IB Course Notes @batemanibnotes-blog - Tumblr Blog

Interactive Oral #3

1. Read and annotate Book 3 of Hard Times 2. Choose a text that reflects themes, characterization, social commentary, etc. of Dickens work 3. Create a graphic organizer that allow you to: - discuss 3 points of comparison between the two texts - provide textual evidence from each work support ideas - provide insightful and critical analysis of your three points of comparison. This will include an analysis of literary/stylistic devices employed by each author

#english #ioc

Failure and Success of League - October 27th, 2011

Success of League

Aaland Islands, 1921l arbitration: the league said the islands should belong to Finland. Both Sweden and Finland agreed

Bulgaria, 1925: moral condemnation: Greece invaded Bulgaria, but withdrew when Bulgaria appealed to the League

Kellogg Brand Pact, 1928, 65 countries agreed to outlaw war

Other successes: 400,000 Prisoners of War were returned to their homes, and in 1922 the League intervened to help Turkish refugees. The League did a lot of stop leprosy, it closed down some drugs companies in Switzerland, and it organized attacks on a slave owners in Africa and Burma

Failure of the League

1931: Disarmament: the conference was wrecked by Germany, which demanded equality with the other countries.

1931: Manchuria: Japan invaded Manchuria. The League sent officials (took a year), then said that Japan ought to return Manchuria – so in Feburary 1933 Japan resigned from the League. The members of the League could not agree to economic sanctions or even an arms sales ban

1935: Albyssians

Germany

Desperate Moment

No US

No win-Vimy?

Brit and France bankrupt colonies à borrow US

Need soldiers

Soldiers starving

Why fight a reason

US Isolationism (4 key reasons)

Monroe doctrine

South American and colonies

Making world safe for the democracy

Europeans in debt to US

Senate Refused to Ratify League

Republicans now controlled the Senate

Nation-wide tour:

Woodrow Wilson collapsed

Invalid for last 3.5 years

Shantung issue no self determination

Foreign entanglements

Guarantee to France and England

Retreat from the Anglo American Guarantee

Anglo-American Guarantee on June 28, 1919 which proposed that in the case of a repeat of the German invasion, both the United States and the United Kingdom would immediately come to France’s aid

Unfortunately for France, the US Senate did not ratify the document and so both signers of the Guarantee withdrew

Minor Reasons

Prosperity during WWI helped the US to overcome

Mexican Nationalism

Resentment over American Prosperity

Wrecked German economy

Wartime destruction in Europe, growing tariff walls

Debts and reparations

US had 70% petroleum and 40% of world’s coal

American investments in Europe more than doubled during the 20’s

More countries: more branch plants

Replaced Great Britain as the largest foreign investor and financier of world trade

Ranked 1st exporter, 15% of total world exports in 1929

Miniscule Evidence

Open door policy

When had vigorous competition in Asia

Closed-door policy

Where they dominated

Webb-Prominence Act 1918

Combine foreign trade with out prosecution under anti-trust laws

Edge Act 1919

Legalized branch banks abroad

Merchant Marine Act 1920

Federal government sell ships to private companies and make loans to build new ships

#history

The Great Depression Introduction - October 28th, 2011

Longest Depression in 20th century

Worldwide depression - not surprising considering the globalization that occurred after WW1

Prices began to fall in September (US)

Black Tuesday October 29th (Stock Market - world)

25 Key Concepts

Roaring 20's

Stock Market Crash October 1929

Living on credit

Buy now and pay later

Raised unemployment

Hoarder mentality

Under mattress

Hoover to Roosevelt

New Deal

Uneven distribution of income

Urbanization

Death toll

Global

Brokers in 10% margin

Failing banks

Panic

American Dream (middle class)

Farmers increased production for war and now in debt

Never distribution of income

Bad weather-dust bowl, locusts

Economic cycles

Over speculation

Domino Theory

Lassez faire philosophy

Welfare State-soup kitchen

#history #great depression

Knowledge Issues - October 26th, 2011

1. The bombing of Hiroshima/Nagasaki in WWII.

Should knowledge produced from a tragedy be assigned a different value?

