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Difference kinds of FTTx Cable Patchcord

Fiber Patchcord ( also known as fiber optic connectors ) , which is the access to optical fiber connector module , also has a good variety , and is not interoperable with each other. SFP LC fiber optic connector module connection , and then the GBIC SC fiber optic connectors. Here are several common network engineering fiber optic connector is described in detail :

① FC type fiber Patchcord: External strengthen way is to use a metal sleeve, fastening means for the turnbuckle . Generally adopt ODF side ( on the patch panel with maximum )

② SC type fiber Patchcord: GBIC optical modules connected connector , its rectangular casing , fastening methods is the use of plug pin latch type, do not need to rotate. ( With a switch on the router maximum )

③ ST -type fiber Patchcord: commonly used in fiber optic patch panels, rounded shell , fastening means for the turnbuckle . ( For 10Base-F connector , the connector is usually ST type commonly used in fiber optic patch panel )

④ LC type fiber Patchcord: Connection Connector SFP module , which uses easy operation made ​​modular jack (RJ) latch mechanism . ( Routers used )

⑤ MT-RJ -type fiber Patchcord: transceiver square fiber optic connectors, one pair of fiber transceiver

ST, SC connector connector commonly used in general networks. There after ST head into the rotation half a bayonet fixed , the disadvantage is easily broken ; SC connector directly plug, very easy to use , the disadvantage is easy to fall out ; FC connectors general telecommunication network using , there is a nut screwed onto the adapter , the advantages is a solid , anti- dust , the disadvantage is installed a little longer . MTRJ type fiber Patchcord by two high-precision plastic molded connectors and cable components. Connector for precision plastic parts exterior parts , including push-pull plug clamping mechanism . Applies to the telecommunications and data network systems for indoor applications .

Fiber optic modules : general are hot-swappable , GBIC optical interface used mostly for SC or ST type ; SFP, namely: small package GBIC, LC type optical fiber used .

Use of fiber :

Single-mode : L wavelength singlemode long distance LH 1310 wavelength 1310,1550

Multimode : SM Wavelength 850

SX / LH said you can use single-mode or multimode fiber

In the said mark pigtail connector , we can often see the "FC / PC", "SC / PC" , with its meaning is as follows

1 "/" means that the front part of the connector pigtail type

"SC" connector is a standard rectangular connector, engineering plastics , high temperature, oxidation is not easy to advantage . Transmission equipment sidelight interfaces with SC connectors general

"LC" connector with SC connectors are similar in shape , smaller than the SC connector .

"FC" connector is a metal joints , usually in the ODF side using pluggable number of metal joints to be more than plastic .

More varieties signal connector , in addition to the three described above , there MTRJ, ST, MU , etc.

2 '/' section of fiber optic connector technology behind indicate that the grinding method

"PC" in the telecom operator's devices are used widely , the joint cross-section is flat.

"UPC" attenuation than the "PC" to be small, generally used for devices with special needs , some foreign manufacturers to jump inside the ODF fiber use is FC / UPC, mainly to improve the device itself ODF indicators .

In addition, early in the broadcasting and CATV in many applications is the "APC" model , which uses the end face with a pigtail head angle , you can improve the quality of television signals , mainly because TV signals are analog optical modulator , when the connector coupling when the surface is vertical, the return of the reflected light along the original path.

Because of the uneven distribution of the refractive index of the optical fiber coupling will once again return to the surface , although this time the energy is very small but the analog signals are not completely eliminate the noise , so a clear equivalent in the original signal superimposed with a weak signal delay , performance on the screen is ghosting. Pigtail headband make the reflected return light not dip along the original path. General digital signal is generally no problem.

Use:

A: fiber-optic communication systems

B: fiber broadband access network

C: optical fiber CATV

D: Local Area Network LAN

E: Fiber Instrument Table

F: Fiber Optic Sensors

G: fiber optic data transmission system to teach

H: Test Equipment

These are Introduction of fiber Patchcord , more resources and content site will continue to organize and provide for everyone .

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Encyclopedia: PLC Splitter

Same as coaxial cable transmission systems, optical network systems need to be coupled to the optical signal branch distribution, which requires to implement PLC Splitter . PLC Splitter known as splitter , fiber optic link is one of the most important passive device is an optical fiber device having a plurality of inputs tandem and a plurality of output terminals , commonly used to represent an M × N splitter with M inputs and N outputs. Used in optical fiber CATV systems PLC Splitter are generally 1 × 2,1 × 3 and composed by them 1 × NPLC Splitter.

1 . The spectral principle PLC Splitter

PLC Splitter can be divided according to the principle of molten pull cone and planar waveguide type two, the molten pull cone product is two or more optical fibers carry side welded together ; planar waveguide -type micro- optics products, using photolithography technology on a dielectric substrate or a semiconductor optical waveguide to achieve branch assignment. This is similar to the principle of the two spectral types , their mutual coupling ( coupling , coupling length ) and changing the radius of the fiber-optic branches of different sizes achieved by varying the amount of fiber optic evanescent field between , on the contrary may be multiplexed optical signals into one signal called synthesizer. Fused fiber couplers due to the production method is simple , inexpensive, easy to connect with external fiber into a whole, and can withstand mechanical vibrations and temperature changes Fu , etc., which has become the market mainstream manufacturing technology.

