The various masks sculpted by John Friedlander, resident sculptor for the BBC Visual Effects Department before going freelance.
Both as a BBC employee and freelancer, Friedlander contributed several prosthetic masks for the original run of Doctor Who, inspiring later British prosthetic makeup artists such as Neill Gorton of Millennium FX who would recreate many of Friedlander's designs with modern prosthetic makeup techniques on the 2005 rebooted series.
Examples of Freidlander's work; Ice Warriors in 'The Seeds of Doom', Ogrons in 'Day of the Daleks', Sea Devils in, uh, 'The Sea Devils', Draconians in 'Frontier in Space', Sontarans in 'The Time Warrior' and 'The Sontaran Experiment', Davros in 'Genesis of the Daleks', , Vogans in 'Revenge of the Cybermen', Sutekh in 'Pyramids of Mars', Kraal in 'The Android Invasion', and Scaroth in 'City of Death'
Archivists on the Issues: Sophisticated Bureaucracies, Archives, and Fictional Depictions [part 2]
Continued from part 1
Archivists on the Issues is a forum for archivists to discuss the issues we are facing today. Today’s post is by Burkely Hermann (me), Metadata Librarian for National Security Archive and current I&A Blog Coordinator. There are spoilers for each of the books, animated series, films, and other media he will be discussing. It was originally published on the Issues and Advocacy blog on Jan. 3, 2023. Also posted on my Wading Through the Cultural Stacks WordPress blog on Feb. 13, 2022.
While bureaucracies are famously criticized in novels like Catch-22 and The Trial, they are a major part of other media, like the acclaimed animated series, Futurama. In the series, Hermes Conrad (voiced by Phil LaMarr), is a bureaucrat who works for the Central Bureaucracy, which manages legal, financial, and business matters in the city of New New York. In one episode, "Lethal Inspection", a physical file archive is shown, with Hermes taking a folder out of a file cabinet. It is later revealed that he was the inspector who approved a defective robot named Bender (voiced by John DiMaggio), after be burns the file.
Brad Houston, a Document Services Manager for the city of Milwaukee, said the physical file archive is really a records center because it has semi-active records. He described how the Milwaukee records center works, noting the importance of filling out transfer forms correctly, pointing out that records are organized by box with specific assigned numbers, and importance of records management training. As another archivist put it, information and records management is as much about understanding bureaucratic processes and human behavior as it is about the records and information.
While there are many other examples of fictional bureaucracies, [10] one specifically comes to mind: the Elven bureauacracy in the children's adventure and supernatural comedy-drama animated series, Hilda. An elf named Alfur (voiced by Rasmus Hardiker) is a series protagonist. Like the other elves in the series, they can only be seen if their tiny paperwork is signed and filled out. In the first episode, the protagonist, Hilda (voiced by Bella Ramsey), tries to come to peace with the elves, who see her as a menace because she stepped through their houses for years without realizing it. In the process, she goes through various Elven political officials who declare there is nothing that can be done and that the matter is out of their hands.
As the series continues, Alfur becomes a correspondent in the city of Trolberg, and files reports about his daily activities in the city, where Hilda is now living. Characters such as Frida (voiced by Ameerah Falzon-Ojo) and Deputy Gerda (voiced by Lucy Montgomery) are shown to care about paperwork as much as him, as does the witchy librarian named Kaisa (voiced by Kaisa Hammarlund). In other episodes, Alfur proudly tells a legendary Elf story about a fight over a real estate contract, he meets a society which doesn't use paperwork, and emphasizes the importance of reading the fine print. The series also features elf-mail, known as "email", which is sent from the countryside into the city with various couriers. Alfur later states that elves pride themselves on the accuracy of historical records and says he is impressed by how Hilda uses loopholes. In the next to last episode of the show's second season, Alfur convinces an elf sent as his replacement to write an eyewitness confirmation form, confirming that his reports from Trolberg, said to be "the most requested from the official archive", are accurate and true.
Hilda, emphasizes importance of accountability within hierarchies more than fictional bureaucracies shown in The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy and Futurama. Alfur is graded on a performance management system and experiences some level of bureaucratic accountability. The latter is achieved, within institutions, through strategies, administrative rules, budget reviews, and performance management. It can also be accompanied by citizen accountability, which attempts to hold government administrators accountable through forums and laws, using communication technologies to directly access bureaucratic information, monitor government activities, and give feedback on delivery of public services. However, Futurama and Hilda make clear the value of records managers (and archivists) who have developed strategies and experience with relationship-building and negotiating bureaucratic politics.