To what extent does the value of knowledge change by the acquisition of it?

To what extent does the threat of bombing obstruct other events of the war?

To what extent does war make tragedies more morally acceptable?

To what extent does the means affect the end?

Can the outcome of the bombing shape our emotion towards it?

To what extent does the novelty of technology carry ethical responsibilities?

IBO: To what extent can we use reason to evaluate two competing ethical systems?

2. The connection between being a smoker and one's parents being smokers.

Can we classify smoking as a trait that is inherited through nature or nurture?

To what extent does social exposure affect the perception of what is good?

To what extent does an addition of a way of knowing affect knowledge?

To what extent does emotion affect the acceptance or rejection of knowledge?

IBO: How does a scientific explanation distinguish between correlation and causation?

3. The death of Bogon - the last speaker of the Kasabe language in Cameroon.

To what extent is this a hinderence to the transfer of knowledge of a language to another?

Can we classify knowledge to belong to a certain language?

To what extent does the death of a language or any channel of communication cause a loss of a perspective in the world?

IBO: In what ways does language affect how we interpret the world?

4. The inauguration of the Large Hadrom Collider in Switzerland.

To what extent should practical application in science experiments be correlated to its investments?

To what extent does our perception of progress affect our prioritizing of purely theoretical research over other possible areas?

IBO: What is the scope of the scientific method in attempting to establish truths?

5. President Ahmadinejad of Iran calls for a conference to establish whether the Jewish Holocaust really happened ("and there are no gay people too!")

To what extent does a political leader's opinions affect the opinions of the population?

To what extent is it possible to know whether different paradigms have shaped contrasting views on the outcome of historical events?

To what extent does a nation's political agenda establish differences between facts and interpretation?

IBO: How can we draw a clear line between fact and interpretation in history?

6. A boardwide story of HDSB students shows the top three drugs used are alcohol, marijuana, and prescription painkillers.

#tok

Paradigm Shifts of the Enlightenment

Religious -> Humanist (religious)

Dogmatic (objective) -> Relativist (subjective)

Dominant Perspectives -> Interpretive Analysis (homaneutics)

Mysticism (faith) -> Rationalism (reason)

Metaphysical -> Emperical

Qualitative Analysis -> Quantitative Analysis

Collectivism -> Individualism

Subject -> Citizen

Godly Kingdom -> Secular State

Universal Laws -> Constructed Dynamic Reality

Static social Hierarchy -> Dynamic Social Hierarchy (social mobility??)

Limitations

"shift" (math, science) vs "blend" (art, religion, literature)

knowledge filters (progress)

can we know/appreciate subtleties of a paradigm from "outside"?

westernized

masses?

#tok

Foundations of Epistemology

Epistemology comes from Greek episteme, which is the philosophy of knowledge on how we come to know. Methodology is also concerned with how we come to know, but more practical in nature. Methodology is focused on specific ways or methods that can be used to understand and gain knowledge. The two are related: epistemology is philosophy on how we know and methodology is the practice.

Enlightenment Thought - Objective - absolute - Positivism - Metaphysical - Externalism - Foundational - Empiricism

Anti-positivism/Critical Theory - Subjective - interpreted - Relativism - Dialectical - Internalism - Hermneutics (people must have shared linguistic resources, interpretative, relative) - Phenomenology

early 20th century

reflection on an analysis of the structure of consciousness and phenomena appear in acts of consciousness

Those are 12+ separate epistemologies with rationalism being in the center.