Fused method is to two ( two or more ) to remove a fiber coating method against interference, melted under heating at a high temperature , while stretching the sides , forming a double cone forms the heating zone special waveguide structure by controlling the twist angle and the optical fiber draw length can be obtained in different spectral ratio. Finally, use the pull- curing adhesive curing cone on a quartz substrate into the stainless steel tubes, which is PLC Splitter. This production process is inconsistent because of a thermal expansion coefficient of the cured adhesive and a quartz substrate , a stainless steel tube , at ambient temperature the degree of expansion and contraction of the inconsistency , this situation causes PLC Splitter easily damaged , especially in the light branching even worse situation in the wild , which is easily damaged optical splitter was the most important reason . For more splitters ones can produce more than two splitter components.

2 . PLC Splitter common technical indicators

( 1 ) insertion loss.

PLC Splitter each insertion loss is the loss of light output I enter the number of dB relative to its mathematical expression is : Ai =-10lg Pouti / Pin, where Ai is the insertion loss of the i-th output port ; Pouti first i output port optical power ; Pin is the input optical power values ​​.

( 2 ) additional loss .

Additional optical power loss is defined as the sum of all output ports with the input optical power loss DB number. It is worth mentioning that, for fiber coupler, additional losses are reflected device manufacturing process quality indicators that reflect the inherent loss device fabrication process , the loss of the smaller the better , is the production quality of the merits of the assessment indicators. Said insertion loss is only the status of each output port output power , not only the intrinsic loss factors , but considering the effect of the spectral ratio. So between different fiber coupler, the insertion loss does not reflect differences in the quality of the merits of the device fabrication . 1 * N for a standard single-mode PLC Splitter additional losses in the following table :

Stars ones 2,345,678,910,111,216

Additional losses DB 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2

( 3 ) split ratio .

Splitting ratio is defined as the ratio of output power for each output port PLC Splitter in system applications, split ratio is determined based on the number of actual system optical node optical power required to determine the appropriate split ratio ( excluding evenly distributed ), PLC splitter split ratio on the wavelength of transmitted light , e.g., a 1.31 micron light branching of the transmission when the two output terminals of the optical splitting ratio of 50:50 ; 1.5μm when the transmitted light , it becomes 70:30 ( the Therefore, this occurs because the PLC Splitter has a certain bandwidth , i.e., the spectral band width of the light signal substantially constant ratio of the transmission). So when customized PLC Splitter must indicate wavelength.

( 4 ) isolation.

Isolation refers to a light path of the other PLC Splitter optical path of the optical signal isolation . In each of the above indicators, the isolation is more significant meaning for PLC Splitter , in practical applications often require the system to reach more than 40dB isolation device , otherwise it will affect the performance of the entire system.

Also the stability PLC Splitter is also an important indicator of the so-called stability refers to external temperature changes , changes in working condition when other devices , PLC Splitter splitting ratio and other performance indicators should be essentially unchanged , in fact, PLC Splitter stability depends entirely on the manufacturer's level of technology , products from different manufacturers , the quality gap is quite big. In practical applications , I also met a lot of really poor quality PLC Splitter, not only performance deteriorated quickly, and the failure rate is very high , it is important for devices in optical fiber trunk , in the purchase of some attention , not just look at the price , low technological level of the optical splitter price is certainly low .

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FHE-1 Integrated 2M Tester

General Description: FHE-1  E1 bit Error tester is a hand-held equipment designed for 2M bit erro rate test,applicable to telecommunication access networks.transmission networks and the start-up, check and maintenance of optical communication systems.

   Features:

●  Hand-held structure,solid design,especially suitable for the fieldwork ●  LCD display with backlight,menu operation ●  Powered by and integrated with smart fast charging circuit inside. ●  Data storage capacity up to 90 sets ●  Test results and real-time clock could be maintained safely with a standby Ni-MH  rechargeable battery ●  LED alarm and status indicator ●  Clock Source:internal,receied ●  75 ohm and 120 ohm interfaces aailable ●  Out of serice test/in-serice test ●  Framed/unframed test ●  2Mb/s,N*64Kb/s BER TEST  ●  Timeslot oice monitoring  ●  Error insertion:Single&.Fixed rate ●  Error bit test,time-slot test ,signal analysis,protocol test ●  Measurement results can be printed ia external serial port printer

    The industry's first true color oversized, full Chinese graphical user interface, handheld E1 Bit Error tester data.

Intuitive comprehensive LED display, one-button operation, high-capacity lithium battery, three anti-designed, user-friendly design features of structural and other routine maintenance, fault repair to provide strong support.