Many archives, these days, are not "faceless" or "nameless" as those in fiction, nor do they encourage falsification of information to protect individuals. Instead, some likely came into existence during the Progressive Era to "lessen anxiety" about issues such as race. While some bureaucratic records, within archives, may be considered "cold", there have been efforts to humanize the files, especially those about human atrocities. Even so, some archivists remain impatient with "inanities" of bureaucracies they are part of. [11]
Bureaucracy remains part and parcel of archives. There have been efforts, in recent years, to reduce bureaucracies said to be "overlapping" and related claims that government by bureaucracy is dead or no longer necessary. Despite this, committing information to paper, then managing, or shuffling, that paper within a bureaucracy remains a "source of an essential power." After all, records have the power to legitimize bureaucracy, while promoting political hegemony and constructing social memory. In fact, in the 1985 film, Brazil, a controlling bureaucracy rules people's lives and crushes spirits. [12] The film's protagonist, Sam Lowry, has been described by some as an archivist who has "dreamlike moments" and sees himself as a winged superhero. He tries to tamper with data in order to save the woman he loves before his vision is shown to be an illusion.
While there won't be any "bureaucratic cock-ups" or Vogan Constructor Fleets demolishing Earth to make way for a hyperspace expressway, [13] sophisticated and complex bureaucracy will remain an integral part of archives, whether we like it or not.
[10] The Wikipedia category "Bureaucracy in fiction" lists 50 entries, including Loki TV series, the anti-communist novel 1984, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, and The Pale King.
[11] Yakel, Elizabeth. "Reviews." The American Archivist 64, no. 2 (2001): 407-409; Pierce, Pamela. "Cruising the Library: Perversities in the Organization of Knowledge." The American Archivist 81, no. 1 (2018): 262; Arroyo-Ramirez, Elvia. "Paper Cadavers: The Archives of Dictatorship in Guatemala." The American Archivist 80, no. 1 (2017): 244-245; Jimerson, Randall C. "Archiving the Unspeakable: Silence, Memory, and the Photographic Record in Cambodia." The American Archivist 78, no. 1 (2015): 265-266; Radoff, Morris. "Recent Deaths." The American Archivist 42, no. 2 (1979): 264.
[12] Baker, Kathryn. "The Business of Government and the Future of Government Archives." The American Archivist 60, no. 2 (1997): 237, 241, 252; Cline, Scott. "'To the Limit of Our Integrity': Reflections on Archival Being." The American Archivist 72, no. 2 (2009): 331-333, 340. Cline also says that records can reinforce cultural mythology, and bolster democracy and democratic institutions.
[13] Adams, Douglas. “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy.” In The Ultimate Hitchhiker’s Guide, 16, 25-26. New York: Gramercy Books, 2005. Vogans are also described, on page 38. as "one of the most unpleasant races in the galaxy...[not] evil, but bad-tempered, bureaucratic, officious and callous".
Archivists on the Issues: Sophisticated Bureaucracies, Archives, and Fictional Depictions [part 1]
Archivists on the Issues is a forum for archivists to discuss the issues we are facing today. Today’s post is by Burkely Hermann (me), Metadata Librarian for National Security Archive and current I&A Blog Coordinator. There are spoilers for each of the books, animated series, films, and other media he will be discussing. It was originally published on the Issues and Advocacy blog on Jan. 3, 2023. It was also published on my Wading Through the Cultural Stacks blog on Feb. 13, 2023.
This organizational chart of the National Archives and Records Administration is an example of an archival bureaucracy
Large government, corporate, and private archives are bureaucratic. Even though the so-called Information Revolution threatened to upend existing practices within archival bureaucracies, and structures of these institutions, new records management strategies developed, in Europe and U.S., which are as hierarchical as previous methods. [1] Bureaucracy remains firmly entrenched, in language, practices, and strategies of collecting institutions, whether the National Archives or Library of Congress. In this post, I'll discuss the role of bureaucracies in archival institutions and connect my findings to fictional depictions.