René Descartes

creative mathematician, important scientific thinker, original metaphysician

offered new cision of the natural world - a world of matter possessing a few fundamental properties and interacting according to a few universal laws

analytics - move from what is known to what is required for such knowledge (1st principle)

this natural world included an immaterial mind that in human beings, was directly related to the human brain (Mind-Body dualism)

provided arguments for the existence of God

used skepticism to assert that little can be known

synthetic move from principles to what follows

John Locke

known for liberal, anti-authoritarian theory of the state, emperical theory of knowledge, advocacy of religious tolerance, theory of personal identity

disagreed with Descartes rationalist theory

claimed knowledge is direct, awareness of facts concerning agreements/disagreement of knowledge

"ideas" are mental objects (Plato)

god-given obligation to obtain knowledge

mind forms complex ideas from simple ideas, minus desire for happiness

.'. knowledge of our world is external to our minds

David Hume

AK - truth contingent on definition (circle is round)

SK - two thoughts into one (bail is a circle)

against metaphysicsa

Emmanuel Kant

"Critical philosophy" - synthesized rational and impericism, human autonomy 1st, human understanding - source of general laws of nature that structure all experience

scientific knowledge/monality/religion - mutually consistent and secure

Priori knowledge: circle is round - knowledge derived apart from experiences

Posterior knowledge: knowledge derived from experience - ball is round

#tok

Aspects of Knowledge

Acquisition - formal education and experience - cognitive processes (Schema theory, Cognitive Flexibility theory, Visual Learning theory) - global and local knowledge distribution (access) - migration of terms ex. "system" from engineering to biology to sociology (legitimate strategy) - use of models that help or hinder

Production - theoretical frameworks/paradigms - methodology - discursive construction of knowledge and reality - ex. political debate

Shaping - manipulation for palatability - efforts for integration or segregation - ex. psychology as a life science - ex. gender studies not part of feminism - gendering of methodologies and theoretical foundations; ex. computer science, historiography - dominant perspectives/interpretations

Classification - formation of disciplines/canonization - controlled vocabularies for knowledge management - ex. taxonomy

Status - hierarchy - conflicts between legitimate and marginalization - haves/have nots - aging Canadian population -> distance of youth agenda (voice)

Acceptance/Rejection - mutual dependence between certified accepted knowledge and excluded knowledge - assimilation

#tok

WHY THE LEAGUE FAILED (cont'd)

- Oil means war? ○ Sanctions of coal and oil against Italy Colonial War - 1935 - 8 months - Italy and Ethiopia (Abyssinia) - Created Italian East Africa - Failure of League - Mussolini asks for opinion and gets a response to determine what the general opinion would be Set up - 1934 Border Dispute ○ Wal Wal Incident ○ League didn't want to alienate Italy ○ Did not take strong steps to stop military buildup Alliances 1. 1935 Italy signed agreement with France a. Gave support to invade 2. Anglo-German Navel Agreement a. Split between Britain and France - likelihood of Britain and France working together is tiny 3. Japanese Ambassador indicated no interest in Ethiopia a. Italy was going to approve Manchuria, but because Japan had no interest, Italy did not

- Emperor Haile Selassie ordered a mobilization of the army but not many were properly armed (guns prior to 1900) and some with only bows and arrows - General de Bono (commander of Italian troops) crossed the border and Ethiopia declared war ○ Italians issued proclamation against slavery (finally worked) ○ League wanted to get rid of slavery??

• Emperor Haile Selassie ordered a mobilization of the army but not many were properly armed (guns prior to 1900) and some with only bows and arrows o General de Bono (commander of Italian troops) crossed the border and Ethiopia declared war o Italians issued proclamation against slavery (finally worked) – League wanted to get rid of slavery? o Having a foreign power come in and make that declaration would actually help and get slaves as your support o Previous Emperors had tried to get rid of slavery but did not work o Italy also had the moral side of the argument to get rid of slavery which was a sub committee of the league

• De Bono was replaced because of his slow progress across Ethiopia o Eg. Ethiopians took high ground with 1000 troops (but actually had 2000 waiting) and rolled boulders down on tanks o Outsmarted the Italians and gave strong resistance even though Italy had more advanced technology Hoare-Laval