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Fiber Identifier

Fiber Identifier

  The main application

  Fiber Identifier is an essential tool for maintaining optical fiber for fiber identification loss less work can be carried out to detect any location in single-mode and multimode fiber. During maintenance, installation, wiring and restoration, often without the need to find a service interruption and isolation of a particular optical fiber, the optical signal through one end of the particular modulation signals 1310 or 1550 with the penetration of the fiber with the line identifier it identified the road, you can also indicate the business.

Operation

Use appropriate jig heads, firmly grip the fiber under test (or bare fiber pigtails) into the test area, and then turn to be tested.

Range

Now mainly used in fiber optic judgment, during routine maintenance work, often in need of cable cutover, in order to accurately determine the core optical transceiver with the situation and the relationship will often use Fiber Identifier, can be used to accurately determine the fiber (whether light), and if the optical fiber, the direction will be displayed, and reads out the value of the optical power of the light transceiver, so that we can accurately determine a state of the optical fiber.

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How does a optical attenuator works?

1 Air separation technology

Fiber Optical transmission constrained by the whole law of reflection , not scattering out remained relatively stable strength. Once it is free of the gap between fiber cables , the light will be scattered out , causing attenuation of light. Since the light incident from the normal to the fiber highly scattered in the air , for controlling the attenuation amount to make a certain range , it is necessary to ensure and maintain a separation distance of the ends of the fiber is aligned . This principle can be produced by flange -mounted attenuator and adjustable attenuator. Flange -mounted attenuator attenuator use of isolation , according to the production of a certain thickness graph attenuator , the attenuator implant flange , can play the role of a fixed optical attenuator . Flanged adjustable optical attenuator uses mechanical rotation principle , rotate to adjust the distance between the ends of the connector mechanically ? Allow between optical attenuator 0 ~ 30dB.

2 , Dislocation displacement technology , which is a core for the two micro- fibers translational displacement , to achieve the effect of the power loss .

By using an ordinary pigtail with welding machine for welding work in the case 2 in the core of the pigtail misalignment , eccentricity makes light loss occurs during transmission , the obtained fixed attenuator type fiber connector , also known as fixed -line attenuator .

3, the attenuation of optical fiber technology , according to the metal ion to light absorption , developed doped fiber attenuation of metal ions with ordinary optical fiber attenuation coefficient per kilometer , as this also has a fixed attenuation fiber attenuation coefficient , but this attenuation factor is not calculated according to kilometers , but in accordance millimeters . The attenuation of the optical fiber penetration ceramic ferrule ? Through a special process ? Can be made of yin and yang -style fixed attenuators .

4 , absorbing glass Law

The optically polished glass neutral absorption optical attenuator can also be applied to the production unit . Light absorption properties of the substance use , made ​​of sheet or strip of neutral dark glass , in the optical path , the light intensity can be attenuated . Absorbing glass with transmittance T and the decay rate in decibels distinction. T = transmission intensity of transmitted light / incident light intensity , attenuation ratio η = 1 / T, expressed in decibels of attenuation rate β = 10 x logη = - 10 x logT, expressed in decibels attenuation rate may be more convenient to estimate piece decay rate when combined , will be superimposed decay rate for each piece adding decibels attenuation decay rate is a combination tablet group , in order to decibels . The sheet is made ​​from a fixed attenuation value and the attenuation value of the strip continuously increasing inside different parts of the dark material is different. Single sheet of light -absorbing glass block can produce fixed attenuator , multi-block glass sheet can be absorbed through the debugger attenuator wheel conversion system component files , while absorbing glass strip can be made through the continuous displacement continuously adjustable 

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Why the fiber optic connectors doesn’t work?

The reason may lead to fiber connectors failures:

1. Pollution

2 fiber fragmentation

3 broken fiber cables

4 pre-polished fiber and fiber optic splice cut the gap is too big

5 hypermonotectic fiber cutting angle.

Fault location: Pollution

The reason fiber connectors contamination may occur are:

◆ Use a contaminated cutting tools (tool surface by wiping ethanol)

◆ cut again after the completion of the fiber wipe (Never wipe the fiber after cutting)

◆ Connect the head with dust or fiber placed surface

◆ in a dusty environment

◆ Insert broken fiber, excessive force

Note that once the internal optical fiber contamination is brought into the joint, and in particular the hydrogel contact engagement, it will be difficult to remove again, which means the packets fiber connector

Waste.

Fault location: fiber fragmentation

◆ reasons may cause fragmentation of the fiber are:

◆ insert fiber fragments excessive force generated pollution

◆ Insert broken fiber caused by fragmentation

◆ fragments embedded fiber and the optical gap will cause fiber failure, and the embedded optical fiber is hard to remove the debris out of the case the fiber optic connector will be scrapped.

Fault location: bad cut or broken fibers

Causes of poor or broken fiber cutting are:

◆ blunt or rip cutting blade - can not properly cut fiber

◆ Cutting ruler bent on tools tongue imposed on excessive concentration of fiber bending force

◆ fiber optic radius bend too much or too tight

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How to use a optical Power Meter

Preparation of the end face of the optical power meter including stripping, cleaning and cutting these links.

