Chief Teaches Anatomy

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Sternum

Xiphoid process: The sharp projection at the inferior aspect of the sternum Body: The long flat bone just superior to the xiphoid process where the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th costal cartilages articulate with their respective true ribs and where the 8th through 11th costal cartilages that branch off the 7th costal cartilage articulate with their respective false ribs Manubrium: The square-ish region just superior to the body where the 1st costal cartilage articulates Jugular notch: The dip at the superior end of the manubrium Clavicular notch: The surfaces lateral to the jugular notch at the superior end of the manubrium which articulate with the sternal end of the clavicle Sternal angle: The region between the manubrium and body of the sternum where the 2nd costal cartilage articulates  

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Sacrum

Coccyx: The sharp projection at the inferior end of the sacrum containing 3-4 fused vertebrae  Medial Sacral Crest: The spinous ridge on the posterior side running sagittally from the superior end down to the Coccyx Posterior Sacral Foramina: The holes just lateral to the medial sacral crest on the posterior aspect of the sacrum Anterior Sacral Foramina: The holes just lateral to the medial sacral crest on the anterior aspect of the sacrum Auricular Surface: The ear-like surface on the superior lateral sides of the posterior end of the sacrum which articulates with the auricular surface of the illium of the os coxae Ala: The lateral wings of the superior anterior portion of the sacrum  Promontory: The ring-like region at the superior aspect of the sacrum 

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Lumbar Vertebra

Transverse process: The processes at the lateral ends of the vertebra Vertebral foramen: The large hole in the center Superior articular facet: The ear-like surface just lateral to the vertebral foramen which articulates with the next inferior articular facet Inferior articular facet: The circular surface on the posterior end just lateral to the vertebral foramen which articulates with the next superior articular facet Spinous process: The square projection pointing posteriorly Lamina: Region between The spinous and transverse processes Pedicle: The region between the body and transverse process  Transverse costal facet: Surface on the tip of the transverse process

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Thoracic Vertebra

Transverse process: The processes at the lateral ends of the vertebra Vertebral foramen: The large hole in the center Superior articular facet: The ear-like surface just lateral to the vertebral foramen which articulates with the next inferior articular facet Inferior articular facet: The circular surface on the posterior end just lateral to the vertebral foramen which articulates with the next superior articular facet Spinous process: The projection pointing posteriorly Lamina: Region between The spinous and transverse processes Pedicle: The region between the body and transverse process  Transverse costal facet: Surface on the tip of the transverse process Superior costal demifacet: Surface on the lateral posterior and superior aspect of the body  Inferior costal demifacet: Surface on the lateral posterior and inferior aspect of the body  

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C-2 - "Axis"

Dens: The superior projection which articulates with the articular facet of C-1 Transverse process: The processes at the lateral ends of the vertebra Transverse foramen: The holes at the lateral end just medial to the transverse process Vertebral foramen: The large hole in the center Superior articular facet: The ear-like surface just lateral to the vertebral foramen where the inferior articular facet of C-1 articulates Inferior articular facet: The circular surface on the posterior end just lateral to the vertebral foramen which articulates with the superior articular facet of C-3

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C-1 Vertebrae - "Atlas"

Transverse process: The processes at the lateral ends of the vertebra Transverse foramen: The holes at the lateral end just medial to the transverse process Vertebral foramen: The large hole in the center Superior articular facet: The ear-like surface just lateral to the vertebral foramen where the occipital condyles of the occipital bone articulates Anterior arch: The anterior bridge Posterior arch: The posterior bridge which is more angled than the anterior arch Articular facet for dens: The surface on the posterior side of the medial portion of the anterior arch which articulates with the dens of C-2 Inferior articular facet: The circular surface on the posterior end just lateral to the vertebral foramen which articulates with the superior articular facet of C-2

*Special features -There is no body -The vertebral foramen is round -Lack of bifid spinous process 