• Proposed by Britain and France to divide up Abyssinia o Give them a “corridor for camels” to the sea o Decided to give Italy 2/3, the lush land and left the desert land

• It was leaked by a French News paper

• At this point because it defied the self-determination clause, the world was not very supportive of this Poison Gas

• Italy used a combination of tear gas and mustard gas (lethal in 1% of cases) o Was considered less lethal

Reason: Ethiopians had tortured or killed Prisoners of War from Italy • Italians brought in more troops and had success

• Badoglio (new commander) asked permission to bomb Haile’s train and the Duce denied o Wanted to actually kill Mussolini Is it worth it?

• King-Emperor Victor of Emmanuel III told a friend: “If we win, I shall be King of Abyssinia. If we lose, I shall be King of Italy.”

• He would have nothing to lose

• By gaining more land he would be more respected

Mussolini • While the Italian King-was silent Benito Mussolini was not. When victory was announced by Mussolini from the balcony of the Palazzo Venezia in Rome, the Italian population was jubilant • From his balcony, Mussolini proclaimed: “During the thirty centuries of our history, Italy has known many solemn and memorable moments – this is unquestionable one of the most solemn, the most memorable. People of Italy, people of the world, peace had been restored.” • The crowds would not let him go – ten times they recalled Mussolini to the balcony and waved while the boys of various Fascist youth organizations sang the newly composed “Hymn of the Empire” (Inno dell’impero). Haile Selassie • From Exile in Jeresalem … (May 4th – 2 days) o “we now demand that the league of Nations should continue its efforts to secure respect for the covenant and that it should decide not to recognize territorial extensions or the exercise of an assumed sovereignty resulting from the illegal recourse to armed force and to numerous other violations of international agreements” o He insults the league of nations questioning their effectiveness in handling these types of situations

• The Ethiopian Emperors, telegram caused several nations to temporarily defer recognition of the Italian conquest • League ended sanctions of Italy by July 1936 • Only 5 nations (Mexico) refused to recognize • Became battlefield in WWII

#history #league

October 19th, 2011

WHY THE LEAGUE FAILED (cont'd)

• In 1925, Greece complained that there seemed to be one set of rules for small countries such as Greece, and a different set of rules for big country such as Italy. Do you agree? • Mandate system • Smaller countries – Shantung (S-D) • Council had a veto -> Lacarno package (1925) → included Germany → Criteria $ → industrial revolution (history 1800s)→ Science + literature → hard-working • Sanctions from larger countries have a greater affect • Greece – Corfu → changed mind • Bulgaria – no money > two different solutions • 1925 – Locarno = Peace -- Strict (changes) Stock Market Crash • Black Tuesday: o Panic o Pull out investment o Banks had to recall loans o Unemployment o “Buy American” o World Impact Manchuria Crisis • Great Depression devastated Japan’s economy o Unemployment at 2.6 million in ‘30 o Exports fell by almost 50% from ’29’-31 • Japanese nationalist looked to Manchuria o Rich in natural resources o Troops already stationed there

Analysis: Feel sorry for Japan?

#history #league

Utilitarianism (In General+ Hard Times)

Utilitarianism

- Moral or ethical theory - The greatest good for the greatest amount of people - Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill (both philosophers) Jeremy Bentham - The value of the consequences of an action is determined solely by the welfare of individuals - The rightness of an action depends on the value of the consequences (consequentialist) - Proposed many legal and social reforms - Suggested a procedure to mechanically estimate the moral status of any action which he called the felicific (hedonic) calculus Felicific (Hedonic) Calculus - Intensity: How intensely is the pleasure or pain felt? - Duration: How long does the pleasure/pain last? - Certainty: How certain is the pleasure or pain to follow the action? - Propinquity: How quickly the pleasure or pain will follow the action? - Fecundity: How likely is the pleasure or pain is to be followed by a similar pleasure or pain? - Purity: How likely the pleasure or pain is to be followed by the opposite pleasure or pain? - Extent: How many people will experience pleasure or pain? John Stewart Mill - Wrote a book Utilitarianism - Argued that not all forms of pleasure are of equal value - It's better to be Socrates unsatisfied than a pig satisfied?