Fiber optical tools. There are two fiber cleaver, the former operation is simple, reliable, with increasing level of the operator, the cutting efficiency and the quality can be significantly improved, and the bare fiber requires a shorter, but the cutter on the environmental temperature higher. The latter cut high quality, suitable for operation in cold conditions in the wild, but the operation is more complex, working speed constant, requiring a longer bare fiber; see stripping power meter is not all, if there should be heavy residual peel. Very little, if any, is not easy to strip the coating layer, the amount of available cotton balls dipped alcohol to wipe.

  Stripping layer coated optical power meter to master level, stable, fast fiber stripping words law. "Flat", that is to hold the fiber level. Left thumb and index finger pinch PM, make it into a horizontal state, the exposed length of 6cm for it, more than the fiber between the ring finger, little finger naturally bent to increase efforts to prevent slipping. "Stability", ie stripping pliers to hold firm in fiber. "Fast", ie faster fiber stripping, stripping pliers fiber optical power meter should be perpendicular to the direction of the tilt angle, and then use the jaws gently stuck PM, followed by the right hand forced, along the axial optical power meter Ping introduced to all procedures must be compact nature. Clean the bare fiber.

  The operator must go through rigorous training. First To clean the cutter and adjust the position of the knife, put the knife to smooth cutting action should be natural, smooth, not heavy, not anxious to avoid fiber cut, bevel, burrs, cracks and other undesirable end face. Also, learn to "play the piano" rational allocation and use of his right hand fingers to make specific components correspond with the cutter, coordination, increase the efficiency of the slice; put a little torn pieces of cotton, dip a little alcohol (in Pinch two fingers with no overflow is appropriate), folded V "shaped grip has been stripped overlying fiber optic power meter, power meter along the axial wipe strive successful, to be replaced after a piece of cotton to use 2 to 3 times, Every time you want to use different parts and levels of cotton, thereby enhancing the efficiency of cotton, but also to prevent secondary pollution.

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fiber cleaner

Editor

1.Concept

Fiber cleaner is a special non-alcoholic using materials, tools for communication system cleaning SC, FC, ST, LC , such as fiber optic connectors or ports. Without alcohol wipe , you can easily remove the end face of dirt, oil and debris . To facilitate the operation , the basic design into a pen looks like a pen.

.

2 classification

  Based on years of experience , the main products on the market have the following :

Divided by size

1,2.5 mm cleaning pen , cleaning SC / FC / ST adapter head

2,1.25 mm cleaning pen , cleaning LC / MC adapter head

Press the drive mode is divided into:

Manual and electric

3 Features

  Available for male and female connectors and clean flange . As we can know that 

◆ run that throw, more than 800 times the frequency of use

◆ static body designed to ensure that products from secondary dust pollution

◆ clean water and grease effects than traditional cotton swab stick

◆ Easy to clean connectors , flanges and fixed module end face

◆ cleaning head length scalable, male and female cleaner available

◆ cleaning system rotates 180 degrees comprehensive clean

◆ Clean Finish " Kata " sound alerts

◆ easy to use , portable

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Optical Power Meter

Used to measure the absolute or relative optical power loss through a period of fiber optic power. In fiber optic systems , the basic measurement of the optical power is very much like the Meter electronics . In fiber optic measurements , Optical Power Meter is a heavy-duty common table . By measuring the optical network transmitter or absolute power , an Optical Power Meter will be able to evaluate the performance of the light side of the device. Optical Power Meter and Light Source with a combination of steady use , you can measure the connection loss , test continuity and to help evaluate the transmission quality of fiber optic link .

For specific users to selectthe appropriate Optical Power Meter, they should focus on the following points :

1 , choose the best type of probe and interface type

2 , evaluation and manufacturing calibration accuracy calibration procedures , and with your fiber optic connectors to match the required range .

3 , consistent with these models to determine the measurement range and your display resolution .

4, with direct dB insertion loss measurement function .

Optical power unit is dbm, with its luminous power in the specification and the light receiving fiber optic transceiver or switch , usually less than the light emitting 0dbm, the receiving end can be called the minimum received optical power sensitivity , can receive less of the maximum optical power the unit is sensitive to the value db (dbm-dbm = db), known as the dynamic range , the receiving sensitivity of the light emitting power minus the fiber optic attenuation is permissible value of the actual light emitting power of the test minus the actual optical power received value is the fiber optic attenuation (db) the optimum value of the optical power received by the receiver can receive the maximum optical power of - . ( dynamic range / 2 ) , but generally not so good since each optical transceiver and optical the dynamic range of the module is not the same, so how can allow fiber optic specific attenuation depends on the actual situation . generally allowed attenuation of about 15-30db.