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Skull - Anterior View

Orbital surface: The space where the eyes would be  Frontal bone: The anterior portion of the skull where the forehead is and makes up the ceiling of the orbital surface  Supraorbital foramen: Tiny holes just above the entrance to the orbitals on the anterior surface of the skull Lacrimal bone: The bone most anterior and medial in the orbital surface Zygomatic bone: The cheekbone in this view and makes up the lateral surface of the orbital surface Maxilla bone: The upper region of the mouth ending just below the cheekbone and orbitals and makes up the floor of the orbital surface Anterior nasal spine: The small sharp project superior to the teeth of the maxilla just below where the base of the nose is Mental foramen: Tiny holes on the anterior surface of the mandible just slightly lateral from the center of the body Zygomatic process of the Maxilla: The process branching from the maxilla part of the cheekbone Infraorbital foramen: The tiny holes just inferior to the entrance of the orbitals Inferior orbital fissure: The inferior slit towards the posterior end of the orbital surface Superior orbital fissure: The slits superior to the inferior orbital fissure in the orbital surface Nasal cavity: The space posterior to where the nose would be Nasolacrimal canal: The hole at the anterior and inferior aspect of the orbital surface by the lacrimal bone Alveolar crest of the maxilla: The gum line ridge superior to the teeth on the maxilla Nasal bone: The small surface just superior to the nasal cavity on the anterior surface of the skull in this view inferior to the frontal bone Mandible: The lower half of the mouth recognized as the jaw Mandibular ramus: The vertical portion of the mandible  Mandibular angle: The corner where the mandibular ramus changes direction to head anteriorly Alveolar crest of the mandible: The gum line ridge of the mandible  Mandibular condyle: The more posterior and superior end of the mandibular ramus that articulates with the mandibular foss of the temporal bone Coronoid process of the mandible: The short process more anterior to the mandibular condyle  Ethmoid bone: Can be seen in this view inside the orbital surface just posterior to the lacrimal bone Vomer: The plate in the nasal cavity traveling posterior from the anterior nasal spine Perpendicular plate: The plate posterior and perpendicular to the vomer in the nasal cavity Inferior nasal concha: The more inferior cleft on the inside of to walls of the nasal cavity  Middle nasal concha: The cleft superior to the inferior nasal concha  Sphenoid bone: Can be recognized by its greater wing on the posterior aspect of the orbital surface separating the inferior and superior orbital fissures with the lesser wing also in the posterior end superior to the superior orbital fissure

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Skull - Lateral View

Parietal bone: The superior portion of the lateral side of the skull behind the forehead Temporal bone: The circular region of bone on the lateral side of the skull by ear level inferior to the parietal bone Zygomatic process: The process coming out of the temporal bone which makes the posterior part of the cheekbone External acoustic meatus: The hole in the temporal region where the ear would be Mastoid process:  The thick process just inferior to the external auditory meatus Styloid process: The pen-like process inferior to the external auditory meatus medial to the mastoid process Mandibular fossa: The depression in the jawline where the mandibular condyle of the mandible articulates Articular tubercle: The bump under the ridge on the zygomatic process of the cheekbone Greater wing of the sphenoid bone: The view of the sphenoid bone in this view which is anterior to the temporal bone Mandible: The jaw bone which makes up the lower half of the mouth Mandibular ramus: The portion of the mandible that extends downward from the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone Mandibular angle: The corner of the mandible at the end of the ramus Mandibular condyle: The tip of the mandible which articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone Alveolar crest: The lower gum line of the mandible 

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Skull - Inferior View

Maxilla: The portion of the bone that consists of the upper part of the mouth and teeth Palatine process: A horizontal process which, in this view, can be identified as the roof surface of the mouth that stops around the last to molar teeth area Incisive fossa: A tiny hole sitting just posteriorly to the two front teeth on the roof of the maxilla Palatine bone: Known as the soft palette which is the horizontal region just posterior to the palatine process, also recognized as the hard palette   Horizontal palette: The horizontal aspect o the palatine bone Greater palatine foramen: The holes just medial to the last set of molars on the posterior edge of the palatine bone Sphenoid bone: Difficult to identify in this view, but is just posterior to the maxilla and more superior and can be recognized as a butterfly-like bone which the wings branch out laterally Foramen Magnum: The large obvious hole and if you can't find it, kill yourself Foramen lacerum: The two sets of holes which are the most medial to the center of the body and anterior to the foramen magnum Foramen ovale: The oval holes lateral to the foramen lacerum Foramen spinosum: The tiny holes just lateral to the foramen ovale Temporal bone: The very rigid and mountainous bone sitting lateral to the foramen magnum Mastoid process: The thick process at the lateral portion of the skull in same coronal plane as the foramen magnum Styloid process: The sharp pen-like process just medial to the mastoid process Mandibular fossa: A depression just anterior to the mastoid process where the mandibular condyle of the mandible articulates Articular tubercle: The base of the ridge that makes up the cheekbone just anterior to the mandibular fossa Jugular fossa and foramen: The oblique cut of an oblong hole just medial to the styloid process and lateral to the foramen magnum Carotid canal: Another slightly oblique cut of a small hole just anterior to the jugular fossa and foramen Occipital bone: The large smooth posterior bone of the skull in this view which contains the foramen magnum and separated from the complex mountain-like surface of the temporal bone Occipital condyles: The two bumps just lateral to the foramen magnum where the superior articulating facet of the first cervical vertebra articulates External occipital protuberance: The little bump posterior from the foramen magnum which can be palpated at the lower back surface of the skull just before the neck starts Hypoglossal canal: The tiny hole lateral to the foramen magnum and medial to the jugular foramen  

