Carbono 14

Pura História

[danielgiandoso]

“Quando é necessário contradizer alguém ou afirmar a própria opinião, isso deve ser feito com gentileza e consideração, sem irritação ou veemência. De fato, nada ganhamos com esperteza ou petulância.”

São Francisco de Sales

[museum-of-artifacts]

Roman ring with the inscription “ANIMA DVLCIS VIVAS MECV” (May you live with me sweet soul). Late Roman, 4th century AD

[danielgiandoso]

Em 20 de janeiro, no ano 250, o Imperador Décio iniciou a primeira perseguição geral aos cristãos. Ele publicou um edito ordenando todos a manifestarem piedade aos deuses por meio de uma supplicatio obrigatória e geral para o bem do Império. Uma comissão convocava todos os suspeitos de não honrar os deuses, obrigando-os ao ato de culto pagão publicamente, seja oferecendo sacrifício, seja queimando incenso. Depois de cultuarem os deuses, eles recebiam um certificado, o libellus. Os que recusavam eram presos e em alguns casos torturados. As punições poderiam ser desde o exílio e confisco dos bens até a morte. Contudo, Décio não exigiu dos cristãos uma renúncia formal de sua fé. Nesta primeira perseguição geral muitos cristãos foram martirizados. No entanto, a intenção de Décio com o edito era de restaurar a unidade política e religiosa no Império. Todo esse procedimento não foi feito para identificar os cristãos e eliminá-los mais facilmente. O objetivo era recuperá-los, obrigando-os a retornarem à antiga religião romana. Tais medidas visavam a apostasia e não promover o martírio. De fato, é possível dizer que o imperador teve êxito em seu objetivo, pois é bem provável que o número dos lapsos (os que apostataram) foi maior do que o número dos mártires, o que explica curta duração dessa perseguição. Até o ano 250, os cristãos eram perseguidos por motivações locais quando denunciados. As perseguições tornam-se gerais, no mesmo momento em que a crise interna e a ameaça externa dos bárbaros crescia. Havia um certo consenso de que a prosperidade e a estabilidade perdidas retornariam se os romanos retomassem a tradição dos antepassados. Assim, o paganismo ganhou força e se intensificaram as perseguições contra os cristãos, não mais feitas apenas por autoridades locais, mas orquestradas pelos próprios imperadores. Além dessa primeira grande perseguição feita por Décio em 250, houve a de Valeriano (257-258 d.C.) e a de Diocleciano (303-305 d.C.). Nota-se porém, que as perseguições gerais tiveram curta duração. Então, a ideia de que os cristãos foram duramente perseguidos por 300 anos não é muito correta. Afinal, o exército romano tinha coisas mais importantes para fazer. https://www.instagram.com/p/B7i2wxtJWWFdwc32HgKwiCHSfES6gVees0XyHA0/?igshid=gpsy4ory51on

[farfallagialla-blog]

Mom and Fashion Designer.

[irefiordiligi]

Basilica of San Vitale - Ravenna (Italy)

The Church of San Vitale, the masterpiece of Byzantine art in Ravenna. Construction began in 526 by Bishop Ecclesius under the Ostrogothic queen Amalasuntha (d. 535) and was consecrated in 547 during the reign of the emperor Justinian. This octagonal church, built of marble and capped by a lofty terra-cotta dome, is one of the most important surviving examples of Byzantine architecture and mosaic work.

 virtual tour here

[medieval]

Miniature of Pope Celestine V kneeling in prayer. 15th C.

After only five months of pontificate, in 1294, he issued a solemn decree declaring it permissible for a Pope to resign, and then did so himself.

[ancientart]

Moai at Rano Raraku, Easter Island.

Photo courtesy Aurbina

[illumanu]

14th century (ca. 1300-1340) Switzerland - Zürich

Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg

Cod. Pal. germ. 848: Große Heidelberger Liederhandschrift (Codex Manesse)

fol. 13r - Markgraf Otto von Brandenburg

http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cpg848

[ancientart]

The Ancient Roman Arch of Hadrian, Jerash, Jordan.

Photo courtesy Poco a poco

[danielgiandoso]

A luta dos Vikings para chegar no Valhalla. Muito engraçado.