Some instructions will only luminous power and transmission distance between the two parameters , sometimes described attenuation per kilometer fiber optic transmission distance calculated how much , mostly 0.5db/km. Divided by the minimum transmission distance of 0.5 , which is able to receive the maximum optical power , if the received optical power is higher than this value, the optical transceiver may be burned. divided by the maximum transmission distance of 0.5 , the sensitivity is , if the received optical power is lower than this value , the link may be nowhere.

fiber optic connection , there are two ways, one is a fixed connection is active connection , the connection is fixed welding , special equipment is used by the discharge , the fiber optic melted together to make two fiber optic connections , the advantage is small attenuation the disadvantage is  for complex inflexible . activities connected through connector , usually connected pigtails on ODF, the advantage of flexibility  for simple good big disadvantage is the attenuation , attenuation generally an active connection is equivalent to a km fiber optic.fiber optic attenuation can be estimated, include: fixed and mobile connections, fiber optic attenuation per km 0.5db, if considerably less active connections , this value can be 0.4db, simplex fiber optic connector does not include activities can reduced to 0.3db, theoretical value of pure fiber optic is 0.2db/km; insurance to 0.5 meter in most cases as well.

fiber optic test TX and RX must be tested separately , in case of the use of only a single fiber fiber so of course only be tested once . realization of the principle of single fiber WDM , according to the production company is talking about , but I think the use of fiber optic coupler higher possibilities.

[fibercasa99-blog]

How to adjust an fiber cleaver

Optical fiber cleaver adjustment method: a knife can cut about 2000-3000 core (and user and fiber related), if the bad cutting, loosen the blade and the blade rotate 15 degrees; when your blade to end a week later (rotating blade can rotate in one direction), please put the blade height adjustment screw clockwise 180 degrees, the height of the blade can be increased by two times. If the bad cutting blade is damaged, please observe, optical fiber pressure pad is not damaged, rest is loose, the solution contact me by phone company customer service service center, telephone [phone]. Please note, in order to guarantee the cutting quality excellent, the upper cover and the knife body strong magnetic force, you need to adapt.

Optical fiber cleaver is introduced How can we guarantee the cutting angle of 0.5--1 degrees: Blade hardness up to HRC70; Blade machining using the German mirror surface grinder, sharp blades; Excellent imported rubber pad hardness and anti fatigue capability; Linear bearings used bearings imported high-precision small clearance; Turret and knife cover annealing process, eliminate stress, no deformation. Do not disassemble or any part of the lubricating cutter ·glass fiber fragmentation extremely sharp and can cut skin, care should be taken when handling. The fiber fragments placed in ·Do not touch the blade with the hand, must wear gloves. ·An introduction Is a device used for cutting the standard optical fiber. ·Suitable for optical fiber filament

Covering the diameter of 0.9mm? 0.25 and? Outer diameter of 125 μ M Cutting length (9~16mm? 0.25mm) 10~16mm (? 0.9mm) Before cutting, bare fiber length (cutting length of at least 18mm) + (FC-6S) Typical cutting angle of 0.5 ° The knife blade life of 36000 fiber The cutting knife weight 300g The cutting knife specifications (W 57) X 60 (D) X 50 (H) mm

[fibercasa99-blog]

The selection of optic power meter

According to the specific applications, when we want to choose a suitable optic power meter, the following things should be concerned:

  1.Choose the most suitable probe type and interface type;

  2.Evaluating calibration accuracy and calibration procedures should be in accordance with acquired range of your optical fiber and splice;

  3.Ensure the model numbers of these optic power meters correspond to your measurement range and display resolution;

  4.The optic power meter should be equipped with db function(straight insertion and loss measurement).

  Among all the properties of an optic power meter, optical probe should be most considered. The optical probe is a solid state photodiode which can receive coupling optics and convert it into electrical signal.The optical probe can be adapted to exclusive connector interface (used only as one connection type) and general-purpose interface adapter UCI (connected with screw). UCI can adapt to most kinds of industry standardized connector. Based on the calibration factor of the selected wavelength, optic power meter circuit converts the outcoming signals from probe, and then displays the optical power reading as dBm way (absolute dB equals 1 mW, 0dBm=1mW) on the screen. Chart 1 is a block chart of optic power meter.

  The most potent standard of optic power meter’s selection is to make optical probe types match the expected operating wavelength range. This chart tabulated some basic choices. It is worth mentioning that InGaAs performs quite well in three transmitting windows during testing. Compared to Germanium, InGaAs has a more stable frequency spectrum in all these three windows; InGaAs enjoys a higher measurement accuracy in 1550nm window; And also, in terms of temperature stability and low noise, InGaAs is much superior to Germanium.

  Optical power measurement is an essential part during manufacturing, mounting, operating and maintaining of any fiber optic transmission system.

  The next factor is closely linked with calibration accuracy. The question is: when you calibrate an optic power meter, is it matched with your applications? Or as: the performance standard of optical fiber and connector should be in accordance with your system requirements. We should analyse what caused the uncertain measured value while using different Connecting Adapters. The frequency spectrum of similar optical sources, optical probe types and connectors from different manufacturers is uncertain, despite that NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) has established American standard, it’s still quite important to take other latent errors into consideration.

