronger than that of the world’s strongest magnets. Within this magnetic field, the researchers could keep a gas superfluid for a tenth of a second — just long enough for the team to observe it. The researchers report their results this week in the journal Nature Physics.

A superfluid is a phase of matter that only certain liquids or gases can assume, if they are cooled to extremely low temperatures. At temperatures approaching absolute zero, atoms cease their individual, energetic trajectories, and start to move collectively as one wave.

Superfluids are thought to flow endlessly, without losing energy, similar to electrons in a superconductor. Observing the behavior of superfluids therefore may help scientists improve the quality of superconducting magnets and sensors, and develop energy-efficient methods for transporting electricity.

But superfluids are temperamental, and can disappear in a flash if atoms cannot be kept cold or confined. The MIT team combined several techniques in generating ultracold temperatures, to create and maintain a superfluid gas long enough to observe it at ultrahigh synthetic magnetic fields.

“Going to extremes is the way to make discoveries,” says team leader Wolfgang Ketterle, the John D. MacArthur Professor of Physics at MIT. “We use ultracold atoms to map out and understand the behavior of materials which have not yet been created. In this sense, we are ahead of nature.”

Ketterle’s team members include grad Industrial IoT Router/Gateway  uate students Colin Kennedy, William Cody Burton, and Woo Chang Chung.

A superfluid with loops

The team first used a combination of laser cooling and evaporative cooling methods, originally co-developed by Ketterle, to cool atoms of rubidium to nanokelvin temperatures. Atoms of rubidium are known as bosons, for their even number of nucleons and electrons. When cooled to near absolute zero, bosons form what’s called a Bose-Einstein condensate — a superfluid state that was first co-discovered by Ketterle, and for which he was ultimately awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in physics.

After cooling the atoms, the researchers used a set of lasers to create a crystalline array of atoms, or optical lattice. The electric field of the laser beams creates what’s known as a periodic potential landscape, similar to an egg carton, which mimics the regular arrangement of particles in real crystalline materials.

When charged particles are exposed to magnetic fields, their trajectories are bent into circular orbits, causing them to loop around and around. The higher the magnetic field, the tighter a particle’s orbit becomes. However, to confine electrons to the microscopic scale of a crystalline material, a magnetic field 100 times stronger than that of the strongest magnets in the world would be required.

The group asked whether this could be done with ultracold atoms in an optical lattice. Since the ultracold atoms are not charged, as electrons are, but are instead neutral particles, their trajectories are normally unaffected by magnetic fields.

Instead, the MIT group came up with a technique to generate a synthetic, ultrahigh magnetic field, using laser beams to push atoms around in tiny orbits, similar to the orbits of electrons under a real magnetic field. In 2013, Ketterle and his colleagues demonstrated the technique, along with other researchers in Germany, which uses a tilt of the optical lattice and two additional laser beams to control the motion of the atoms. On a flat lattice, atoms can easily move around from site to site. However, in a tilted lattice, the atoms would have to work against gravity. In this scenario, atoms could only move with the help of laser beams.

“Now the laser beams could be used to make neutral atoms move around like electrons in a strong magnetic field,” added Kennedy.

Using laser beams, the group could make the atoms orbit, or loop around, in a radius as small as two lattice squares, similar to how particles would move in an extremely high magnetic field.

“Once we had the idea, we were really excited about it, because of its simplicity. All we had to do was take two suitable laser beams and carefully align them at specific angles, and then the atoms drastically change their behavior,” Kennedy says.

“New perspectives to known physics&rdquo emark certified  ;

After developing the tilting technique to simulate a high magnetic field, the group worked for a year and a half to optimize the lasers and electronic controls to avoid any extraneous pushing of the atoms, which could make them lose their superfluid properties.

“It’s a complicated experiment, with a lot of laser beams, electronics, and magnets, and we really had to get everything stable,” Burton says. “It took so long just to iron out all the details to eventually have this ultracold matter in the presence of these high fields, and keep them cold — some of it was painstaking work.”

In the end, the researchers were able to keep the superfluid gas stable for a tenth of a second. During that time, the team took time-of-flight pictures of the distribution of atoms to capture the topology, or shape, of the superfluid. Those images also reveal the structure of the magnetic field — something that’s been known, but never directly visualized until now.

“The main accomplishment is that we were able to verify and identify the superfluid state,” Ketterle says. “If we can get synthetic magnetic fields under even better control, our laboratory could do years of research on this topic. For the expert, what it opens up is a new window into the quantum world, where materials with new properties can be studied.”