Criticism of Utilitarianism - The happiness of people is incommensurable and thus a felicific calculus is impossible - Leads to many conclusions contrary to common sense morality (save your child vs. saving two strangers) - Contrary to liberalism on the basis that it makes rights depend on the consequences of their recognition (e.g. if slavery or torture is beneficial for the population as a whole, it may be justified by utilitarianism) Hard Times Characters - Louisa: Touched by both fact and fancy and is burdened by her education. She cannot verbalize or realize the importance of love and imagination until adulthood, as a result she can never truly escape her utilitarian upbringing - Thomas Gradgrind Jr.: brought up by the same principles as Louisa but is much more ridiculous and selfish ○ Referred to as the "whelp" ○ Perfect example of utilitarianism - why?? - Thomas Gradgrind Sr. : character who evolves most in the novel. At the beginning, he is the very image of utilitarianism ○ His ideologies are most evident during the scene of Louisa's marriage proposal, but they weaken in chapter 1 book 3 - Josiah Bounderby: Keeps a resolute utilitarian position all throughout the novel ○ Ends up in the very same situation he starts with, as a bachelor, alone and isolated ○ No personal development - Sissy Jupe: Functions as a mediator between worlds of fact and fancy ○ Represents all that is fundamental to the human spirit with her intellect being based on feeling ○ Instrumental in Mr. Gradgrind's transformation - Steven Blackpool: fundamentally pure character ○ The most miserable of circumstances but maintains the most integrity of all the characters ○ Product of the utilitarian system

#english #tok #hard times

October 18th, 2011

WHY THE LEAGUE FAILED (cont'd)

Dawes Plan Britain and France owed the US → US Loans Money to Germany → Germany Pays reparations → Germany pays ineterst to the US → back to Britian and France owed the US • US wins 2x • Germany had difficulty paying the reparations and when the German government failed to keep up the payments in 1923 French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr. This was followed by massive inflation and growing unemployment in Germany. • Charles G. Dawes, an American banker, was asked by the Allied Reparations Committee to investigate the problem. His report, published in April, 1924, proposed a plan for 1 instituting annual payments of reparations on a fixed scale. He also recommended the 2 reorganization of the German State Bank and 3 increased foreign loans. • German politicians like Adolf Hitler attacked the Dawes Plan because it did not reduce the reparations total. They also disliked the idea that foreigners would have control over the German economy. • The Dawes Plan was initially a great success. The currency was stabilized and inflation was brought under control. Large loans were raised the US and this investment resulted in a fall in unemployment. Germany was also able to meet her obligations under the Treaty of Versailles for the next five years. • The Wall Street Crash created problems for the German economy The international Financial system under the Dawes Plan and Youngplan 1924-30 US → (2.5 Billion in Loans) Germany → (2.0 Billion in Reparations Payments) Allies → (2.6 Billion in War Debt Payments) US

US pay Germany to gain strength

Locarno Spring • The appointment of Gustave Stresmann as chancellor of Germany changed everything 1. Stresmann called off the resistance in the Ruhr 2. He announced that Germany would agree to the obligations set by the Treaty of Versailles 3. They would also accept its current borders with France and Belgium Accept one border and not accept others. (Eastern borders) • This resulted in the Lacarno Treaty which was signed in 1925 • The Locarno Treaty was an agreement made between Belgium, France, the UK and Germany in which Germany agreed to accept its western boundaries as per Versailles http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERlocarno.htm • Germany accepted its border with France and Belgium and these borders were guaranteed by the UK and Italy. In addition, Germany would become a member of the League of Nations. • Step towards Franco-German reconciliations and it meant that Germany could start to grown economically again without being a threat to Western Europe • It also meant that France and Britain could reconcile over the differences that drove these two apart (how to deal with Germany) • The Eastern borders of Germany had not been fixed as Britain refused to guarantee the countries to the east of Germany. This lead Germany to believe it could change its eastern borders with little objection from the Allies.

