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Threat and Error Management

Threat and Error Management (TEM) is a safety concept regarding aviation operations and human performance. TEM is not a revolutionary concept, but one that has evolved gradually, as a consequence of the constant drive to improve the margins of safety in aviation operations through the practical integration of Human Factors knowledge.

TEM was developed as a product of collective aviation industry experience. Such experience fostered the recognition that past studies and, most importantly, operational consideration of human performance in aviation had largely overlooked the most important factor influencing human performance in dynamic work environments: the interaction between people and the operational context (i.e., organisational, regulatory and environmental factors) within which people discharged their operational duties.

TEM originated from the University of Texas Human Factors Research Project and Delta Airlines who developed a line audit methodology utilising jump-seat observations on scheduled flights. Both parties agreed that in order for the audit to be productive and show realistic and un-obscured results, confidentiality of the findings with no regulatory or organisational jeopardy to the flight crews should be guaranteed.

The initial observation forms of the audit were designed by the University of Texas researchers to evaluate Crew Resource Management behaviour on the flight deck. The process was then extended to include error and its management as well as the type of error observed. This enabled trained observers to categorise the origin, detection, response and outcome of each recorded error.

The first full scale TEM-based LOSA was conducted at Continental Airlines in 1996. Together with the original CRM indicators (leadership, communication, and monitoring/cross-checking) the extended concept of TEM was used to identify most frequent threats. This method provided a picture of the most common errors and threats, both those that were well managed and the more problematic and mismanaged.

The recognition of the influence of the operational context in human performance led to the conclusion that the study and consideration of human performance in aviation operations should not be an end in itself. TEM as developed therefore aims to enable broad examination of the dynamic and challenging complexities of the operational context in human performance.

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Management, Leadership and Personal Development Training. Corporate training services for companies and organisations in UK and worldwide.

The train-the-trainer programme provides the skills required to deliver training programmes that create an effective learning environment and ensure the training objectives are achieved. This programme has been designed for both those that will present training as part of a wider role and those that train on a full-time basis. The training develops knowledge and competency to enable the participant to design and deliver effective training that addresses the unique nature of your organisation.

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Aviation maintenance human factors course for trainers and instructors.

Statistics show that error in maintenance operations significantly contributed to the 70-80% of aviation accidents attributable to human error. EASA regulations require all Part 145 maintenance organisations to implement a programme of Maintenance Human Factors (MHF) training for all personnel involved in aviation maintenance operations.

The aim of MHF training is to increase safety, quality and efficiency in aviation maintenance operations by reducing human error and its impact on maintenance activities. The course syllabus fully covers the MHF training requirements for EASA 145 engineering organisations.

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The Human Factors Division (ANG-C1 - Human Factors) provides scientific and technical support for the civil aviation human factors research program and for human factors applications in acquisition, certification, regulation, and standards. It develops and assures implementation of human factors policies, regulations, programs, and procedures which promote the safety and productivity of the national airspace system. It also formulates and manages the aviation human factors research program and provides human factors support to acquisition and regulatory activities.

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Crew Resource Management core course for Trainers complies with EASA, CAA, FAA and ICAO requirements.

Following successful completion of this course the student will be able to plan, prepare and deliver effective CRM training for pilots, or combined pilots and cabin crew of airlines and all other aviation operations. The training develops knowledge and skills to enable the delegate to design and deliver effective CRM training that addresses the unique nature of their company's operations, unique requirements and operating procedures.

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Crew Resource Management and Human Factors training in Healthcare develop non technical skills which improve patient safety.

Providing safe health care depends on highly trained individuals with disparate roles and responsibilities acting together in the best interests of the patient. Communication barriers across hierarchies, failure to acknowledge human fallibility, and failures of situational awareness combine to cause poor teamwork, which can lead to adverse events.

 The aviation industry has long recognized that safety requires crew members to receive specific training in non-technical skills, in addition to technical training. Several studies have documented poor levels of teamwork in medicine. A classic study that compared perceptions of teamwork between operating room personnel and flight crews found that attending surgeons were significantly less likely to acknowledge fatigue or accept suggestions from junior staff than were pilots. Global Air Training is one company that offers training for healthcare professionals based on the programs developed in commercial aviation.

 Growing recognition of the need for improved teamwork skills has led to the application of teamwork training principles, originally developed in aviation, to a variety of health care settings. Crew Resource Management Training in Healthcare aims to reduce the potential for error by training each team member to respond appropriately in acute situations.

 Crew Resource Management training, also known as Human Factors training develops effective communication skills and a more cohesive environment among team members, and on creating an atmosphere in which all personnel feel comfortable speaking up when they suspect a problem.

 Team members are trained to cross-check each other's actions, offer assistance when needed, and address errors in a non-judgmental fashion. Debriefing and providing feedback, are also essential components of Human Factors training.

 Human Factors training also emphasizes the role of fatigue, perceptual errors (such as misreading monitors or mishearing instructions), and the impact of different management styles and organizational cultures.

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Training services meeting the needs of airlines and all types of aviation organisations based in every continent of the world. We provide crew resource management and human factors training in aviation, healthcare, rail and other safety critical industries.

In the 1970s, investigators discovered that more than 70 percent of air crashes involved human error rather than failures of equipment. A NASA workshop examining the role of human error in air crashes found that the majority of crew errors consisted of failures in leadership, team coordination and decision-making. The aviation community responded by developing new kinds of psychological training for flight crews that focuses on group dynamics, leadership, interpersonal communications and decision-making. The training is known as crew resource management (CRM).

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Aviation Safety Network - The resource centre for aircraft accidents and civil aviation safety issues.

The Aviation Safety Network is a private, independent initiative founded in 1996. On line since January 1996, the Aviation Safety Network covers accidents and safety issues with regards to airliners, military transport planes and corporate jets.

The ASN Safety Database contains detailed descriptions of over 10,700 incidents, hijackings and accidents.

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A summary of Crew Resource Management training requirements for airlines and all types of aviation organisations. Training courses for aircrew, CRM trainers and instructors. Training for EASA, FAA and ICAO requirements.

CRM encompasses a wide range of knowledge, skills and attitudes including communications, situational awareness, problem solving, decision making, and teamwork. CRM can be defined as a management system which makes optimum use of all available resources - equipment, procedures and people - to promote safety and enhance the efficiency of flight operations.

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Red Bull Air Race

An international competition based on speed and precision. Includes photographs, race results, event schedule, pilot biographies, and details of manoeuvres.

The Red Bull Air Race World Championship is an official World Championship, accredited by the FAI – The World Air Sports Federation. Since it was officially launched, the Red Bull Air Race World Championship has become globally renowned as the fastest and most exhilarating motorsport on the planet.