Going forward, the team plans to carry out similar experiments, but to add strong interactions between ultracold atoms, or to incorporate different quantum states, or spins. Ketterle says such experiments would connect the research to important frontiers in material research, including quantum Hall physics and topologica industrial LTE router l insulators.

“We are adding new perspectives to physics,” Ketterle says. “We are touching on the unknown, but also showing physics that in principle is known, but at a new level of clarity.”

This research was funded by the National Science Foundation, the Air Force Office for Scientific Research, and the Army Research Office.

Publication: Colin J. Kennedy, et al., “Observation of Bose–Einstein condensation in a strong synthetic magnetic field,” Nature Physics (2015); doi:10.1038/nphys3421

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Germany’s Solar Power Output Rose By 60% in cellular gateway   2011

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Here’s a bit of good news for renewable energy from Germany. The German Solar Industry Association (BSW) says that the nation’s solar power producers have now produced 60% more electricity in 2011 than they did in all of 2010, producing 18 billion kWh. That’s very impressive growth.

19.9% of Germany’s energy was produced from low-carbon sources in 2011, up from 16.4% in 2010. BSW’s managing director Carsten Koernig stated that “solar energy has become an indispensable ingredient of a successful energy strategy shift.” The solar sector alone has produced enough electricity to power about 5.1 million homes. That Intelligent Traffic Enforcement  ’s about one-eighth of all homes in Germany.

Due to unfavorable weather  industrial LTE router  conditions, some say that the solar sector’s production remains volatile and unsustainable, relying on a subsidy-driven situation. That leads to high cost for consumers. Koernig isn’t worried about that and says that tintelligent vending machinehe solar industry stands by its commitments to cut costs, which have already dropped by 50 percent since 2007. Lower costs and growth paint a nice picture for the country’s energy situation.

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

APEX Electron Gun in Cellular modem   Second Phase of Testing

www.inhandnetworks.com

With its cables and wires and wave-guides and cables, APEX is a snug fit in the Beam Test Facility at the Advanced Light Source. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory photo by Roy Kaltschmidt

Over the last six years, researchers at the Berkeley Lab have made great progress on APEX, an electron gun that operates at radio frequency in continuous wave mode to produce a high-quality beam at an unprecedented repetition rate.

The focus of Berkeley Lab’s Advanced Photon Injector Experiment, APEX, is an extraordinary electron gun specially designed for the front end of superconducting accelerators. When it’s complete, the APEX gun will be able to produce well-formed bunches of electrons in pulses a few trillionths or even mere quadrillionths of a second long, at rates of up to a million bunches per second.

“With the kind of accelerator-based x-ray light sources we’re designing for, the quality of the electron beam is determined right when the electrons leave the gun,” says Fernando Sannibale of the Accelerator and Fusion Research Division (AFRD), who heads the APEX project. “We need tight electron bunches with high charge, high energy, and a very high repetition rate. And we need the gun to operate reliably over long periods.”

A video artist’s ultra-slow-motion impression of an APEX-style electron gun firing a continuous train of electron bunches into a superconducting linear accelerator (in reality this would happen a million times a second). As they approach the speed of light the bunches contract, maintaining beam quality. After acceleration, the electron bunches are diverted in one or more undulators, the key components of free electron lasers. Oscillating back and forth in the changing magnetic field, they create beams of structured x-ray pulses. Before entering the experimental areas the electron bunches are diverted to a beam dump. (Animation created by Illumina Visual for Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)

The APEX gun was conceived in 2006 by Sannibale and John Staples of AFRD and represents critical technology for the next generation of light sources. Initially funded under Berkeley Lab’s Laboratory Directed Research and Development program, since 2009 APEX has been supported by DOE’s Office of Science as part of a national program of research and development for accelerators and detectors.

A new kind of light source

In scientific parlance, a light source isn’t just a light bulb but a big machine that produces bright beams of light extending into the x-ray region. Typically light sources are user facilities, open to many scientists working on a wide range of experiments. Synchrotron light sources like Berkeley Lab’s Advanced Light Source (ALS), based on storage rings in which electrons circulate at high energies, are mainstays of scientific investigations in chemistry, complex materials, the life sciences, and other research frontiers.

