Macedonian Kingdom. Alexander III The Great. 336-323 BC. Gold distater, 17.08g (11h). Amphipolis, c. 330-320 BC. Obv: Helmeted head of Athena right. Rx: ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎĄÎ΄ Nike standing left, holding wreath and stylis, trident head in left field. Price 171. Struck in extremely high relief. A few minor surface marks, otherwise EF. In c. 330 BC, the sheer volume of gold bullion 'liberated' from the Persian treasury prompted Alexander to strike the largest Greek gold coin issued to that time, the gold distater. Valued at 50 silver drachms, it was likely employed to pay off many of Alexander's veteran soldiers, who were rewarded for their labors with the equivalent of a silver talent (6,000 drachms). With the new denomination, a talent could be paid out as 120 gold distaters.
Alexanderâs distaters were the heaviest gold coins produced by the Greeks up to that time. Troxell identified three separate groups of distater issues, the first two of which, Groups A and B, were either struck concurrently at different Macedonian mints, or sequentially at the primary Macedonian mint. Group C, she noted, was a later group, probably just after Alexanderâs lifetime, that revived the markings from Group A, kantharos, trident, and fulmen. This group is only known from 18 coins (Troxell only identified 17), and, by virtue of die links, was obviously a very small, concentrated output that must have been undertaken for a very specific purpose. By virtue of their date of striking, it is possible that the Group C distaters were struck by one of the Macedonian diadochs, Antipater, Polyperchon, or Kassander, to secure the loyalty of other senior commanders or communities within their sphere of influence.
A significant feature of group C is the presence of an unusually artistic representation of Nike that breaks tradition. Of the seven reverse dies known in this group, four are of the standard representation, paralleling the staters: Nike stands upon a ground line, with her left leg slightly bent forward, and her chiton falls straight to the ground. The other three dies, one of which was used to strike the present coin, take a new approach, displaying her feet dangling below her, as if she were alighting from the sky. The fluidity of her motion is emphasized by the folds of her chiton, billowing as if blown by the wind as she is propelled forward in flight. One of these three dies retains the ground line (cf. SNG Berry 135), while the others forego it, preferring to display Nike fully suspended in the air. The visual cues are stunning in their beauty, and transform the staid figure of the standing Nike type into a spirited and vigorous figure in motion, which finds a modern parallel in the famous walking Liberty of the Saint-Gaudens double-eagle.
Alexander the Great briefly made Macedon a world power whose empire stretched from Egypt to India in the fourth century B.C.
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