On a recent shift, I had the cutest, chubbiest little 8 month old bean get transferred to our tertiary children’s hospital from the community. She had a full head of hair and was absolutely the squishiest of little beans.
The reason she was transferred in was concern for a possible stroke, as she just suddenly stopped using her right arm since bath time the previous night. There was no known trauma, no fall, no swelling or bruising or deformity to the arm… the referring hospital had done radiographs of the limb that were normal and even did a cranial ultrasound to rule out a big bleed, but there was nothing to be found. They astutely attempted to reduce a pulled elbow given the normal radiographs, but to no avail. Hence, they sent them to us with our neurology team on deck to assess for a stroke.
My fellow went in to do an initial assessment and came to grab me because she was concerned that this kid was indeed not moving her right arm. Given the need for expedient intervention in case of a stroke, I booked it into the room.
As part of my exam, I noticed the kiddo was moving her right wrist and fingers just fine, but seemed hesitant to move at her elbow. I could coax her into moving her shoulder on that side. She had no other neurologic deficits, and responded appropriately to touch to her whole right upper extremity… wasn’t clinically in keeping with a stroke. I tried palpating the elbow itself, and other than lots of anxiety she didn’t seem to be actually tender anywhere…
Now, my fellow had also tried to see if this was a pulled elbow and used both the hyperpronation and the supination + flexion techniques for reduction with no success. I thought, “well, it wouldn’t hurt” and repeated these techniques. Lo and behold, I got a nice solid little “click” at the radial head and little bean was mad. SO MAD, in fact, that she started flailing her RIGHT ARM and trying to bat me away.
Everybody in the room was flabbergasted. Her parents looked at me like I was a wizard.
“She’s moving it! It’s normal again!”
I gave them a little thumbs-up sign and told them, “We will check back in a few minutes after she’s calmed down just to make sure her whole arm is moving well, and if it is, you’re good to go home.”
One of the triage nurses later messaged me through our secure EMR chat saying, “Did you just cure the stroke?”
My fellow was a bit flustered as we came out of the room. Understandably, she felt like she had done the reduction techniques without success, and that they had been done multiple times previously, therefore the suspicion of stroke was so much higher on the differential.
It was actually a great opportunity to teach a few things:
Bias: there were a few at play here, in that we almost assumed this was a stroke because the reason for referral was stroke, and therefore we may or may not have prematurely closed our Dx on this. However, the clinical picture still didn’t fit, so I felt like it was worthwhile to check for the pulled elbow myself.
Reducing pulled elbows: I gave my fellow a few tips and tricks, because clearly she had used the right techniques but may not have optimized them, especially for a loosey-goosey little infant that is much more flexible than even our toddlers that often get this annular ligament subluxation. A few things that can increase your success: first, apply the supinating or pronating force to the distal radius, NOT the hand, as the wrist can actually absorb quite a bit of the rotational force and therefore diminish your effectiveness; next, you may be surprised how much rotational force you can actually apply to a little bean’s arm because they are so loosey-goosey, and it will not hurt them (often doctors that work mostly with adults are afraid to do this!); finally, stabilizing the humerus is important to again not lose your rotational force! We often remember to palpate at the radial head to feel for the click, but usually forget to stabilize the humerus. If you hold the affected elbow with your contralateral side (e.g. hold the right elbow in your left hand) from underneath like you are cupping the olecranon, you can wrap your thumb around the lateral condyle and still keep your second or third fingertip on the radial head to palpate AND stabilize the humerus at the same time.
On reassessment, little bean was super smiley and happy and moving both arms to wave around her bottle and her toys and her book. Parents were very relieved. Neurology at our hospital was a bit confused but nonetheless grateful to not have to rush an otherwise healthy kiddo into the MRI. My fellow felt more confident about approaching their next pulled elbow. Little bean didn’t really express anything other than drooly, goobery giggles but I was pretty happy with that outcome ;)
SIDE NOTE: great way to check cranial nerves 7 in babies = squish their little cheeks and look for symmetric facial expression after, and for cranial nerve 5, see if they try to nom on your fingers.