The Results of the Locarno Treaty • The Locarno Treaty resulted in a sense of excitement • Tension between the Allies and Germany was finally resolving • Germany obtained a permanent seat on the League council • The Allied troops from the left bank the Rhine where removed • The supervision of Germany’s disarmament stopped in 1927 • By 1930 Germany was an independent state again • However Germany was still in co-operation with the USSR in the Treaty of Rapallo o Germany could still avoid the disarmament • Germany had not agreed on its eastern borders and it was co-operating with the USSR who’s goal was the redraw the map of Europe • This meant that even thought he Locarno Treaty had been successful in bringing about peace, the League of Nations was not strengthened and collective security remained uncertain Bulgaria 1925 • The Dispute: Some Greek soldiers were killed in a small fight on the border between Greece and Bulgaria. The Greeks were angry. They invaded Bulgaria. • Bulgaria asked the League to help • What the League did: The council of the League met. It condemned the Greeks, and told them to leave Bulgaria. • What happened: The Bulgarian government told its army not to fight back. • The Greeks did as the league said they left Bulgaria

- France never trusted Germany - US never signed the Treaty... - Remember that US was "never involved" - only monetarily.. but then again doesn't that mean they're still involved? How does this differ from physically helping by sending soldiers, isn't it the same aid?

#history #league

October 14th, 2011

WHY THE LEAGUE FAILED

Organization of the leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_the_League_of_Nations • Assembly - The league only met up once a year - Would they be able to solve the world’s problems • Council ( met 4-5 times a year) • Conference of Assembly • Committee - Court of international justice - Slavery commission - Health committee - Mandate commission - International labour commission ( met once a year!) - Refugees committees Sovereign Nations • 1900 there were 53 Sovereign countries - Colonies weren’t - World war one countries • 193 members of the united nations today • 42 countries apart of the league of nations • 60 countries which gave an appearance of strengths ( numbers were increasing) • Idea of the world government was increasing, and other countries found the value in discussing the issues. Deep thoughts • How can a ‘ world government’ meet only once a year - Mandate system- Enforce new borders

- New world conflicts - Existing disputes Key reasons • Weak powers - External and internal affairs - Shipping destroyed ( WW1) control of sea weak - Never regained same naval power as before after world war 1 • America was not a member along with Russia and Germany and many other country representatives that have left the league. • The league structure/ organization was inefficient • The more the league failed, the less authority it had • Its own members betrayed it and let it down • The league face aggressive military fascist powers • League had no armed forces of its own ( still an issue today)

#history #league

October 12th, 2011

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (cont'd)

- Lenin wanted to be able to control the dictatorship of the proletarian - 10million people die, many many others wounded, injured, etc - many had to stay up all night long for bread - soon had 100,000 protesters after it first began, the protests grew larger and larger rapidly - Kossaks -> one of most brutal fighting forces in Russia, very loyal to the Tsar - Kossaks turned on the government (only peasants in uniform) - 50 people killed when shot by Tsar's commands but protests did not stop but only became increasingly angry - Soviets were set up to represent the masses - Lenin writes down template for a socialist party - must convince Bolsheviks

#history #Russia

October 6th, 2011

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

Labor unions need to be controlled by intellectuals (supply the brains and workers the brawn to turn them into revolutionaries) Split-tried to unify • Bolshevick o Majority o Lenin • “Hards” • Small revolutionary elite • Cooperation temporary for dictatorship of proletariat • might need to purge people • Menshevick o Minority o (Martov-arg./split with Lenin) *later Kerensky) • “Softs” • Larger party • Cooperate with other groups • Similar to other European factions Revolution of 1905 • St. Petersburg factory workers wanted better conditions • Singing “God Save the Tsar” protested in front of Winter palace • 200000 • Tsar not there and troops shot down protesters • Lenin tried to organize strike from outside…shut down railroads, banks, newspapers • Tsar promised October Manifesto o Create a DUMA • (Parliamentary methods) - Father Gapon representing the Workers

