“The bystander effect is the somewhat controversial name given to a social psychological phenomenon in cases where individuals do not offer help in an emergency situation when other people are present.” (Listversestaff, 2009)
The discussion around the bystander effect has been a controversial topic in an array of academic articles. However we first stumbled upon this term through a TED talk presented by Ken Brown, The bystander effect is complicated: and here’s why (2015). He references the Kitty Genovese case where she was murdered outside of her apartment, the police report said that “37 who saw murder didn’t call the police” - The New York Times 1964. One of first cases where the bystander effect was first recognised.
Evidence tends to suggest that “individuals intervene less frequently in emergency situations as soon as the number of passive bystanders around increased did not operate.” (Gueguen, Dupre, Georget, Senemeaud, 2015). A part of our natural human nature is blending in, to be one of the many in a crowd. Commonly referred to as being a sheep in society. It makes sense that when people are in a crowd they are more likely to follow what the crowd does. It brings to light the question of “am I doing the correct thing?” which is an insecurity in all of us. One main point stands out from these studies, “that bystanders’ perceived responsibility to act is an important factor of their own willingness to help the victim of an emergency” (Gueguen, Dupre, Georget, Senemeaud 2015). In some cases when there is one or few people, they are more inclined to help because the responsibility is less shared amongst a crowd, more so targeting at individuals. Seemingly “the presence of other people serves to inhibit the impulse to help.” (Fischer, Greitemeryer, Pollozek, Frey, 2006).
However in low risk evaluations in “the bystander condition, 85% of the male participants intervened, whereas in the alone condition only 65% of the participants intervened.” (Fischer, Greitemeryer, Pollozek, Frey, 2006), but “the present study revealed that in the context of highly dangerous emergencies, this bystander effect does not occur.” (Fischer, Greitemeryer, Pollozek, Frey, 2006).
Dangerous situations increase the risk versus the reward factor for helping a victim, studies find that people were more ready to take on that risk for the sake of helping, than those people in low risk situations (Fischer, Greitemeryer, Pollozek, Frey, 2006). So “the decision of helping a person in need is based on the relative weight of costs versus benefits.” (Bommel, Willemvan, Henkelffers, Van Lange, 2012). When it comes down to it, there is evidence suggesting that the more danger the victim is in, the more risk the people in the crowd will take on. When it is a low risk situation people are less inclined to think the responsibility to help is necessary.
Ken Brown in his TED talk furthermore goes on to mention “there is no evidence for the presence of 38 witnesses, or that witnesses observed the murder, or that witnesses remained inactive” (2015). In many studies we can see that the argument is reversed because what is shown is that “Dangerous situations faced in the bystanders are recognized faster and less ambiguously as real emergency situations than harmless situations.” (Fischer, Greitemeryer, Pollozek, Frey, 2006).
All of this shows studies about situations evaluated in real life. Throughout the years however, as technology and social media becomes more advanced, Bommel, Willemvan, Henkelffers and Van Lange make some increasingly relevant points. That “On the one hand, one could argue that the complete visual anonymity and safety of a virtual environment differs in important ways from real-world bystander situations.” (Bommel, Willemvan, Henkelffers, Van Lange, 2012)”. This we believe stands very true, a virtual environment, in particular social media, removes you from the immediate reaction response you would have in real life. “For instance, there is no threat of physical harm by intervening online, thus the potential costs of online-intervention are severely reduced.” Cyber bullying for example, you are protected by your screen at home, it is a place where you can be anonymous; you are not putting yourself in any risk, therefore it is easier to stand out.
“At the same time, in our modern era, real-life and online interaction have become very much entwined. A substantial part of our everyday social interactions, including helping, now takes place online” (Bommel, Willemvan, Henkelffers, Van Lange, 2012)
This poses the question, is our way of ‘helping’ online actually as effective as doing it in real life? What we are trying to address is the fact that trends in particular hashtags on social media, “#bringourgirlsback” or “#prayforparis” may not have any real impact other than making yourself look like a ‘good person’ online. It also seems more and more that people use these easy hashtags as way to acquire social approval, without actually participating practically. When asked if the “#bringbackourgirls” campaign has been a success Hewitt said: “the girls are still missing ... that is the ultimate measure of success and we are not there yet.” (Maeve Shearlaw, 2015). You also see this ‘online bystander effect’ on facebook, with posts saying things like “1 like = 1 prayer,” or “1 share = 10 prayers”. Although it now turned into something comical to reference to, it does prove our point further, that the extension of the bystander effect does exist within social media. Our initial takeaway is that these likes, shares and hashtags majority of time contribute to nothing.
References:
Badalge, K. N. (2017) Our phones make us feel like social-media activists, but they’re actually turning us into bystanders [Article]. Retrieved from https://qz.com/991167/our-phones-make-us-feel-like-social-media-activists-but-theyre-actually-turning-us-into-bystander
LISTVERSE STAFF (2009) Listverse : 10 Notorious Cases of the Bystander Effect
http://listverse.com/2009/11/02/10-notorious-cases-of-the-bystander-effect/
Nicolas Gueguen, Mickale Dupre, Patrice Georget, Cecile Senemeaud (2015) Phycology, Crime and Law: Commitment, crime, and the responsive bystander: effect of the commitment form and conformism
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267875713_Commitment_crime_and_the_responsive_bystander_effect_of_the_commitment_form_and_conformism
PETER FISCHER, TOBIAS GREITEMEYER, FABIAN POLLOZEK AND DIETER FREY (2006) European Journal of Social Psychology: The unresponsive bystander: Are bystanders more responsive in
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsp.297
Marcovan Bommel, Jan-Willemvan, Prooijen HenkElffers, Paul A.M.Van Lange (2012) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology : Be aware to care: Public self-awareness leads to a reversal of the bystander effect
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103112000236
Stephen M. Garcia, Kim Weaver, John M. Darley, Gordon B. Moskowitz (2002) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Crowded Minds: The Implicit Bystander Effect
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~smgarcia/pubs/crowded_minds.pdf
Schwartz, S. H., & Clausen, G. T. (1970). Responsibility, norms, and helping in an emergency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 299–310.
Latane´, B., & Rodin, J. (1969). A lady in distress: Inhibiting effects of friends and strangers on bystander intervention. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 5, 189–202.
Ken Brown (2015) TEDxUIowa: The bystander effect is complicated – here’s why | Ken Brown https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ufs8cKyzLvg
M.Heene, M.Wicher, M. Kainbacher, P.Fischer, J.I.Krueger, T.Greitemeyer, C.Vogrincic, A.Kastenmuller, D.Frey (2011) American Psychological Association: The Bystander-Effect: A Meta-Analytic Review on Bystander Intervention in Dangerous and Non-Dangerous Emergencies https://www.uni muenster.de/imperia/md/content/psyifp/aeechterhoff/sommersemester2012/schluesselstudiendersozialpsychologiea/fischerkruegergreitem_bystandermetaana_psybull2011.pdf
Kassin, S. M. (2017). The killing of Kitty Genovese: what else does this case tell us?. Perspectives on psychological science, 12(3), 374-381.
Maeve Shearlaw (2015) The guardian Did the #bringbackourgirls campaign make a difference in Nigeria? https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/14/nigeria-bringbackourgirls-campaign-one-year-on