[danielgiandoso]

Fazei resplandecer a luz de Cristo nas vossas vidas! Não espereis por ser mais idosos, para vos empenhardes no caminho da santidade! A santidade é sempre jovem, como eterna é a juventude de Deus

Papa João Paulo II

[danielgiandoso]

Meus caros jovens, eu os amo de todo o meu coração e basta-me que vocês sejam jovens para que eu os ame extraordinariamente. (…) Conservem no coração o tesouro da virtude, porque possuindo-o vocês têm tudo, mas se o perderem, tornar-se-ão os homens mais infelizes do mundo

São João Bosco

[danielgiandoso]

Como namorados estais a viver uma fase única, que abre para a maravilha do encontro e faz descobrir a beleza de existir e de ser preciosos para alguém, de poder dizer um ao outro: tu és importante para mim (…) Depois, não vos esqueçais de que para ser autêntico, também o amor exige um caminho de amadurecimento: a partir da atração inicial e do «sentir-se bem» com o outro, educai-vos a «amar» o outro, a «querer o bem» do outro. O amor vive de gratuidade, de sacrifício de si, de perdão e de respeito do outro

Papa Bento XVI

[kamillamacaulay]

The MET has got some wonderful, fully illustrated textbooks that are available online for free! (X)

DOWNLOAD

Art of the Islamic World

The Art of Africa

The Art of Ancient Egypt

The Art of the Ancient Near East

The Art of Renaissance Europe

The Art of South and Southeast Asia

The Arts of Korea

Auguste Rodin: The Burghers of Calais

Greek Art from Prehistoric to Classical

Islamic Art and Geometric Design: Activities for Learning

A Masterwork of Byzantine Art — The Story of David and Goliath

Medieval Art

Nature Within Walls: The Chinese Garden Court at The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Roman Art

[unhistorical]

November 26, 1922: Howard Carter discovers Tutankhamun’s tomb.

In 1915, George Hebert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon (Lord Carnarvon), acquired the concession to excavate the Valley of the Kings, an archaeological site by the Nile where, over the course of half a millennium, Egyptian Pharaohs and nobles were buried in magnificent tombs. Among those buried there include Seti I, Ramesses II (“the Great”), Hatshepsut, and, of course, Tutankhamun. Tutankhamun ruled for less than ten years and died at the age of eighteen; compared to Ramesses or Seti, the Egyptian boy king was far less important a ruler, yet the excavation of his tomb marks perhaps the most famous archaeological discovery in modern times.

Lord Carnarvon hired Howard Carter to excavate site shortly before the onset of World War I. After years of fruitless work, Carter’s efforts paid off when, in early November of 1922, his workmen uncovered steps that led to a tomb later designated KV62. Carter was, according to his journal entries, excited but also wary of the discovery. He believed he “was on the verge of perhaps a magnificent find”, yet there was no way of telling whether his team had discovered a royal tomb, a cache, or an empty room. Carter’s financial backer arrived in Luxor several weeks later to inspect the discovery himself. By this time Carter was certain that the tomb was in fact a cache, not a tomb, and that it had been entered (and raided) sometime in the indiscernible past. On November 26, Carter breached the doorway in the presence of Lord Carnarvon. He noted inside the chamber “strange animals, statues, and gold - everywhere the glint of gold” and, when asked whether he could see anything, replied simply “Yes, wonderful things.”

The next months were spent meticulously cataloguing the contents of the chamber. In early 1923, Carter’s team discovered Tutankhamun’s burial chamber and, inside it, his sarcophagus. Unfortunately, Lord Carnarvon died shortly afterward, fueling a media frenzy over the supposed “Curse of the Pharaohs”. Despite Tutankhamun’s relative insignificance as a ruler, he is among Egypt’s most famous thanks to the media’s sensational coverage of the excavation. Around the same time, the British Empire declared Egypt the independent Kingdom of Egypt with Fuad I at its head. This exchange of power led to disagreements between Carter and the new government; in the end, he received £8,500 and was allowed to complete his excavation, but the tomb and all its contents were deemed the property of the new Egyptian government. 

[unhistorical]

November 24, 1963: Jack Ruby kills Lee Harvey Oswald.

Two days after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the assassin himself was shot down as he was being transported from the basement of the Dallas Police Headquarters to a nearby county jail. As Oswald and the policemen accompanying him passed through a crowd of reporters, Jack Ruby, a nightclub operator, emerged from the group and fired at Oswald with a revolver; his fatal wounding of Kennedy’s killer was broadcast on live television, and he was arrested immediately afterward. 

Ruby’s motives remain unclear, but the House Select Committee on Assassinations concluded that, at the very least, the murder “involved at least some premeditation”. The Warren Commission found no connection between Ruby, Oswald, or any larger conspiracy, and Ruby himself claimed that he ”did it for Jackie and the kids”, and that his actions helped “redeem” Dallas in the eyes of the rest of the nation. Others believe that his murder of Oswald was part of a cover-up of a larger conspiracy, especially given his (alleged) connections to the Mafia and other organized crime groups. Ruby was convicted in 1964 of murder with malice. He was granted a new trial in 1966, this time held in Wichita Falls rather than in Dallas, but he succumbed to cancer before he could be retried. 

[ancientfaces]

Rosh Hashanah New York 1911

Great Rosh Hashanah photo taken in the East Side of New York City in 1911. [ Original: Rosh Hashanah New York 1911 ]