Discover Top Posts Tagged with #vending-computer

Study Shows Greenland’s Undercut Glaciers Melting Faster t industrial IoT gatewayhan Thought

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Glaciologists from the University of California, Irvine, and JPL mapped remote Greenland fjords by ship in 2014. Credits: UCI/Maria Stenzel

In a newly published study, a team of fault detection researchers reveal that Greenland’s glaciers are likely melting faster than previously thought.

Greenland’s glaciers flowing into the ocean are grounded deeper below sea level than previously measured, allowing intruding ocean water to badly undercut the glacier faces. That process will raise sea levels around the world much faster than currently estimated, according to a team of researchers led by Eric Rignot of the University of California, Irvine (UCI), and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California.

The researchers battled rough waters and an onslaught of icebergs for three summers to map the remote channels below Greenland’s marine-terminating glaciers for the first time. Their results have been published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.

“Measurements are challenging to obtain beneath hundreds of meters of seawater in poorly charted, ice-infested fjords,” Rignot wrote. He and co-authors Ian Fenty of JPL, Cilan Cai and Yun Xu of UCI, and Chris Kemp of Terrasond Ltd., Seattle, obtained and analyzed around-the-clock measurem android-computer ents of the depth, salinity and temperature of channel waters and their intersection with the coastal edge of Greenland’s ice sheet.

The team found some glaciers perched on giant earthen sills, protecting them from the punishing salt waters for now, while othe Intelligent Traffic Enforcement rs were being severely eroded out of sight beneath the surface, meaning they could collapse and melt much sooner. “Numerical ice sheet models do not take into account these interactions and as a result underestimate how fast the glaciers will respond to climate warming,” said Rignot.

An expedition to Greenland with UC Irvine glaciologists Eric Rignot and Isabella Velicogna reveals ‘time bomb’ effects of global warming.

More information and photos on the August 2014 expedition: greenland/

Publication: Eric Rignot, et al., “Undercutting of marine-terminating glaciers in West Greenland,” Geophysical Research Letters, 2015; DOI: 10.1002/2015GL064236

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Parasitic Fl emark certified y Could Be Responsible For Disappearing Honeybees

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The disappearing honeybee colonies have been blamed on cell towers, pesticides, GMO crops and more. Until we know for sure, we can’t rule any of thes distribution automation e things out, but researchers are now looking at another possibility for colony collapse disorder. Parasitic flies.

The parasitic flies in question turn honeybees into night-flying zombies. Since 2007, CCD has decimated thousands of hives in the US as bees go missing overnight. Professor John Hafernik of San Francisco State University in California has discovered that hosting Apocephalus borealis, a parasitic fly found throughout North America, makes the bees fly around in a disoriented way and congregate near lights until they die and the fly larvae emerge from their bodies.

It makes sense that this is at least partially responsible for CCD, since the bees seem to leave their hives and don’t return. Now the team will investigate whether the night flights occur because the parasites affect the bees’ “clock” genes, which dictate when they are active. It may also be tha Android industrial computer t contaminated bees are ejected to save the hive. Either way, it sounds like Professor Hafernik acoupon vending machinend his colleagues are on their way to a better understanding of the situation.

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Nanosensors Check if Replacement Cells are Still Aliv mri remote monitoring e

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Nanosensors (green spheres) are composed of fat and L-arginine molecules, as well as separate indicator molecules that give off MRI-detectable and light signals when cells are alive. Nanosensors are enclosed in a hydrogel membrane along with liver cells (pink). Nutrients and other relatively small molecules (red) are able to travel across the hydrogel membrane to and from the bloodstream. Credit: Sayo Studios

Using a pH-nanosensor-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique, scientists at John Hopkins have developed a method to detect whether cells previously transplanted into a living animal are alive or dead.

Researchers at Johns Hopkins have devised a way to detect whether cells previously transformer monitoring transplanted into a living animal are alive or dead, an innovation they say is likely to speed the development of cell replacement therapies for conditions such as liver failure and type 1 diabetes. As reported in the March issue of Nature Materials, the study used nanoscale pH sensors and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines to tell if liver cells injected into mice survived over time.

“This technology has the potential to turn the human body into less of a black box and tell us if transplanted cells are still alive,” says Mike McMahon, Ph.D., an associate professor of radiology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine who oversaw the study. “That information will be invaluable in fine-tuning therapies.”