- Black Hundreds (church) protested against…Mensheviks eventually joined - 4 Dumas up to 1916 - Bolsheviks and Mensheviks refused to participate in the first DUMA elections Stolypin Reforms • The way to stop revolutionaries is for government to control the reforms • Peasants could sell shares in communal land of Mirs and leave villages • Right to buy land • 6.2/16 million eligible applied for legal separation - Shot dead in a theatre in front of the Tsar and Tsarina-predecessor Plehve (+12) high officials also assassinated Russia invaded East Prussia on 17th August 1914 Germany pushed back…Russia lost 2 million Land kept being exchanged 3/9 million Death

The Tsar’s family tree: • Alexander got assassination • Nicolas married a German girl • Had a boy who had hemophilia Blood Nick • Because of the: 1. Khodynka Tragedy 2. Bloody Sunday 3. Anti-Semitic pogroms • His execution of political opponents, and his pursuit of military campaigns • Defeated in the: 0. Russo-Japanese War • Approved the Russian mobilization of August 1914, (World War 1, -3.3 million Russians killed) - Bloody Sunday was when they started shouting in the crowd which continue with violence → getting into the October Crisis

Rasputin - 2 of his brother died in his present - Named 2 of his kids after his siblings - 3 children from one woman and one from another - He may become or went into the monastery because he was caught stealing - He had a reputation in being a healer: he did it in hypnotize - was known as a drunk - was willing to expect prize Tsarina didn’t invoke rations as other countries did → Bread (March 8th 1917 food riots → Tsar was at the Front-stop by army March 17th Russia became a republic Bolshevik Revolution 1917 - Tried to continue to fight the war - Armies in the front were mutinying - Lenin arrived in April - July uprising put down and Bolsheviks blamed and Lenin fled - Kerensky was put in charge of Provisional Government - Died in exile in the US in 1970 February Revolution Lenin Plan 1. Immediate peace with Central power 2. Redistribution of land to peasants 3. Transfer of industry to workers 4. Soviets as Supreme power and not provisional gov’t - Promise “peace, land, and bread” “All Power to the Soviets”

Popularity increasing • Great slogans! • Kerensky tried to call Parliament… so Lenin called for an all-Russian Congress of Soviets (boys will compete!) o Lenin took over railways Turned a warship gun on Kerensky in the Winter Palace Called the Provisional government defunct and named the council of People’s Commissars (with Lenin at the head, Trotsky for Foreign Affairs and Stalin as commissar for nationalities) Taking Power Millions of acres belonging to large estates were now expropriated (needed peasant support) Constituent Assembly - 9 millions voted for Bolsheviks - 21 million for the Mensheviks - A portion of others as that is the not the population of Russia (woman did vote) a) Russians voted b) Bolsheviks didn’t win c) Parliament lasted 2 days (sailors surrounded it ) d) Lenin…forget majority rule in favor of “class rule” for the proletariat 1917 population at 184.61 billions

2 months later renamed to Communist party First thing they did: - made peace with Germans (lost all conquests since Peter the Great) – Poland, Baltic, and the Uraine (lost significant amount of land)

- Made peace with Germans (lost all conquests since Peter the Great) - Poland, Baltic, and the Ukraine ○ Lost significant amount of land - Set up the Cheka (later known as the NKVD, the MVD, and then the KGB) ~ Police - People needed food ○ Sent armed attachments to large farmers to procure food by force ○ Broke out into a class struggle or civil war - Foreign intervention ○ Mostly Japanese (72000) and American (8000) forced landed to help renegade Czechs break up spread of ideology (Fr. And Br. Busy on the front) initially ○ Red army won back the Ukraine, Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan (all who had been declared independent in 1918) then moved on to Poland (settled in 1920) but Baltic remained independent ○ France continued to send troops to Poland and Ukraine, US wanted to end by help Russian city Archangel in 1919 and Japan had Vladistock in 1922 Civil war lasted until 1922

