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How Does an Ignition Coil Work

 Power In

        Your vehicle's ignition coil uses 12-volt power coming in from a wire that gets electricity from the battery and alternator. The coil is also grounded using a similar wire, going either to the block or the firewall or chassis. It is essential that both wires be hooked up correctly and in good shape for the coil to work properly.

    The Coil

        Inside an ignition coil, there are hundreds of rows of tiny copper wire, all coiled up and wrapped in a circle. Once the 12 volts travels through this series of wire, the output is many times greater than the input--10,000 to 20,000 volts. Performance applications (racing ignitions, for example) might reach 40,000 or even 50,000 volts. The increase in voltage is the reason the ignition coil gets hot after a very short time.

    Output

        The new voltage travels to the center of the distributor cap through a spark plug wire connected to the coil. From there, the rotor inside the distributor spins around, and the constant voltage from the coil is distributed to the spark plug that needs to fire. This cycle continues until something fails, such as the connections in the distributor cap or wire going bad, or the coil itself expiring.

    Safety

        One of the oldest ways to test the coil is to take the wire off the distributor side and hold it near a suitable ground, such as the block or a valve cover. The key is then turned to the "on" position, and if there is a spark out of the wire, then the coil is good. While this method will indeed work, use extreme caution because of the high voltage involved. Always wear safety goggles and insulated gloves, and use pliers with rubber-coated handles to hold the wire. Be sure not to hold it there too long, because you are essentially sending a power to the ground and the coil could short out.

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How to Plot Solar Cell I-V Characteristics With Load Line

A photovoltaic solar cell converts light to electricity. That is, photons -- the tiniest quantity of light -- transfer their energy to electrons, freeing them to move away from their home atoms. The current and voltage a solar cell can supply is not constant even when the illumination is constant. The current and voltage depend upon the resistance of the electrical load connected to the solar cell. Load lines are tools for evaluating solar cell performance for a given electrical load.

Instructions

1.Measure the current and voltage of the solar load cell for different resistances. You can do this by illuminating the solar cell with a constant intensity and changing the value of resistance. Change the resistor from zero -- an open circuit -- all the way to infinity -- a closed circuit. Measure the current and voltage at every point.

2.Plot the current vs. voltage on a graph. "I" is the symbol for current and "V" is the symbol for voltage, so you have now measured the I-V curve at the light intensity you supplied.

3.Plot the I-V curve for other values of light intensity. You can repeat the measurement of Step 1, or simply multiply the current of the first measurement by the ratio of your new light intensity to the light intensity during the measurement. That is, if you measured the I-V values for an illumination of 500 watts per square meter, the current for 1000 watts per square meter will be twice your original measurement for each voltage.

4.Select a load value of interest. For example, you could have a circuit with an effective load of 25 ohms.

5.Plot the current vs. voltage line for the load you selected in the previous step. The values are given by the equation: I = V/R. That is a load line.

6.Observe where the load line crosses the I-V curves plotted in Step 3. The intersections of the I-V curves with the load line show the current and voltage that will be supplied to the circuit as the intensity of light changes.

Tips & Warnings

If you already have an I-V curve supplied with the solar cell, you can skip directly to Step 4.

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How to Get Pictures Off a Cell Phone

There are several ways to retrieve photos from your phone. Some phones can send photos directly, while others require a midpoint such as a website to send photos to emails or photo labs.

Instructions

    Uploading to Provider Sites

        1.Go to the pictures menu, and select the picture.

        2.Go to the options menu, and select to upload the photo your provider's site.

        3.Visit your provider's website via a computer with an Internet connection, and check to ensure your pictures are there.

        4.Enter your email address, and choose the option that allows them to be sent via email. You can also choose to have the pictures sent to a photo lab, where they can be printed.

    Using a Memory Card

        1.Remove the memory card from your phone

        2.Insert the memory card into a personal computer or a computer at a photo lab.

        3.Choose the photos you want to pull off of the card, and load them into the computer.

    Using Bluetooth

        1.Stop by a photo lab that has machines that support Bluetooth. Push the button on the screen that tells the computer you want to download photos.