Regenerative medicine advances depend on reliable means of replacing damaged or missing cells, such as injecting pancreatic cells in people with diabetes whose own cells don’t make enough insulin. To protect the transplanted cells from the immune system, while allowing the free flow of nutrients and insulin between the cells and the body, they can be encased in squishy hydrogel membranes before transplantation. But, explains McMahon, “once you put the cells in, you really have no idea how long they survive.” Such transplanted cells eventually stop working in most patients, who must resume taking insulin. At that point, physicians can only assume that cells have died, but they don’t know when or why, says McMahon.

With that problem in mind, McMahon’s group, which specializes in methods of detecting chemical changes, collaborated with the research group headed by Jeff Bulte, Ph.D., the director of cellular imaging at Hopkins’ Institute for Cell Engineering. Bulte’s group devises ways of tracking implanted cells through the body using MRI. Led by research fellow Kannie Chan, Ph.D., the team devised an extremely tiny, or nanoscale, sensor filled with L-arginine, a nutritional supplement that responds chemically to small changes in acidity (pH) caused by the death of nearby cells. Changes in the acidity would in turn set off changes in sensor molecules embedded in the thin layer of fat that makes up the outside of the nanoparticle, giving off a signal that could be detected by MRI.

To test how these nanosensors would work in a living body, the team loaded them into hydrogel spheres along with liver cells — a potential therapy for patients with liver failure — and another sensor that gives off bioluminescent light only while the cells are alive. The spheres were injected just under the skin of mice. As confirmed VPN gateway by the light signal, the MRI accurately detected where the cells were in the body and what proportion were still alive. (Such light indicators cannot be used to track cells in humans because our bodies are too large for visible signals to get through, but these indicators allowed the team to check whether the MRI nanosensors were working properly in the mice.)

“It was exciting to see that this works so well in a living body,” Chan says. The team hopes that because the components of the system — hydrogel membrane, fat molecules, and L-arginine — are safe for humans, adapting their discovery for clinical use will prove re4g lte modemlatively straightforward. “This should take a lot of the guesswork out of cell transplantation by letting doctors see whether the cells survive, and if not, when they die,” Chan says. “That way they may be able to figure out what’s killing the cells, and how to prevent it.”

Potential applications of the sensors are not limited to cells inside hydrogel capsules, Bulte notes. “These nanoparticles would work outside capsules, and they could be paired with many different kinds of cells. For example, they may be used to see whether tumor cells are dying in response to chemotherapy,” he says.

Other authors on the paper were Guanshu Liu, Xiaolei Song, Heechul Kim, Tao Yu, Dian R. Arifin, Assaf A. Gilad, Justin Hanes, Piotr Walczak and Peter C. M. van Zijl, all of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

The study was funded by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (grant numbers R01 EB012590, EB015031, EB015032 and EB007825).

Publication: Kannie W. Y. Chan, et al., “MRI-detectable pH nanosensors incorporated into hydrogels for in vivo sensing of transplanted-cell viability,” Nature Materials (2013); doi:10.1038/nmat3525

Image: Sayo Studios

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Electronic Read-out of the Quantum State of an A WiFi M2M Router tom

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TbPc2 molecule quantum-bit device. Electrons (red) from the electrodes jump onto the molecule reading out the electronic spin (orange) and the nuclear spin (green) (Graphics: C. Grupe, KIT)

In a newly published study, researchers from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and their colleagues have shown the first direct real-space images of spin-split molecular orbitals of a single-molecule magnet adsorbed on a ferromagnetic nanostructure.

Quantum computers promise to reach computation speeds far beyond that of today’s computers. As they would use quantum effects, however, they would also be susceptible remote access to external interferences. Information flow into and out of the system is a critical point. Researchers from KIT with partnerGrid Analyticss from Grenoble and Strasbourg have now read out the quantum state of an atom directly by using electrodes. In the Nature journal, it is reported about the stable interface between classical and quantum world.

“Normally, every contact with the outer world changes information in a quantum mechanical system in a completely uncontrolled manner,” explains Professor Mario Ruben from Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. “We there industrial iot fore have to keep the quantum state stable and shielded. On the other hand, information has to be read out in a controlled manner for further use.”

Magnetic molecule complexes may be a solution of this dilemma. In their center, a metal atom with a pronounced magnetic moment, a spin, is located. It is surrounded by organic molecules that shield the atom. “When synthesizing this protective enclosure, we can exactly define how much the metal atom sees of the outer world,” explains Ruben the trick of his research project.