  The third step is to ensure those optic power meter model numbers correspond to your requirements of measurement range. We use dBm as unit. The measurement range is an all-sided parameter. We will make sure whether application requirements are to be met by the minimum/maximum magnitude of incoming signal (to make optic power meter adapt to all accuracies), linearity (BELLCORE made it to be +0.8dB) and resolution ratio(generally to be 0.1 dB or 0.01 dB).

  The most important thing in optic power meter selection is that optical probes match the expected working range.

  The fourth thing is that most optic power meters have equipped with dB function (relative power), as directly reading optical loss is quite practical in measurements. Optic power meter in at low prices don’t support this. Without dB function, technologists have to record reference values and measured values respectively, and calculate their difference values. Because of the relative loss measurement function, users can raise productivities and reduce manually calculating errors.

  Today, the choices of basic characteristics and functions of optic power meters become decreased for users. But special requests including recording data collecting history and peripheral interface are made by some users.

  stabilized light source 

  During the process of loss measurement, stabilized light source(SLS) emit the light whose power and wavelength are already known into light system. Those optic power meters /optical probes which can calibrate specific wavelength light source(SLS) receive the light from optical network and convert it into electrical signal. To ensure the accuracy of loss measurement, the transmission equipments used in light source simulation should :

  1.have same wavelength, and use the same light source(LED, laser);

  2.keep the stability of output power and frequency spectrum(the stability of time and temperature) during measuring.

  3.provide the same connecting interfaces and use the same optical fiber;

  4.ensure the output power meets system loss at anytime.

  The best choice of light source should simulate characteristics and measurement requirements of systematic optical transmitter and receiver when the transmission system need a solitary and stabilized light source. In terms of light source selection, things should be concerned are:

  Laser Diode(LD)

  The light from Laser Diode has a narrow wavelength bandwidth. And it’s monochromatic light, that is to say its single wave is long. Compared with LED, laser which passes through its spectral band is discontinuous, and it emits several wave lengths whose peak values are low in the two sides of the central wavelength. Compared with LED light sources, laser light sources are much more expensive than it despite that laser light sources are proved to be more powerful. Generally Laser Diodes are used in long distance single-mode systems whose losses are more than 10dB. We should try to not use laser light sources in multimode fiber measurements.

  Light Emitting Diode(LED)

  LED has a wider spectrum than LD, generally it’s from 50 to 200nm. And its output power is more stable because LED is a kind of non-interference light. LED light sources are much cheaper than LD light source, but it’s underpower when the loss measurement at worst condition. LED light sources are typically used in Local Area Network(LAN) of short distance networks and multimode fibers. When LED has enough output power, it can be used in laser light source single mode system to conduct an accurate loss measurement.

[fibercasa99-blog]

Optical Power Meter definition

Optical power meter is a essential test equipment used for absolute optical power measurement as well as optic fiber loss related measurement. In the fiber optic system, fiber power measurement is the most basic problem. Like the multimeter for electronics. Fiber optic power meter is a necessary tool for network testing which should be de allocated to every engineers.  By measuring the absolute optical power launched by the transmitter, A optical power meter can analysis the quality of a optical equipment. The use of optical power meter and stable light source, is capable ofmeasuring the connection loss, check continuity, and help evaluatethe transmission quality of optical fiber link.

Stable optical Light Source: Transmit light with known power and wavelength. To combine the light source with power meter, you can measuring the fiber loss in the fiber system. For existing systems, the transmitter is regarded as stable light source. If the transmitter is broken, you will need a stable light source. The wavelength of the light source is better the same as the one transmitter provided. After finish the installation of the system, often need to measure the end-to-end loss, in order to determine the connection loss if meet the design requirements, such as: measurement of connector, connecting point loss and fiber body loss.

Measurement the power is important or any optical fiber transmission system during manufacturing, installation, operation and maintenance. In the field of fiber, without optical power meter, any project, laboratory research, production workshop or telephone   facilities maintenance all can’t be proceeded. For example: optical power meter can be used to measure the output power of laser source and LED light source; used to confirm the estimated loss of optical fiber link; one of the most important, it is the testing of optical components (optical fiber connectors, optical attenuator, connector, etc.) the key instrument performance.

[fibercasa99-blog]

Steps for Fiber Optic Cable Termination

Fiber optic cabling is a important aspect of local area networking（LAN）communications infrastructures. Fiber optic cables are being used in an increasing number of applications, especially in networking and cable/ Internet. In fiber networking installations, workmanship is critical to reach acceptable results because even a small imperfection or microscopic dirt on the face of the fiber can result in significant problems with optical propagation, which can cause the link to fail. This article offers a hands-on tutorial for fast, safely, and correctly creating fiber optic connections that meet good standards of quality workmanship and ensure optimal coupling efficiency. The following steps for fiber optic cable termination with epoxy will help installer avoid problems by providing a solid base of information that will have great reference value for both new and experienced field technicians terminating fiber optic cables often.