Recordkeeping often lends itself to bureaucracy, whether in non-profit organizations, corporations, or governments. Sometimes practices change and reinforce the bureaucracy of these institutions. This can include discouraging creation of "rich narrative reports", while supporting archival classification and arrangement as an "infrastructural tool". Furthermore, some bureaucracies are repressive, affecting restitution of captured wartime records. [2]
Unsurprisingly, culture of documentation has changed from being transactional to bureaucratic as organizationally sophisticated bureaucracies first developed in the 19th century. Scholar Francis Blouin called for new principles about diplomatics, referring to study of form, creation, and transmission of records, and their relation to facts within them, and their creators, to order to "identify, evaluate, and communicate their nature and authenticity." [3] Blouin argued that bureaucratic culture produces transactional and literary records, systematic recordkeeping, analytic records, and records created in respect to "sovereignty of people in democratic societies". In Blouin's view, in such societies, public accountability necessitates "particular forms and genres of recordkeeping." [4]
Other scholars have noted growing complexity, changing nature, and interrelatedness of government bureaucracies. Recently there has been a tendency to "free up" bureaucracy while encouraging entrepreneurship and risk-taking. The latter undermines archival missions. [5] Modern bureaucracies have defined existing file systems, even as archivists and historians are presented with many challenges. This includes influence on archival theory, especially by Weberian bureaucratic thinking, and controlling access to records. This was even the case in Eastern Europe, with political shifts in latter years of the Cold War caused archival access procedures to change. [6]
Modern bureaucracies have produced a "sheer mass of records". In the past, this caused archivists to use sampling in order to determine "research potential" of records and appraise them. Even so, archivists continued to experience frustrations when "dealing with" bureaucracy, while being a part of complex bureaucratic structures, which can include competing groups. [7] More recently, there has been discussion of how various technologies can change bureaucratic processes, including in the United Nations and Vatican. Other scholars have asked whether the role of archives in the life-cycle of government records is a way of "holding democratic governments accountable". The latter is the case in Germany, which has a strict division between records management and archival functions, with records remaining in custody of government bureaucracies. [8]
Fictional depictions of bureaucracies reflect some of these realities. One of the best known examples are the Vogans in Douglas Adams' The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy, who destroy Earth because the planet is in the way of a hyperspace freeway. They are the embodiment of bureaucrats. The Vogans are inefficient, with absurdly lengthy official processes, and their continued efforts to thwart "any real progress in the galaxy." Adams' makes clear a metaphor: the house of protagonist Arthur Dent will be destroyed by an uncaring (and extremist) bureaucracy, just as the Vogans are doing to the planet. [9] Archives are not directly shown, but characters in the 2005 film view a restricted archival record from the Magrathean Public Archive. The record cuts off before revealing the name of a supercomputer, with a message stating that information has been deleted, as I noted in my post on the Issues & Advocacy blog back in December.
[1] Bearman, David. “Diplomatics, Weberian Bureaucracy, and the Management of Electronic Records in Europe and America.” The American Archivist 55, no. 1 (1992): 169–70, 173–76, 180.
[2] Wosh, Peter. "Bibles, Benevolence, and Bureaucracy: The Changing Nature of Nineteenth Century Religious Records." The American Archivist 52, no. 2 (1989): 166-167, 169, 172, 175, 178; Montgomery, Bruce. "Saddam Hussein's Records of Atrocity: Seizure, Removal, and Restitution." The American Archivist, 75, no. 2 (2012): 326, 331, 333, 357.
[3] Blouin, Francis. "A Framework for a Consideration of Diplomatics in the Electronic Environment." The American Archivist 59, no. 4 (1996): 466-467, 471, 477-478.
[4] Ibid, 476.
[5] Wilson, Ian. "Reflections On Archival Strategies." The American Archivist 58, no. 4 (1995): 414, 416-417, 421, 423-424.
[6] Elliott, Clark. "Science at Harvard University, 1846--47: A Case Study of the Character and Functions of Written Documents." The American Archivist 57, no. 3 (1994): 448-450, 460; Menne-Haritz. "Appraisal or Documentation: Can We Appraise Archives by Selecting Content?" The American Archivist 57, no. 3 (1994): 528, 532-533; Ress, Imre. "The Effects of Democratization on Archival Administration and Use in Eastern Middle Europe." The American Archivist 55, no. 1 (1992): 86, 90-91.
[7] Kepley, David. "Sampling in Archives: A Review." The American Archivist 47, no. 3 (1984): 237-238; Lutzker, Michael. "Max Weber and the Analysis of Modern Bureaucratic Organization: Notes Toward a Theory of Appraisal." The American Archivist 45, no. 2 (1982): 120-122, 124, 126, 130.
[8]Taylor, Hugh. "'My Very Act and Deed': Some Reflections on the Role of Textual Records in the Conduct of Affairs." The American Archivist 51, no. 4 (1988): 456, 459-460, 464, 466; Zandt, Lauren. "A Future in Ruins: UNESCO, World Heritage, and the Dream of Peace." The American Archivist 84, no. 1 (2021): 214-217; Blouin, Jr., Frank. "A Case for Bridging the Gap: The Significance of the Vatican Archives Project for International Archival Information Exchange." The American Archivist 55, no. 1 (1992): 184, 186-188; Hering, Katharina. "Zwölf Wege ins Archiv. Umrisse einer offenen und praktischen Archivwissenschaft." The American Archivist 84, no. 1 (2021): 212-213.
[9] Fatima, Zahra. "Humor, Satire and Verbal Parody in The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy: A Relevance Theoretic Approach." NUML Journal of Critical Inquiry 14, no. 11 (2016): 45, 51; Thompson, Thomas David. “The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy: A Metaphorical Look at Life, the Universe, and Everything.” Bachelors, California Polytechnic State University, 2015, see pages 15-16.
I'm such a sucker for the Cybermen. I loved this episode, it was a great episode, and right after one of my favorite classic series stories to boot. I liked the cybermen's designs, I liked the Cybermats, I even liked the Vogans. Good episode.