The newest light sources are free electron lasers (FELs). Instead of synchrotrons, most FELs use linear accelerators to boost a train of electron bunches to relatively high energies, then send them through undulators, long rows of magnets that wiggle the electrons back and forth to make them shed much brighter x-ray beams than a synchrotron light source can achieve – and not just brighter, but coherent (laser-like) as well.

Unlike synchrotron sources, however, many FELs have tediously slow repetition rates. SLAC’s pioneering Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), for example, produces electron bunches, and thus x-ray pulses, about 100 times a second. Low rates don’t just glacially slow the time needed to do many experiments. Future experiments hope to explore the extreme time scales at which electrons move within molecules; these experiments will need very short x-ray pulses repeating hundreds of thousands or even a million times a second.

High-repetition-rate x-ray beams call for superconducting electron accelerators operating in what’s known as continuous-wave mode (CW). Rather than single pulses or groups of pulses separated by large time intervals, in CW a continuous electromagnetic field accelerates a train of short-spaced electron bunches to the FEL undulators without interruption. The oscillating voltage of the accelerating field is synchronized with the bunches in the train at constant radio frequency (RF).

Daniele Filippetto, responsible for APEX’s photocathode laser and beam diagnostics, adjusts the mirror that directs the laser to fire into the gun, parallel to the emerging electron beam, to stimulate electron emission from the photocathode. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory photo by Roy Kaltschmidt

For such an accelerator, the electron gun itself must operate in continuous wave mode at radio frequency, which poses a challenge. Producing a train of extremely short, fast-repeating, high-charge bunches, with the electrons in each bunch remaining tightly packed, requires a source of electrons that can spit them out rapidly and repeatedly in the presence of strong electric fields.

“The problem is that a high-frequency, high-power RF cavity can’t operate in CW; it has to be pulsed or it would melt,” says Sannibale. “So to operate in CW, we have to start with lower frequencies.”

The APEX gun operates at 187 megahe Distribution Power Line Monitoring System  rtz (187 million cycles per second), or VHF – which means “very high frequency” but is low compared to the RF of the accelerator itself, measured in gigahertz (billions of cycles per second). The longer wavelength allows the gun’s cavity to be considerably larger than that of comparable higher-frequency guns, which means a greater surface area over which to distribute the heat, keeping the gun relatively cool while it accelerates a continuous wave of electron bunches.

The electron bunches come from a photocathode, a rod inside the gun that throws off electrons when hit by photons from a laser. The laser beam enters the gun’s beam-exit port in the opposite direction from the electron beam it stimulates, and is aligned closely parallel to it.

The first requirement for a photocathode that can produce a million bunches of electrons each second is high “quantum efficiency,” meaning it needs fewer photons to kick out each electron. The SLAC’s LCLS cathode, for example, is made of copper; it needs about 100,000 photons from a powerful laser to free a single electron. APEX is researching cathodes that will create high-charge bunches with just a hundred photons per electron.

“The materials we’re most interested in are called multi-alkali antimonides, which can produce high-charge electron bunches at high rates; these photocathodes are being developed at Berkeley Lab by Howard Padmore’s group at the ALS,” says Sannibale. “The only catch is, the compounds are highly reactive. The slightest trace of water, oxygen, or carbon monoxide poisons them – so we have to get that kind of stuff out of the neighborhood.”

To suck everything out of the gun’s copper cavity it is ringed by slots, outside of which are mounted 24 pumps called “NEGs,” plus one vacuum ion pump. NEG stands for “nonevaporable getter,” a material that can react with and capture virtually everything except noble gases and some hydrocarbons, for which the ion pump is needed. The pumps is designed to pull the vacuum in the cavity down to a hard 10-10 Torr, as devoid of molecules as some regions of outer space.

Other kinds of photocathodes will be tested as well, including cesium-telluride cathodes like those already in use at FLASH in Germany and other FELs; these are provided by Italy’s National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) in Milan. Cesium-telluride cathodes are more robust and have quantum efficiency comparable to the multi-alkali antimonide cathodes, but require higher-energy photons to generate electron emission, and thus more powerful lasers.

Because the APEX gun is intended for advanced FEL user facilities, it has been fitted with a mechanism for unloading and reloading photocathodes relatively quickly (within an hour or two) without losing any of the gun’s vacuum.