Step1. Creating and maintaining a safe work environment.

You should not only protect yourself during the installation process, you also need to leave the installation area in a safe condition for other people beside you. Fundamental safety tools include a dark work surface, such as a black work-mat, and a proper trash receptacle for fiber scraps that is clearly marked as to its contents. Using a piece of black tape to stick your scraps on isn’t an acceptable work practice other than just incorrectly flick off the cleaved fiber scraps with fingers which could be harmful to the occupants nearby. Then, use a microscope to check a fiber to make sure the other end isn’t connected to a power source since the invisible laser light is harmful to the eyes while you may not eve realize you’re looking into it until it’s tool late..

Step2. Strip the cable with a fiber cable stripper.

Once you have your bulk fiber cable, strip the cable down to the bare fiber using an appropriate fiber stripper such as the Fiber Cable Stripper. After you have prepared the end of the cable you may begin to mix the epoxy resin and hardener together and load it into a syringe, unless of course you are using pre-loaded epoxy syringes, which are premixed and kept frozen until use. Now, from the syringe you must inject the epoxy directly into the connector ferrule.

Step 3. Inject epoxy into the connector ferrule and insert the fiber optic into the connector wall.

Injet epoxy into the fiber optic connector ferrule and then insert the fiber optic cable so that the cable is seated inside of the connector wall and the bare fiber core sticks out about a half an inch from the front of the ferrule.

Step 4: Crimp the cable with the cable crimper.

If your cable is jacketed, you will need to use a crimping tool to secure the connector to the jacket and strength member of the cable. Two crimps would be needed at this point. 

Step 5:  Place the cable in the curing holder, suite the connector end facing down.

After that, the next step is to place the connected end into a curing holder to ensure that the end of the fiber is not damaged while curing. Now place the cable and curing holder into a curing oven. To avoid “wicking” while curing with a conventional oven, situate the connector so that the end is facing down. This positioning will ensure that the epoxy does not come out of the back side of the connector and compromise the strength member of the cable. Then you need to refer to the documentation of your specific epoxy for accurate curing times and temperatures.

Step 6: Cleave the fiber with the fiber optic cleaver. Get as close to the ferrule tip as you can.

After you have sufficiently cured the epoxy, you are now ready to move on to the next step, cleaving the excess protruding fiber core. Tool you need is a Fiber Optic Cleaver. Get as close to the ferrule tip as possible while avoiding any sort of twisting motion.

Step 7. Dispose of all fiber pieces after using the fiber cleaver.

Once cleaved, it is important that you properly dispose of the fiber clipping. A regular piece of tape will do just fine at retaining your fiber debris. If you do not properly dispose of all fiber pieces they could easily end up in your skin or even in somebody’s eye or respiratory system. A short strand of fiber can cause more damage than you would at first imagine.

Step 8. Polish the end of the fiber optic cable.

After the excess fiber cleaved and properly disposed of, you can begin the task of polishing the fiber tip to a smooth finish. Using fiber optic polishing tool you can effectively remove any excess epoxy from the ferrule end and buff out any imperfections on the face of the fiber. You can polish the cable tip with the 5-15 micron film, 5 micron aluminum oxide film, 3-6 micron diamond film, 1 micron diamond film, and HX film in order. A smooth fiber surface makes great sense to any light passing through.

Step 9. Clean the ferule and fiber tip.

If you have finished with your polished finish, you can move on to the cleaning of the ferrule and fiber tip. Using a lint-free wipe dipped in 99% reagent-grade alcohol, gently wipe the surface area of the ferrule and fiber tip and immediately wipe them dry with another dry lint-free wipe. You may optionally use a can of compressed air to finish the process. 

Step 10. Test the terminated cable with fiber optic test equipment.

Now the connected cable is complete. The last step is to ensure good standard. First you need to inspect the fiber tip with a 100x to 200x microscope. And then test your cable with a fiber optic test equipment for insertion loss and return loss where needed.

[fibercasa99-blog]

Fiber Cleaver

Fiber optic cleaving is the process to scribe and break an optical fiber endface. Fiber optic technicians need some training in order to gain the skills necessary for best possible results.

The goal of fiber cleaving is to produce a mirror like fiber endface for fiber splicing - either fusion splicing or mechanical fiber splicing. Incorrect or pool cleaving techniques will result in lips and hackles which makes good fiber splicing impossible. A bad cleaving usually has to be redone.

The tools needed for fiber cleaving are called fiber optic cleaver or fiber cleave tools. There are two types available on the market: high precision fiber cleaver and field fiber cleaver.

The design of fiber optic cleavers varies among manufacturers such as AFL, Corning, Fujikura or York. But the working principle is the same. Here I describe a typical work flow of optical fiber cleavers.

Step One: Strip the fiber to its cladding size, the standard optical fiber cladding size is 125um. The strip length depends on your application.