        2.Make sure your phone is within the range that the computer tells you it needs to pick up the signal.

        3.Wait for the machine to bring your photos up onto the screen. Then choose the ones you want to load onto the computer or print.

        4.Delete the photos from the camera after uploading.

Tips & Warnings

1.To ensure you don't lose photos, it is very important that you wait until you have confirmed your photos have loaded or have the prints in your hand before deleting them from your camera.

2.Many load cell phones photos are too low resolution to print a 4-by-6 inch or greater. Wallet size is a better size.

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Load Cell Signal Conditioner Troubleshooting

Every complex electrical appliance is prone to the odd failure; it comes with the territory. However, that does not make it any less inconvenient when you are left without a key part of your electronics system. A load cell signal conditioner allows you to convert process signals and temperatures into current loops or voltage signals, allowing for further transmissions. A simple troubleshooting process should help get this unit back to working order if you have the correct knowledge to carry out the steps and know how the unit is supposed to operate.

Instructions

1.Ensure regular airflow and solve any overheating problems by ensuring there is a free space of 2 millimeters available on both sides of the instrument.

2.Keep the unit away from appliances which could affect its performance. These include anything that generates electric noise or magnetic fields, like power relays and speed regulators.

3.Visually inspect the wiring on the unit. Look for frayed wiring or any loose connections; such issues are often responsible for intermittent failures of the load cell conditioner. Have any faulty wiring replaced.

4.Ensure the load cell conditioner is being used in conjunction with an internal application, with good ventilation. This will avoid problems which can occur due to overheating. It should be noted that anything over 158 degrees Fahrenheit could cause serious damage to the unit.

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Types of Motor Protection

Motors power a variety of machines from cars to automated manufacturing equipment. When the motors break down, the results can not only be costly but can actually be dangerous to human life. As a result, there are many ways in which motors are protected from damage, both from normal wear and tear and from unexpected circumstances.

Power Surge Protection

    Motors can sometimes have power surges. These surges can cause electricity to pass through the motor very quickly, which can burn, damage and sometimes ruin different parts of the motor, most often after the motor windings are destroyed. The motor becomes overloaded because the friction conditions in the machine change, because the pumps sometimes have to work with different pressure heads, because some tools in the motor engage more powerfully and the transport carriages have greater loads, because breaking operations take too long and because rotors become blocked. The sf6 circuit breaker surge protector uses a disconnecting device or an emergency-stop switch to bring the power surge to a halt.

Thermal Overload Relays

    With three-phase motors, thermal overload relays are installed with microprocessor-based motor protector relays that provide protection from both short-circuits and overloads. Resistance temperature devices display the temperature of the motor and provide a warning when the motor appears to be overheating.

Eutectic Alloy Switch

    Eutectic alloys are used to detect overheating and shutting down operations before damage can occur. The eutectic alloy melts very easily, turning from solid to liquid without going through a putty stage. When the eutectic alloy melts, the ratchet wheel rotates freely; when the motor cools, the alloy hardens and operations can resume. Really bad faults damage thie heater element, thus requiring that the heater element be replaced, but most often the switch will operate before temperatures get too high.

Sensors

    A motor can contain a very large number of parts, many of which can break or wear down to the point where they are no longer useful. In these cases, motors can come with specialized sensors that notify when a particular part is broken. This allows preventative maintenance to be performed very quickly before the motor can malfunction and cause a loss of property and productivity or cause an injury.

Lubrication

    Motors usually have some kind of lubrication in the form of an oil so that metal parts are not rubbing against each other. When metal parts rub against each other, this will cause friction, which can damage the metal parts and cause them to wear down more quickly. Lubrication provides a more giving barrier to the metal parts. Some motors have parts that are powered by hydraulics, which are reliably compressible liquids that can carry mechanical energy, which minimizes friction even further.

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How to Troubleshoot a Genie Garage Door Motor Protector

The motor on your Genie garage door is covered with a protective housing. This is to ensure that the internal components, such as the gears and shafts, don't become damaged. However, this housing needs to fit flush around the remote sensor on the garage door motor. If you think your housing may be improperly attached, you can inspect the unit yourself.