From right, John Staples and Fernando Sannibale of the Accelerator and Fusion Research Division conceived APEX, and Russell Wells (left) of Engineering led its construction. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory photo by Roy Kaltschmidt

Advancing a technological frontier

The APEX project is proceeding in three overlapping phases, starting with building the gun from scratch. In phase 0, now almost complete, the gun was designed by Russell Wells of t Fault detection & location  he Engineering Division, fabricated in Berkeley Lab workshops, and installed in the Beam Test Facility at the Advanced Light Source. By December 15 of 2011 the RF fields were reliably performing at the nominal power, marking success for the project’s first fundamental milestone. Next the cathode load-lock mechanism will be installed; subsequently the gun’s vacuum performance will be verified.

Testing photocathode performance is already underway during the last stages of phase 0. As a first step, done in collaboration with a group at Brookhaven National Lab, the photocathode laser will be used to test a cathode amplifier made of diamond – not a source of electrons itself, but a way to multiply the number of electrons produced by a copper cathode three millimeters behind it; the performance of this promising diamond amplifier has never been measured in a RF gun, so the test will have scientific value in its own right. It’s also a good way to check the APEX system before tackling the challenges of multi-alkali antimonide cathodes.

Even as phase 0 is coming to an end, phase I has already begun. The emphasis is on rigorous proof of the photocathode candidates, the promising multi-alkali antimonides and the more robust cesium telluride. The other focus of phase I is testing beam quality at low energy, part of beam dynamics studies under postdoc Chris Papadopoulos.

After accelerating very quickly over a very short distance inside the gun, well-formed electron bunches (having low emittance, in accelerator-speak) leave the gun and enter the injector, the first stage of the accelerator itself. Since APEX is being tested in tight quarters – only three by 15 meters, with limited shielding – the bunches can be accelerated to at most 30 MeV (30 million electron volts), instead of the 70-100 MeV that will be required of a working injector operating in a FEL. During phase I the test won’t achieve even this energy: initially the beam will be kept at the energy of the bunches as they leave the gun, three quarters of an MeV.

However, says Sannibale, “We can only claim victory if we can demonstrate beam quality at higher energy.” That’s the main goal of phase II, which will test beam quality – emittance, bunch length, bunch charge, energy spread, and brightness – at 30 MeV. “Although we won’t be testing at the full energy required by a real injector, it will be high enough to show beam quality. Space charge forces will be sufficiently small to allow for a reliable characterization of the beam.”

Since its inception six years ago APEX has made significant progress. An electron gun that operates at radio frequency in continuous wave mode to produce a high-quality beam at an unprecedented repetition rate – it’s a concept that’s well on the road to final proof.

“APEX-style injectors will provide the front ends for a new generation of light sources, including Berkeley Lab’s own proposal for a facility with up to 10 FELs, 20 x-ray beamlines, and repetition rates up to a hundred thousand times a second for each. Each FEL will be independently tunable for wavelength, pul Vending Telemeter  se length, polarization, and other experimental requirements,” Sannibale says. “APEX is the front end of an accelerator, but it’s at the forefront of a whole new way of doing photon science.”

Images: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory photo by Roy Kaltschmidt

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Scientists Identify Specific Enzy retail  me Related to Colon Cancer

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The enzyme GalNAc-T6 is selectively up-regulated in colon adenocarcinomas, and its expression is associated with a cancer-like growth pattern. Credit: Kirstine Lavrsen, University of Copenhagen

Researchers have identified an enzyme that is absent in healthy colon tissue but abundant in colon cancer cells, according to a report in the January 26 issue of the Journal of Biological Chemistry. The enzyme appears to drive the conversion of normal colon tissue into cancer by attaching sugar molecules, or glycans, to certain proteins in the cell. Understanding the role that sugar-modified (glycosylated) proteins play in healthy and cancerous cells is an emerging area of cancer biology that may lead to new therapies.

Hans Wandall’s team at the University of Copenhagen studied a group of 20 enzymes that initiate the first step in a particular kind of glycan modification, called GalNAc-type O-glycosylation, found on diverse proteins. These enzymes, called GalNAc transferases (GalNAc -Ts) are variously found in dif remote  Vending Telemeter  diagnostics  ferent amounts in different tissues, but their functions are poorly understood.

Wandall’s team, led by then-graduate student Kirstine Lavrsen, found that one of the GalNAc-Ts, called GalNAc-T6, was absent in healthy colon tissue but abundant in colon cancer cells. The team used CRISPR/Cas engineering of a colon cancer cell line with and without GalNAc-T6 to understand which proteins the enzyme helped attach sugars to, and what effect this had on the cells.