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Skull - Internal View

Frontal bone: The anterior portion of the skull where the forehead resides Frontal crest: The sharp "V" lip of the frontal bone sitting medially and anteriorly in anatomical position Frontal sinus: Area deep to the frontal crest Ethmoid bone: Part of the anterior side of the internal aspect of the skull sitting medially and looks like a crow's beak surrounded by a plate containing several foramina Crista Gali: The beak of the ethmoid bone Cribriform plate: The plate surrounding the crista gali Foramina of the cribriform plate: The holes in the cribriform plate  Foramen Magnum: The large hole close to the center of the skull in this view Sphenoid bone: The butterfly-type bone containing several small holes sitting in the center of the internal aspect of the skull posterior to the ethmoid bone and anterior to the foramen magnum Lesser Wing: The more superior butterfly wings of the sphenoid bone just posterior to the sphenoid bone Greater Wing: The larger inferior butterfly wings of the sphenoid bone which includes the surface of the small localized holes Sella Turcica: The saddle-like projected surface of the sphenoid sitting in between the two lesser wings Foramen ovale: The oval holes lateral to the sella turcica on both left and right sides Foramen Spinosum: The tiny round holes just lateral and posterior to both foramen ovale Foramen Rotundum: The tiny round holes more medial and anterior to the set of foramen ovale sitting closer to the sella turcica and sometimes hidden under the lesser wings of the sphenoid Foramen Lacerum: The slightly larger and round holes medial to the foramen ovale which are connected to a canal Temporal bone: Less identifiable in this view, but sits in the center and lateral to the foramen magnum and starts anteriorly under the greater wing of the sphenoid Jugular Foramen: The large oblong hole just lateral to the foramen magnum in the center of this view Internal Acoustic Meatus:  An oblique canal just anterior to the jugular foramen Groove for Sigmoid Sinus: A smooth groove outlining the posterior end of the temporal bone that leads like a water slide into the jugular foramen Occipital bone: The most posterior surface of the skull in this internal view which represents the back base of the head Hypoglossal canal: A very tiny canal just lateral to the foramen magnum and medial to the jugular foramen Groove for the transverse sinus: Another waterslide-like groove on the posterior end of the skull that follows in a transverse plane  Groove for the sagittal sinus: A groove running in the sagittal plane that crosses the groove for the transverse sinus on the posterior aspect of the skull in the internal view

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Tarsal (Foot)

Talus: The roundish bone medially and partially on top of the calcaneus that articulates with the inferior articular surface of the tibia Calcaneus: The nugget shaped heel bone which is larger than the other bones in the foot Sustentaculum tali: The projection of the calcaneus on the medial side Navicular:  The other round bone anterior to the talus Cuboid: Yet, another round bone anterior to the calcaneus Medial/Intermediate/Lateral Cuneiform Bones: 3 smaller bones about the same size of the navicular when combined and are all anterior to the navicular arranged according to their name Metatarsals: The 5 bones that branch from the cuneiform and cuboid bones that lead to the toes Phalanges: The toes projecting from the metatarsals that have proximal, middle and distal ends except the big toe which lacks a middle phalange 

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Fibula

Head: The non-arrowhead-like side at the proximal end which articulates with the proximal fibular facet of the tibia Shaft: The long part of the bone Lateral Malleolus: The sharp end at the distal portion of the fibula

How to tell between left and right: If you MUST know, the lateral malleolus is smoother on the lateral side and it's fossa is on the posterior side. The lateral side of the head serves as a slight landmark. The fibula is difficult to ID whether it's a left or right so don't fret over it.

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Tibia

Intercondylar Eminence: The lip-like tubercles on the surface at the proximal end Tibial tuberosity: The bump on the anterior surface at the proximal end Anterior Border: The sharp edge surface on the anterior part of the shaft Medial Condyle: The medial bump that forms part of the "T" at the proximal end and articulates with the medial condyle of the femur Lateral Condyle: The lateral bump that forms the other part of the "T" at the proximal end and articulates with the lateral condyle of the femur Proximal Fibular facet: The surface on the inferior side of the lateral condyle where the head of the fibula articulates Soleal Line: The ridge on the posterior side at the same level as the tibial tuberosity Medial Malleolus: The projection at the medial side of the distal portion of the tibia Inferior articular surface: The flat surface of the distal portion of the tibia which articulates with the talus bone

How to tell between left and right: The tibial tuberosity points anteriorly. The medial malleolus is the landmark for the medial side. 

