Section 175 BNSS Explained: Magistrate Powers & Investigation Procedure
The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023, which Indian authorities introduced as a new law, creates fundamental changes to Indian criminal justice systems. Section 175 BNSS, which establishes police investigation procedures, serves as the most important rule for governing investigation processes. The provision establishes a deliberate attempt to create equilibrium between investigative powers and constitutional protection measures.
The article explains Section 175 BNSS through its examination of magistrate powers and procedural protections and the way BNSS system changes Indian criminal investigation methods.
Understanding Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Section 175
Section 175 BNSS empowers the Magistrate to issue directions during the investigation phase when justice demands judicial intervention. It is designed to ensure that investigations are lawful, fair, and not arbitrary.
Under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Section 175, the Magistrate acts as a neutral judicial authority overseeing police action, particularly in cases of inaction, delay, or abuse of power.
Key Objectives of Section 175 BNSS
Strengthening judicial supervision at the investigation stage
Preventing misuse of police discretion
Protecting fundamental rights of complainants and accused persons
Ensuring transparency and accountability
This provision reinforces the principle that criminal investigation cannot function in isolation from judicial oversight.
Section 175 BNSS: Powers of Magistrate in Investigation
The most significant aspect of Section 175 BNSS lies in the wide-ranging authority it confers upon the Magistrate.
Powers of Magistrate under BNSS include:
Directing police to register or properly investigate a complaint
Calling for status reports during investigation
Ensuring compliance with procedural safeguards
Preventing arbitrary closure of investigations
These powers reflect the expanded Magistrate authority in criminal investigation, ensuring that police discretion remains subject to judicial scrutiny.
Magistrate Role in Investigation BNSS
The Magistrate role in investigation BNSS is supervisory rather than executive. The Magistrate does not conduct the investigation but ensures that it is carried out lawfully.
Judicial functions under Section 175 BNSS:
Reviewing complaints alleging police inaction
Examining whether investigation follows due process
Issuing corrective directions without interfering in evidence collection
This careful balance maintains separation of powers while preserving judicial oversight.
BNSS Investigation Procedure Explained
The BNSS investigation procedure under Section 175 follows a structured process designed to avoid arbitrary exercise of power.
Step-by-step BNSS 2023 investigation process:
Filing of complaint or information regarding a cognizable offence
Police initiation of investigation
Magistrate intervention if investigation is improper, delayed, or ignored
Issuance of directions under Section 175 BNSS
Continued judicial monitoring where necessary
This framework strengthens procedural discipline under Criminal procedure under BNSS.
Magistrate Supervision of Police Investigation
One of the core features of Section 175 BNSS is Magistrate supervision of police investigation. This ensures that investigative agencies remain accountable.
Scope of supervision:
Ensuring timely investigation
Preventing biased or selective inquiry
Protecting victims’ access to justice
Guarding against harassment of accused persons
Such supervision promotes fairness without compromising investigative independence.
Judicial Oversight in Investigation BNSS
The concept of Judicial oversight in investigation BNSS reflects constitutional values embedded in Articles 14 and 21.
Judicial oversight under Section 175 BNSS ensures:
Equality before law
Protection against arbitrary state action
Procedural fairness
Respect for personal liberty
By embedding oversight within the investigation stage, BNSS reinforces public confidence in the criminal justice system.
BNSS Replaces CrPC Investigation Powers: What Has Changed?
The BNSS replaces CrPC investigation powers with a modernized framework focused on accountability and transparency.
Key differences:
Stronger judicial monitoring mechanisms
Clearer procedural timelines
Emphasis on rights of complainants and accused
Reduced scope for investigative arbitrariness
While the foundational principles remain similar, Section 175 BNSS strengthens the Magistrate’s corrective role.
Important Case Law: Sakiri Vasu v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2008)
Although decided under the CrPC, the principles laid down in Sakiri Vasu v. State of U.P. (2008) remain highly relevant under Section 175 BNSS.
Case Background:
The petitioner approached the court alleging police refusal to register an FIR and conduct a proper investigation. The Supreme Court examined the scope of magistrate powers over investigation.
Key Judicial Observations:
Magistrates have wide powers to ensure proper investigation
Courts should not be burdened when statutory remedies before Magistrates exist
Judicial supervision at the investigation stage is essential to prevent abuse
Relevance to Section 175 BNSS:
The reasoning in Sakiri Vasu directly supports the expanded Powers of Magistrate under BNSS. Section 175 codifies this supervisory authority more clearly, reinforcing the Magistrate’s role as a guardian of procedural fairness.
Practical Impact of Section 175 BNSS
The implementation of Section 175 BNSS has practical implications for all stakeholders in criminal proceedings.
For complainants:
Legal recourse against police inaction
Assurance of impartial investigation
For accused persons:
Protection from unlawful or malicious investigations
Judicial check against harassment
For the justice system:
Increased accountability
Improved procedural discipline
Strengthened public trust
Conclusion
The complete criminal justice system receives its most balanced achievement through Section 175 BNSS. Judicial supervision of investigations receives better protection through this system which maintains police operational independence.Â
The improved investigative powers of the Magistrate role in investigation BNSS system receive backing from judicial decisions which demonstrate the system's dedication to constitutional principles and due process rights.
Section 175 BNSS will shape ethical and accountable rights-based criminal investigations in India as the country moves away from the CrPC system.