“When we look at the 3D growth of a cancer cell line that has GalNAc-T6, it can form tubular structures with formation of something that looks like colon cancer tissue,” Wandall said. “When we take out GalNAc-T6, then suddenly the tissue formation changes to look more like the crypt structures that you would find in a healthy colon.”

Using mass spectrometry, the team categorized the proteins that GalNAc-T6 acted on in these cells. “Our data suggest [that] this specific enzyme seems to affect a subset of proteins that could be involved in cell-cell adhesion,” Wandall said. In other words, the glycan modifications changed the patterns in which cells stuck together, leading the cells to develop as something that looked more like a tumor than a healthy tissue.

The next step, then, is to understand precisely why adding sugars to the specific protein sites modified by GalNAc-T6 leads colon cells to develop abnormally. Glycan modifications can affect protein function in myriad  intelligent traffic enforcement  ways. For example, they can make proteins that are usually cleaved into two unable to be cleaved, or prevent two proteins from binding to each other.

Wandall hopes that understanding glycosylation in cancer cells will lead to better early diagnostic tools, drugs or immunotherapies. “Glycans add an additional context layer that could help us create more specific interventions,” Wandall says.

“Glycans look so different in cancer compared to normal tissue, and it’s a really understudied field,” Lavrsen said. “There are a lot of things to be discovered.”

Publication: Kirstine Lavrsen, et al., “De novo expression of human polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 6 (GalNAc-T6) in colon adenocarcinoma inhibits the differentiation of colonic epithelium,” JBC, 2018; doi: 10.1074/jbc.M117.812826

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Leopard Seals Suction Feed computer   on Krill like Whales

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Photograph by Paul Nicklen/National Geographic

The leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), one of Antarctica’s apex predators, kills penguins and smaller seals in a violent yet efficient manner. However, it seems that that’s not the only thing that H. leptonyx eats. A new study reports that H. leptonyx uses suction feeding to eat large amounts of krill, which is akin to how whales eat krill as well.

The scientists reported their findings in the journal Polar Biology. David Hocking, from Monash University in Melbourne, Australia, and his colleagues have shown how H. leptonyx eats krill, by sucking them into its mouth and sieving them through special teeth. This behavior was predicted from the shape and arrangement of the seal’s teeth, but this is the first time it had been observed and filmed.

This allows H. leptonyx to dine from the top and bottom layers of the Southern Ocean’s food web. This could explain why leopard seals are s ATM Remote Diagnostic  uch successful predators. The animals’ trident-shaped postcanine teeth are similar to those of ancient whales, like Janjucetus hunderi, which lived during the late Oligocene. This could indicate that J. hunderi did the same.

Taronga Zoo in Sydney, Australia, is the only institution in the world that houses leopard seals. The seals were presented with small fish sticking out of a plastic box. T Remote Automation  he seals quickly sucked the fish out and expelled the excess water through the sides of their mouths.

Krill could consist up to 83% of a leopard se inhandnetworks al’s diet in regions where larger prey are in shorter supply. One dissected individual had more than 10,000 freshly caught krill in its stomach.

[via Nature]

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Indoor vending inventory management   Concentrations of CO2 Can Impair Decision-Making Performance

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Berkeley Lab researchers found that even moderately elevated levels of indoor carbon dioxide resulted in lower scores on six of nine scales of human decision-making performance.

A recently published study from scientists at the Berkeley Lab, in collaboration with researchers at SUNY Upstate Medical  industrial IoT router  University, found that moderately high indoor concentrations of CO2 can significantly impair people’s decision-making performance.

Overturning decades of conventional wisdom, researchers at the Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) have found that moderately high indoor concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) can significantly impair people’s decision-making performance. The results were unexpected and may have particular implications for schools and other spaces with high occupant density.

“In our field we have always had a dogma that CO2 itself, at the levels we find in buildings, is just not important and doesn’t have any direct impacts on people,” said Berkeley Lab scientist William Fisk, a co-author of the study, which was published in Environmental Health Perspectives online last month. “So these results, which were quite unambiguous, were surprising.” The study was conducted with researchers from State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University.

