Globalisation, Modernity and Postmodernity
Changes in cultures and identity.
Time period - 1650-1950(ish).
The nation state - A political unit in modern society ruled by a powerful and centralised state; each society is separate with itās own state.
Capitalism - The economy of modern society which brought on industrialisation and also the unequal distribution of wealth leading to class conflict.
Rationality, science and technology - Rational, secular scientific ways of thinking and taking over of the magico-religious explanation of the world.
Tradition, custom and ascribed status became less important as the basis for our actions.
Time period - 1950-onwards(ish).
Globalisation - Increasing interconnectedness between societies across the globe.
The Media - A huge expansion in media technology.
A World in Fragments - The pace of change in postmodern society is more rapid.
Work - People now have multiple jobs throughout their life as opposed to one career (i.e. portfolio workers).
Fashion and music - Trends change at a rapid pace and is easily shown through both fashion and music, e.g. Britainās Got Talent (and other shows similar) bring someone into the limelight for a few months before they disappear again.
The breakdown of local communities - People move more often in their life (geographically) due to work, reducing the stability of local communities.
Consumer society - We live in aĀ āpick and mixā society as people now have more options to pick from around what they want to do with their lives and are less restricted by gender, class and ethnicitiy.
Cultural diversity and hybridity - We have an increased diversity in goods and services, fashion and music, family life, education and the world of work.
The changes we are experiencing are not the beginning of aĀ ānew eraā but in a continuity of modernity.Ā
Giddens - Disembedding and reflexivity:
Disembedding -Ā āLifting out of social interactions from local contexts or interactionā; i.e. disembedding breaks down physical barriers (e.g. distance) to allow for interaction to continue to occur (even if more impersonal).
Reflexivity - Traditions and customs are less important which means that people are forced to 1) monitor their actions and 2) reflect on and modify their behaviour if needed.
Both of these lead to faster social change.
We face new dangers (e.g. global warming) and as reflexivity is now important, society is moreĀ ārisk consciousā meaning we acknowledge risks/dangers and try to avoid or minimise them.
Jamieson - Postmodernism is actually theĀ ācultural logic of late capitalismā like how modernist theories are the logic of modern societies.
Rustin - Criticises Beck, argues that technology is not the cause of increased risks in society, but capitalism.
Hirst - Also criticises Beck, argues that things like environmentalism will not challenge capitalism as they are too fragmented.
All of the time-periods and perspective points can be used to evaluate each other.
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