Today, I am recapping on Tuvan cases. Tuvan has a total of 7 cases. Cases modify nouns to signal their purpose within a sentence. In Tuvan the 7 cases are nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, ablative & directive.
Nominative is the default case of any noun.
Genitive indicates possession, eg. "the dog's house" and "hair of the dog".
Dative refers to an indirect object that receives an action. Eg. "We gave tuna to the cat" where the indirect object is the cat.
Accusative is like the dative case, except it's direct. Eg. "the dog ate the curry" where the curry is the direct object.
Locative denotes the relative location, we'd use 'in' and 'on' in English. For example, "there is a dog in the basket".
Ablative Case marks a motion away from a location or object, like "from" in English. Eg. "I walked away from the house".
Directive has 2 forms but expresses a motion to or towards a location, eg: "to the house" and "towards the house".
To give some examples for each in Tuvan:
Инектиң - of the cow (genitive)
Инекке - the cow (dative, receiving an action)
Инекти - the cow (accusative, receiving an action)
Инекте - in the cow (locative)
Инектен - from the cow (ablative)
Инекче - to the cow (directive 1)
Инективе - towards the cow (directive 2)
The suffixes used will vary depending on the letter they attach to & vowel harmony.
Eg. The word above is "inek", meaning cow. The vowel is 'e' and 'i' is the correct vowel for vowel harmony, so the vowel used in the suffix has to be 'i'. And the first letter of the suffix will depend on the preceding letter and for the genitive case, we have 3 choices, "-tiŋ", "-diŋ" and "-niŋ", but because the last letter of the word is "k", it means we used "-ting", hence the genitive case of "cow/inek" is "inektiŋ".
So I think an example could be.
"Inektiŋ čemni saktyr men"
"Инектиң чемни сактыр мен"
"I remember the cow's food"
And breaking it down. "Inektiŋ" is genitive, so what follows is something the cow possesses, which in this case is "food", however, because my 'remembering' is acting on said 'food' then the food or 'čem' should be accusative, so it would be: "čemni"
This is how I interpret how these rules work. However, at this stage, I figure there may be elements I get wrong, the aim is to learn enough of the grammar to have a basic understanding of it so I can understand what I hear spoken or see written. What I can correct will come though listening to the language & where I can, practicing it with others.
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