On nine scales of decision-making performance, test subjects showed significant reductions on six of the scales at CO2 levels of 1,000 parts per million (ppm) and large reductions on seven of the scales at 2,500 ppm. The most dramatic declines in performance, in which subjects were rated as “dysfunctional,” were for taking initiative and thinking strategically. “Previous studies have looked at 10,000 ppm, 20,000 ppm; that’s the level at which scientists thought effects started,” said Berkeley Lab scientist Mark Mendell, also a co-author of the study. “That’s why these findings are so startling.”

While the results need to be replicated in a larger study, they point to possible economic consequences of pursuing energy efficient buildings without regard to occupants. “As there’s a drive for increasing energy efficiency, there’s a push for making buildings tighter and less expensive to run,” said Mendell. “There’s some risk that, in that process, adverse effects on occupants will be ignored. One way to make sure occupants get the attention they deserve is to point out adverse economic impacts of poor indoor air quality. If people can’t think or perform as well, that could obviously have adverse economic impacts.”

The primary source of indoor CO2 is humans. While typical outdoor concentrations are around 380 ppm, indoor concentrations can go up to several thousand ppm. Higher indoor CO2 concentrations relative to outdoors are due to low rates of ventilation, which are often driven by the need to reduce energy consumption. In the real world, CO2 concentrations in office buildings normally don’t exceed 1,000 ppm, except in meeting rooms, when groups of people gather for extended periods of time.

In classrooms, concentrations frequently exceed 1,000 ppm and occasionally exceed 3,000 ppm. CO2 at these levels has been assumed to indicate poor ventilation, with increased exposure to other indoor pollutants of potential concern, but the CO2 itself at these levels has not been a source of concern. Federal guidelines set a maximum occupational exposure limit at 5,000 ppm as a time-weighted average for an eight-hour workday.

Fisk decided to test the conventional wisdom on indoor CO2 after coming across two small Hungarian studies reporting that exposures between 2,000 and 5,000 ppm may have adverse impacts on some human activities.

Strategic thinking and taking initiative showed the most dramatic declines in performance at 2,500 ppm carbon dioxide concentrations.

Fisk, Mendell, and their colleagues, including Usha Satish at SUNY Upstate Medical University, assessed CO2 exposure at three concentrations: 600, 1,000 and 2,500 ppm. They recruited 24 participants, mostly college students, who were studied in groups of four in a small office-like chamber for 2.5 hours for each of the three conditions. Ultrapure CO2 was injected into the air supply and mixing was ensured, while all other factors, such as temperatu IIoT  re, humidity, and ventilation rate, were kept constant. The sessions for each person took place on a single day, with one-hour breaks between sessions.

Although the sample size was small, the results were unmistakable. “The stronger the effect you have, the fewer subjects you need to see it,” Fisk said. “Our effect was so big, even with a small number of people, it was a very clear effect.”

Another novel aspect of this study was the test used to assess decision-making performance, the Strategic Management Simulation (SMS) test, developed by SUNY. In most studies of how indoor air quality affects people, test subjects are given simple tasks to perform, such as adding a column of numbers or proofreading text. “It’s hard to know how those indicators translate in the real world,” said Fisk. “The SMS measures a higher level of cognitive performance, so I wanted to get that into our field of research.”

The SMS has been used most commonly to assess effects on cognitive function, such as by drugs, pharmaceuticals or brain injury, and as a training tool for executives. The test gives scenarios—for example, you’re the manager of an organization when a crisis hits, what do you do?—and scores participants in nine areas. “It looks at a number of dimensions, such as how proactive you are, how focused you are, or how you search for and use information,” said Fisk. “The test has been validated through other means, and they’ve shown that for executives it is predi LTE router ctive of future income and job level.”

Data from elementary school classrooms has found CO2 concentrations frequently near or above the levels in the Berkeley Lab study. Although their study tested only decision making and not learning, Fisk and Mendell say it is possible that students could be disadvantaged in poorly ventilated classrooms, or in rooms in which a large number of people are gathered to take a test. “We cannot rule out impacts on learning,” their report says.

The next step for the Berkeley Lab researchers is to reproduce and expand upon their findings. “Our first goal is to replicate this study because it’s so important and would have such large implications,” said Fisk. “We need a larger sample and additional tests of human work performance. We also want to include an expert who can assess what’s going on physiologically.”

Until then, they say it’s too early to make any recommendations for office workers or building managers. “Assuming it’s replicated, it has implications for the standards we set for minimum ventilation rates for buildings,” Fisk said. “People who are employers who want to get the most of their workforce would want to pay attention to this.”

Funding for this study was provided by SUNY and the state of New York.

Images: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

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