The study presented is based on the metal atom terbium that was provided with an enclosure of about 100 carbon, nitrogen, and water atoms and then placed in the center of nanometer-sized, electric gold contacts. Due to the properties of the molecule, the electrodes had an effect similar to the three channels of a transistor. Electric voltage of the middle gate electrode influenced the current through the other two electrodes. In this way, the working point was set. Then, the molecule was exposed to various changing magnetic fields and the jump of the spin was reflected by the amplitude of the current curve. “By measuring current flow, we found that the nuclear spin of the metal atom is stable for up to 20 seconds,” says Ruben. “For quantum mechanical processes, this is a very long time.”

Ruben is sure that “the results will be of particular importance to spintronics and quantum computing.” Spintronics uses the magnetic spin of single particles for information processing. The word describes the symbiosis of spin and electronics. Quantum computers use quantum mechanical effects, such as the entanglement and super-position of spins, for the parallel execution of algorithms at high speed.

Image: C. Grupe, KIT

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Physicis hardware ts Slow Down the Speed of Light

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By applying a mask to an optical beam to give photons a spatial structure, physicists have demonstrated that spatially structured photons travel slower than the speed of light in free space.

Scientists have long known that the speed of light can be slowed slightly as it travels through materials such as water or glass.

However, it has generally been thought impossible for particles of light, known as photons, to be slowed as they travel through free space, unimpeded by interactions with any materials.

In a new paper published in Science Express, researchers from the University of Glasgow and Heriot-Watt University describe how they have managed to slow photons in free space for the first time. They have demonstrated that applying a mask to an optical beam to give photons a spatial structure can reduce their speed.

Their experiment was configured like a race, with two photons released simultaneously across identical distances towards a defined finish line.

The team compare a beam of light, containing many photons, to a team of cyclists who share the work by taking it in turns to cycle at the front. Although the group travels along the road as a unit, the speed of individual cyclists can vary as they swap position.

The group formation can make it difficult to define a single velocity for all cyclists, and the same applies to light. A single pulse of light contains many photons, and scientists know that light pulses are characterized by a number of different velocities.

The researchers found that one photon reached the finish line as predicted, but the structured photon which had been reshaped by the mask arrived later, meaning it was traveling more slowly in free space. Over a distance of one meter, the team measured a slowing of up to 20 wavelengths, many times greater than the measurement precision.

The work demonstrates that, after passing the light beam through a mask, photons move more slowly through space. Crucially, this is very different to the slowing effect of passing light through a medium such as glass or water, where the light is only slowed during the time it is passing through the material – it returns to the speed of light after it comes out the other side. The effect of passing the light through the mask is to limit the top speed at which the photons can travel.

The work was carried out by a team from the University of Glasgow’s Optics Group, led by Professor Miles Padgett, working with theoretical physicists led by Stephen Barnett, and in partnership with Daniele Faccio from Heriot-Watt University.

Daniel Giovannini, one of the lead authors of the paper, said: “The delay we’ve introduced to the structured beam is small, measured at industrial IoT Gateway several micrometers over a propagation distance of one meter, but it is significant. We’ve measured similar effects in two different types of beams known as Bessel beams and Gaussian beams.”

Co-lead author Jacquiline Romero said: “We’ve achieved this slowing effect with some subtle but widely-known optical principles. This finding shows unambiguously that the propagation of light can be slowed below the commonly accepted figure of 299,792,458 meters per second, even when traveling in air or vacuum.

“Although we measure the effect for a single photon, it applies to bright light beams too. The effect is biggest when the lenses used to create the beam are large and when the distance over which the light is focused is small, meaning the effect only applies at short range.”

Professor Padgett added: “It might seem surprising that light can be made to travel more slowly like this, but the effect has a solid theoretical foundation and we’re confident that our observations are correct.

“The results give us a new way to think about the properties of light and we’re keen to continue exploring the potential of this discovery in future applications. We expect that the effect will be applicable to any wave theory, so a similar slowing could well be created in sound waves, for example.”

The team’s paper, titled ‘Spatially Structured Photons that Travel in Free Space Slower t ethernet han the Speed of Light’, is published in Scienc Android Industrial Computer e Express, which provides electronic publication of selected papers in advance of print in the journal Science.

Publication: Daniel Giovannini, et al., “Spatially structured photons that travel in free space slower than the speed of light,” Science, 2015; DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa3035

Image: University of Glasgow

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New Metamat VPN gateway erial Gives Visible Light a Nearly Infinite Wavelength

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Figure 1. Measured permittivity Effective permittivity of a layered Ag/SiN-metamaterial for a variety of layer thicknesses.