#history #russia

September 9th, 2011

20th Century - WWII - Poland - Arab-Israeli conflict - Italy - Abyssinia - Imperialism explosion - Cold War - Chinese Civil War - Bolshevism - Russian revolution - Spanish flu - Jewish programs - Women's rights - India (Ghandi) ○ MLK ○ Nelson Mandela - No self determination - Extended racism

#history

October 3rd, 2011

Alliances - That morning the French signed separate treaties with the British and Americans to guarantee to come to France's aid if attacked by Germany - First time treaty was filmed - Treaty was in a leather box - Find seals ○ Tradition that signatures have a personal stamp Economics - Keynes ○ The Economic Consequences of the Peace came out Christmas 1919 and has remained in print ever since - The Final figure was set in London in 1921 at 132 billion gold marks (or 33 bill) - in reality though because of complex clauses only about 1/2 of that amount) - Germany may have paid 4.5 bill (less than what France paid after the Franco-Prussian war)

Germany also lost… - Limited in the number of officers in the army itself to 4000 but it said nothing about the non-commissioned officers so the Germany army had 40000 sergeants and corporals - In return for space and secrecy for experiments with tanks, aircraft and poison gas, Germany provided technical assistance and training - Russians helped Germans around the Treaty - The Treaty is not to blame, it was never consistently enforced…" (MacMillan, pg 482) Conclusion to Paris - Wilson left that night - French sent British a bill for the use of the train - Conference continued until Jan 1920 but big decisions deferred to major world leader - Smaller powers had to signed treaties that bound them to treat their minorities equally and tolerate religious differences ○ What about Blacks in US? § Not until 1960's (hypocritical) § Irish in Britain ○ What about the Irish with the British?

Remaining in Power - LG had 3 more years in power, remained an MP - Clemenceau destroyed his papers ○ Foct published and then he wrote about his papers but died before able to finish - Wilson had a stroke in October continued to battle for treaty until he died in 1924 ○ Senate had a problem with Article X ○ The US would not act to protect the territorial integrity or independence of any league member unless Congress approved

Russian Adventure - Pulled out in 1919 ("we can't afford the burden") ○ British spent 100 million ○ France spent 50 million pounds ○ Wilson sent troops to Siberia - Were they at war? ○ Didn't end blockade until 1921 ○ Knew that it could open up reparations issue - Wilson's 6th point dealt with the evacuation of Russian territory by foreign armies (meant Japan in particular) - For Lenin and Trotsky if revolution was going to happen immediately, there was no need to deal with the enemy Famine - 200 million people in enemy countries were facing famine ○ Diseases for people who lived solely on beets (made up names) - Put Hoover in charge of Allied relief administration - With 100 million from the US and 62 million from British. He established offices in 32 countries and opened soup kitchens that fed millions, moved tons of food and medical supplies - By summer of 1919 (6 months) said that the US had some enough - Ties the poor countries with the United States because of debt - who was going to get the contract overall?

Social - British noticed how seriously the "American took rank: unlike their own delegation, the important men never sat down to meals with their juniors." - American soldiers clashed with French and brawled in streets - Wilson as the only head of state had a chair a few inches higher than any one else - Lloyd George's daughter was shipped to boarding school - Japan representative went to school with Clemenceau, brought lady 50 years younger and not discreet so sent home - Prostitutes said business was off when they left Paris - US refused to allow black combat troops to fight alongside white Americans in the war, preferring to place them under French command

#history #Paris peace

Trending Blogs

Recently Viewed Blogs

IB Course Notes