Instructions

1.Shut off the power to your garage door's automatic opener hardware via the main "Power" button on the ceiling-mounted head unit or via the sf6 circuit breaker panel in your home. In some instances, the head unit's power cord is situated where you can reach it, and you can pull the plug from the wall outlet to turn off the opener.

2.Place a ladder underneath the garage door head unit.

3.Check the mounting screws or hex bolt that secure the protective housing over the motor. Make sure they are securely in place. Check the housing to make sure it fits evenly over the motor. If it isn't, proceed to the next step.

4.Remove the screws or bolts with your screwdriver or wrench.

5.Remove the housing to expose the motor protector. Fit the housing back over the motor, making sure that the housing fits flush over the motor and the sensor on the front of the motor is exposed.

6.Replace the screws or bolts in the housing.

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How to Convert Weight Measurements

There are a variety of systems for measuring weight - metric weight, Avoirdupois weight, troy weight, apothecaries' weight. Only the first two are described below, as they are the most commonly used. Refer to the related sites for other systems.

Instructions

    Convert Measurements Within the U.S. (Avoirdupois) System

        1. About 27 grains equal 1 dram.

        2. Sixteen drams equal 1 ounce.

        3. Sixteen ounces equal 1 pound.

        4. One hundred pounds equal 1 short hundredweight.

        5. Twenty short hundredweight (or 2,000 pounds) equal 1 short ton.

    Convert Measurements Within the Metric System

        1. Ten milligrams equal 1 centigram.

        2. Ten centigrams equal 1 decigram.

        3. Ten decigrams (or 1,000 milligrams) equal 1 gram.

        4. Ten grams equal 1 decagram.

        5. Ten decagrams equal 1 hectogram.

        6. Ten hectograms (or 1,000 grams) equal 1 kilogram.

    Convert Measurements Between U.S. and Metric Systems

        1. One ounce equals about 28 grams (28.350 g). 1 gram equals 0.035 ounce.

        2. One pound equals 0.45 kilograms. 1 kilogram equals 2.2 pounds.

        3. One short ton equals 907 kilograms.

Tips & Warnings

1.The metric weighing system is very easy to learn. It takes a basic unit of measurement (meters for distance, liters for volume, grams for weight) and then adds prefixes to indicate smaller or larger quantities.

2."Milli-" is one-thousandth, "centi-" is one-hundredth and "deci-" is one-tenth of the basic unit of measure (grams, in this case).

3."Deca-" is 10 times, "hecto-" is 100 times and "kilo-" is 1,000 times the basic unit of measure, or gram. 1,000 grams make 1 kilogram.

4.Use approximations for easier conversions between grams and ounces, and kilograms and pounds.

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How to Weigh Down Portable Basketball Systems

Basketball goals dot many neighborhood driveways. Years ago goals and backboards were attached to trees in the yard, utility poles, or hung off the roof. Today portable basketball systems provide flexibility for homeowners on placement location and have adjustments on the height of the goal. Since the goals are portable, they need to be weighed down to keep the structure from falling in strong winds or from the weighing system of someone hanging on the net or rim. Properly weighing the base down ensures a safe and stable basketball experience.

Instructions

1.Check in the owner's manual for your basketball goal on the size of your base. Most portable basketball goal systems have a 35-gallon base.

2.Purchase 10 bags of 50-pound sand bags from a home-supply store if your base is 35 gallons. Adjust the amount of sand you purchase if the base holds more or less than 35 gallons. Many fill their bases with water. However, water can freeze in the winter and crack the base. Water also weighs 8 pounds per gallon, so a 35-gallon base filled with water would weigh 280 pounds. The same container can hold 500 pounds of sand, making it more stable and safe.

3.Pry off the hole cover to the base with a large flat head screwdriver. The hole cover should be located at the middle-back portion on top of the base with the goal standing.

4.Insert a large plastic funnel into the hole of the base. Cut one corner of one of the sand bags about an inch wide with scissors and slowly pour the sand into the funnel.