Step Two: Clean the fiber with lint-free wipes moistened with isopropyl alcohol.

Step Three: Place the stripped and cleaned bare fiber into the fiber cleaver

Step Four: Scribe the bare fiber with either a cutting wheel or a blade

Step Five: Break the fiber with the built-in mechanism on the cleaver

Step Six: Remove the fiber scrap and put it into a fiber disposal unit

This semi-automated process produces high quality cleaving in minimum steps. It has been used widely in the fiber optic communication industry.

FiberCasa provides a complete line of cables, connectors, termination tools, and test equipments for installing and testing fiber optic network. It's important to make sure you have the proper set of fiber optic tools to working with your fiber optics. At FiberCasa, they carry a wide selection of fiber tools, just about every tool needed to successfully install, terminate and test the fiber you've installed. Some of the essential fiber tools to have would be a fiber tester, fiber stripper, telephone line tester, fiber optic cleaver, tool kits and other tools.

[fibercasa99-blog]

Cost-effective Optical Power Meter

FiberCasa.com  has announced the availability of its portable optical power meter for fiber network testing. This cost-effective meter is intended for installation, calibration and maintenance of telecommunications and CATV networks. The optical power meter features a small size and light weight and conducts multi-mode measurements, which makes it well-suited for field use.

It's a good testing equipment when you lack of an OTDR.

The highly accurate power meter, model 3020, tests optical power within the wavelength range of 1310nm to 1550nm. The optical power meter also features a large graphic LCD providing clock display, low battery indication, mode indication, name of selected item, function prompt area and current selection function indication. Also, it has a self-initiated on-line help function and gives hints or warnings automatically when an operation fails. Upon power up, this handheld power meter offers a quick response time without warm-up and is capable of self-test and self-check for hardware and parameters. Measurement results can be automatically transformed into report forms, and printed via an RS232 interface or transmitted to a PC.

[fibercasa99-blog]

My first experience on purchasing Visual Fault Locator.

The first time my boss asked me to purchase a collection of  Visual Fault Locator, I was confused. Without formal suppliers and knowledge of fiber tool, How could I choose the right  products? Fortunately, My boss provided the budget and tell me how to find.

Suer, As everyone would done, I search "Visual Fault Locator, US" on Google and try to find where there are excellent goods, local suppliers is the first consideration.

Then it do has some outcome.

When I click to find the price. I started to thought that My boss must kidding me. With $50, it was impossible to buy a high-quality VFL for the cheapest one I found was $69.00

But that was my first assignment, I didn't want to fail.

So I changed different search item like "VFL suppliers" "high-quality visual fault locator", " cheap visual fault locator" and so on.

Finally, you know what?

I found it!

It a e-commence website which sell many fiber optic products. I found there are light source, otdr, ODN products and more. And the price of visual fault locator is only $36.00!

But It lack of customers' reviews which I think it's not good enough. Even they are not all true, but still I can get more true info from customers. So I instantly quit, go on searching.

There do some other suppliers, but no one cheaper than the early one.

The limited time is still 1 month, so I think should I ask for a sample? Sure.

I bough one and ask our engineer to have a test. It didn't let me down.

So I add this company in my fiber optic supplier list and will keep purchasing on there website.

[fibercasa99-blog]

One-Click Fiber Optic Connector Cleaner

While I have a very decent understanding of the fiber cleaning and termination processes, they're by no means tasks that I carry out on a daily basis, so why do I tend to stop and say "ooooh!" every time an innovative new fiber cleaner happens to come my way? It's probably a mystery better left unsolved, but it comes in handy nonetheless - if I weren't a big enough cable nerd to find these things cool, I'd never be able to yack on about them to you. So, without any further ado, let's get down to today's latest and greatest.

The One-Click Cleaner  sold by Fibercasa captured my fancy just , mostly because its convenience and portability factors are through the roof - it's basically a pen-shaped cleaning tool for fiber optic connectors and adapters, and to be quite honest, it reminds me of those One-Touch blood glucose meters that one always sees TV commercials for. Now, the One-Click won't do anything to help monitor your blood sugar levels, but it does have a design that's compact, all-inclusive, and intended for multiple uses (500, to be exact!) - just like the portable blood sugar testers. But the nice thing about the One-Click is that it doesn't involve sticking your fingers (phew).

So, as for how it works - it's very easy really. One of the chief charms of the One-Touch connector cleaner is that it has no need at all for things like isopropyl alcohol or cleaning solutions - instead, it relies on a self-forwarding cleaning tape to take care of the so-called dirty work. And you'll really like this - the cleaning and tape-advancing take place all in one step - you just insert the One-Click's tip into a fiber optic connector, and push until you here a . That's it. In the time it takes to hear that sound, the cleaning tool automatically forwards to a fresh section of tape, makes solid contact with the connector's backplane, and rotates to pick up dust, oils, lint, and other debris. You don't even have to bother twisting your wrist.