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Femur

Head of Femur: The rounded ball-like projection at the proximal end which articulates with the acetabulum of the os coxae Fovea of Head: The indention on the center of the head of the femur Shaft: Long part of the bone Greater Trochanter: The large hook-like bump superior to the shaft Lesser Trochanter: The bump inferior to the greater trochanter and superior to the shaft sitting posteriorly Neck of Femur: The circumference space between the head and the trochanters Intertrochanteric line: Lines the base of the neck connecting the two trochanters on the anterior side Intertrochanteric crest: Follows the medial curve of the greater trochanter to the lesser trochanter on the posterior side Gluteal Tuberosity: Ridge running from the greater trochanter on the posterior side Linea Aspera: The ridge below the gluteal tuberosity Lateral condyle: The knuckle at the distal end on the lateral side which articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia Medial Condyle: The knuckle at the distal end on the medial side which articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia Patellar surface: The area between the two condyles at the distal end on the anterior side 

How to tell between left and right: Look for the head which points medially to the body. The condyles are more pronounced on the posterior side

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Os Coxae

Acetabulum: The large rounded cavity that points laterally and articulates with the head of the femur Ilium: The large wing at the superior end  Iliac crest: The ridge of top of the ilium Anterior superior iliac spine: The most superior peak sitting anteriorly on the ilium following the iliac crest Anterior inferior iliac spine:  The peak sitting anteriorly on the ilium inferior to the anterior superior iliac spine Obturator Foramen: The large hole inferior to the ilium Auricular Surface: The ear-like surface of the base of the ilium facing medially towards the center of the body which articulates with the auricular surface of the sacrum Iliac Fossa: The smooth medial surface of the ilium which is outlined by the iliac crest and the arcuate line Greater Sciatic Notch: The deep curve in the middle part of the os coxae sitting posteriorly and inferior to the auricular surface Ischial Spine: The slight sharp projection inferior to the greater sciatic notch sitting posteriorly Lesser Sciatic Notch: The less pronounced curve just inferior to the ischial spine Ischium: The part of the ox coxae that sits posteriorly and inferior to to illium starting at the ischial spine Ischial Tuberosity: The bump at the base of the ischium sitting posteriorly at the same level as the obturator foramen Ramus of Ischium: Inferior to the ischial tuberosity and ends directly below the obturator foramen Pubis: The third part of the ox coxae that sits anteriorly inferior to the illium and closes the obturator foramen from the ramus of the ischium Arcuate Line: The ridge running from the auricular surface to the superior portion of the pubis at the base of the illium Pubic Tubercle: The sharp projection of the pubis that points anteriorly Pubic symphysis: In life, there is a cartilaginous joint connecting the two pubic ends of the os coxae together

How to tell between left and right: Obturator foramina are always sitting inferiorly to the ilium. The projection of the pubic tubercle is the landmark for which side is most anterior. The acetabulum points laterally.

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Carpals/Metacarpals/Phalanges

*Carpal Mnemonic: According to anatomical position; left hand supinated  Thumb-------------Pinky  -----8---7---6---5----- -----1---2---3---4----- ------Base of Wrist------

1-So: Scaphoid 2-Long: Lunate 3-The: Triquetral 4-Pinky, : Pisiform 5-Here: Hamate 6-Comes:  Capitate 7-The: Trapezoid 8-Thumb:  Trapezium Metacarpals: The base of the fingers following the carpals (Thumb-1st Metacarpal, Index-2nd, Middle-3rd, Ring-4th, Pinky-5th) Phalanges: The ends of the fingers following the metacarpals; There are proximal, middle and distal phalanges, but the thumb lacks a middle phalanx)

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Radius

Head of Radius: Circular end at the proximal end which the top flat surface articulates with the radial fossa of the humerus and the rounded ring articulates with the radial notch of the ulna Neck: The circumference of the radius just inferior to the head  Radial Tuberosity: The bump inferior to the head and neck at the proximal end Interosseus Margin: The sharp edge of the shaft facing medially Styloid Process: The prominent projection at the distal end sitting laterally Ulnar Notch: The small indention at the distal end opposite to the styloid process sitting medially articulating with the head of the ulna