By stacking web SCADA nanoscale layers of silver and silicon nitride, scientists have fabricated a metamaterial that gives visible light a nearly infinite wavelength.

Researchers from the FOM Institute AMOLF and the University of Pennsylvania have fabricated a material which gives visible light a nearly infinite wavelength. The new metamaterial is made by stacking silver and silicon nitride nanolayers. It may find applications in novel optical components or circuits and the design of more efficient LEDs. The work was published on October 13 in Nature Photonics.

The phase velocity and group velocity of light dictate how light propagates in a material. The phase velocity determines how the peaks and valleys of the wave move in the material, whereas the group velocity describes the transport of energy. According to Einstein gprs ’s laws, the transport of energy of light can neverindustrial 3g m2m be faster than the speed of light. Therefore the group velocity is limited. There are however no physical limitations to the phase velocity. When the phase velocity becomes zero, there is no movement of the peaks and valleys of the wave; when it is infinite the wavelength diverges to very large values. In nature however, no materials with such special properties exist.

Metamaterials The research team now presents a metamaterial composed of a unit cell structure much smaller than the wavelength of light. By stacking nanoscale layers of silver and silicon nitride a new material is fabricated in which light ‘feels’ the optical properties of both layers.

Figure 2. Metamaterial An electron microscope image of the top side of the fabricated metamaterial. The silver and silicon nitride layers are clearly visible as bright and dark bands respectively. The top surface of the metamaterial is polished using an ion beam to remove excess silver

The way light travels through matter is dependent on the material permittivity: the resistance of a material against the electric fields of light waves. Because the permittivity of silver is negative and that of silicon nitride is positive, the combined material has a permittivity which is effectively equal to zero. Therefore, it seems that the light experiences zero resistance, and propagates with an infinite phase velocity. The wavelength of the light is nearly infinite.

The researchers fabricated this material using focused ion beam milling, a technique that allows control over the structure of a material on the nanoscale. With a specially built interferometer it was shown that light indeed propagates through the metamaterial with no significant change of phase, corresponding to an almost infinite wavelength. This new material may find applications in novel optical components or circuits and the design of more efficient LEDs.

Publication: Ruben Maas, et al., “Experimental realization of an epsilon-near-zero metamaterial at visible wavelengths,” Nature Photonics, 2013; doi:10.1038/nphoton.2013.256

Images: Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter

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Researchers Develop IE2 for Analyzing Solar smart grid Cell Materials

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Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering Tonio Buonassisi.

A team of researchers believe they have developed a more efficient way to make a silicon solar cell. Using the free online tool “Impurities to Efficiency” (known as I2E), researchers can plug in descriptions of their alternative manufacturing strategies and get almost instant feedback on how efficient the resulting solar cell would be.

To make a silicon solar cell, you start with a slice of highly purified silicon crystal, and then process it through several stages involving gradual heating and cooling. But figuring out the tradeoffs involved in selecting the purity level of the starting silicon wafer — and then exactly how much to heat it, how fast, for how long, and so on through each of several steps — has largely been a matter of trial and error, guided by intuition and experience.

Now, MIT researchers think they have found a better way.

An online tool called “Impurities to Efficiency” (known as I2E) allows companies or researchers exploring alternative manufacturing strategies to plug in descriptions of their planned materials and processing steps. After about one minute of simulation, I2E gives an indication of exactly how efficient the resulting solar cell would be in converting sunlight to electricity.

One crucial factor in determining solar cell efficiency is the size and distribution of iron particles within the silicon: Even though the silicon used in solar cells has been purified to the 99.9999 percent level, the tiny remaining amount of iron forms obstacles that can block the flow of electrons. But it’s not just the overall amount that matters; it’s the exact distribution and size of the iron particles, something that is both hard to predict and hard to measure.

Graduate student David Fenning, part of the MIT team behind I2E, compares the effect of iron atoms on the flow of electrons in a solar cell to a group of protesters in a city: If they gather together in one intersection, they may block traffic at that point, but cars can still find ways around and there is little disruption. “But if there’s one person in the middle of every intersection, the whole city could shut down,” he says, even though it’s the same number of people.

A team led by assistant professor of mechanical engineering Tonio Buonassisi, including Fenning, fellow graduate student Douglas Powell and collaborators from the Solar Energy Institute at Spain’s Technical University of Madrid, found a way to use basic physics and a detailed computer simulation to predict exactly how iron atoms and particles will behave during the wafer-manufacturing process. They then used a highly specialized measurement tool — an X-ray beam from a synchrotron at Argonne National Laboratory — to confirm their simulations by revealing the actual distribution of the particles in the wafers.

“High-temperature processing redistributes the metals,” Buonassisi explains. Using that sophisticated equipment, the team took measurements of the distribution of iron in the wafer, both initially and again after processing, and compared that with the predictions from their computer simulation.

Free of charge, the I2E website has been online since July, and users have already carried out approximately 2,000 simulations. The details of how the system works and examples of industrial impact will be reported soon in a paper in the trade journal Photovoltaics International. The U.S. Department of Energy, which supported the research, has also reported on the new tool in an entry that will be posted on the agency’s blog.

Already, Powell says, I2E has been used by “research centers from around the world.”

By using the tool, a company called Varian Semiconductor Equipment Associates (recently acquired by Applied Materials), which makes equipment for producing solar cells, was able to fine-tune one of the furnaces they sell. The changes enabled the equipment to produce silicon wafers for solar cells five times faster than it originally did, even while slightly improving the overall efficiency of the resulting cells.

The company “started with a process that was fairly long,” Buonassisi says. They initially found a way to speed it up, but with too much of a sacrifice in performance. Ultimately, he says, using I2E, “we came up with a process that was about five times faster than the original, while performing just as well.”

Without the tool, there are simply too many possible variations to test, so people end up selecting the best from a small number of choices. But with I2E, Buonassisi says, “you can look for the global optimum industrial LTE router ” — that is, the best possible solution for a given set of requirements. “We can really speed up the innovation process,” he says.

Russell Low, a manager at Varian who was not involved in the work with MIT, says, “I would consider the work being carried out at MIT to be leading edge — com wired bining computation physics with high-resolution experimentation. Given that silicon is still the major cost component of producing a solar cell, any technique that is capable of making use of [cheaper materials] … is a significant achievement.”

Fenning says that companies generally “can’t afford to do these large experiments” needed to figure out the best process for a given application. The physics of what goes on inside the wafer during the processing is complex, he says: “There are a number of competing mechanisms that cloud the picture of exactly what is going on,” which is why developing the simulation was a long and complex process.

Now that the simulation tool is available, Fenning says, it helps manufacturers balance product quality against producti Overhead Line Monitoring on time. Because there are so many variations in the supplies of starting material, he says, “it’s a constantly evolving problem. That’s what makes it interesting.”

Image: Patrick Gillooly

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Reliance on Satellite Data Blamed for Ov iot vending machine erestimation of India’s Forest Cover

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India’s official forest surveys indicate that the country’s 1.2 billion people are managing to preserve its rich forests, even in the face of growing demands for timber and agricultural land. However, Ranjit Gill, a senior official of the Forest Survey of India, states that the nation’s forests have been overestimated and that illegal felling of teak and sal trees in the northeast of the country has devastated forests.

India’s biennial survey, the India State of Forest Report 2011, by the FSI, part of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, estimated that fore 3G 4G LTE sts cover 692,027 square kilometers of the country, which is about 23% of India’s land area. That’s a decline of only 367 k VPN routerIndustrial 3g router m2 on the report of 2009. In comparison, in Brazil, more than 13,000 km2 were lost during that same period.

Gill alleges that the government of the Meghalaya state in northeast India has failed to act on the evidence of illegal felling and coal mining, which is ravaging the region’s protected forests. Much of the land that is declared as open or dense forest in Meghalaya has been cleared and allowed to regrow saplings or bamboo.

Illegal saw mills are operating in the area. Similar illegal deforestation is happening in the nearby Rongrenggre protected forest, where 60-70% of the tree cover has been lost. Local rangers are involved in the trade of illegal timber, which fuels coal mining. This could be happening elsewhere.

The attrition and loss is quite widespread, states William Laurance, a conservation biologist transformer monitoring at the James Cook University in Cairns, Queensland, Australia. The official line is that the forest cover hasn’t been overestimated. However, selected felling of trees would not register in satellite imagery, since the sensors used have a resolution of 23.5 meters per pixel. This is too coarse to unequivocally identify small-scale deforestation.

[via Nature]

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Nanosensors Check if Replacement Cells are Still Aliv mri remote monitoring e

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The study was funded by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (grant numbers R01 EB012590, EB015031, EB015032 and EB007825).

Image: Sayo Studios

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