5.Lift the base up after pouring all the sand from the first bag into it by grabbing the pole of the goal and pulling it down. This moves the sand to the front of the base, allowing room for more sand. Repeat this after pouring each bag into the base. You might need help from another person to pull the goal down. Continue pouring sand into the base until it is full.

6.Replace the base cap over the hole, and push the cap down until it fits snugly.

Tips & Warnings

1.For added safety, and if you live in a windy climate, purchase one to two 60-pound sandbags and lay them over the sand-filled base.

2.Do not use water mixed with antifreeze in your portable basketball base if you own pets. The smell of antifreeze attracts dogs and cats, and cause death if ingested.

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How to Convert Weight Into the Metric System

The metric system offers a more straightforward system of measuring weight than the inch-pound weighing system commonly used in the United States. One metric ton, for example, is equal to 1,000 kilograms or 1,000,000 grams. One ton, on the other hand, is equal to 2,000 pounds or 32,000 ounces. Learning the metric system will help if you are planning to travel abroad as most countries outside the United States use this system.

Instructions

1.Multiply short tons, which are units of 2,000 pounds, by 0.9072 to obtain weight in metric tons. For example, something weighing 17 short tons would weigh approximately 15.4224 metric tons.

2.Multiply pounds by 0.4546 to obtain weight in kilograms. For example, something weighing 17 pounds would weigh approximately 7.711 kilograms.

3.Multiply ounces by 28.35 to obtain weight in grams. For example, something weighing 17 ounces would weigh approximately 481.94 grams.

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How to Make Coins

Making coins is a very difficult and intricate process. Obviously, anyone who makes money in any denomination besides the United State Treasury is committing a felony. However, the following steps will explain the interesting process in which coins are made.

Instructions

1.Melt the material that will become the coin machine. This can be copper or silver. The material should be placed into a furnace and melted. Place the material on a flat surface so the melted material will also be flat.

2.Roll the melted material through the roller machine that will press the material to the desired thickness of the coin.

3.Blank the material. This means the coin material is placed under a machine and blanks, or coins with no markings, are pressed out. This process is very similar to that of a hole punching machine.

4.Edge the coins for smoothness and to remove any sharp or unshapely places. This machine will also place calculated notches into the rim of the coin when this design is called for.

5.Stamp the coins. This is done by putting each coin in a press which places particular markings on both sides of the coin.

6.Inspect the coins for disfigurement or other imperfections that make the coin void. Throw the incorrect ones into another melting group. They can be used as a whole or parts of other coins so as to not waste materials.

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How to Lease Coin-Op Arcade Machines

If you took a poll and asked Americans how many had played an arcade game at a restaurant or bar, you'd come back with a surprisingly high number of positive responses. So if you own a bar or restaurant, this can be a cash cow. The cost for the machines is low and the profit margin is high.

Instructions

1.Contact arcade games leasing companies. They are easy to find on the web with a simple search. Some of the heavy hitters in the business are bmigaming.com and jimmiesamusements.com (see Resources below).

2.Talk to a sales representative about your arcade gaming needs. This conversation should be about what's popular and also what fits into your restaurant or bar business model. Ask them to provide financial statistics to back up their assertions.

3.Discuss the terms of the lease. Most leases in gaming require a 10 to 30 percent down payment for each coin machine. After that, a monthly fee kicks in. You also will be charged interest (think the way a car lease works), which can be significant. Most arcade games leases extend for no more than 2 years. This allows you to keep the games current.

4.Weigh the options of leasing versus buying. Leasing will cost you more over the long haul, but the advantage of never having to pay for repairs and lower monthly payments up front may be attractive to new business owners. However, when the game falls out of popularity, you will be stuck with it and will be forced to buy something more current.

5.Fill out the paperwork and submit your application for lease. After you fill out the initial paperwork, you will be provided with a contract. have an attorney review the document to make sure it represents what you agreed to.

6.Take delivery of your coin-op arcade machine, plug it in and let people play. Usually you can adjust the cost of the machine yourself. But outside of that, you should never have to bother with the machine. All you have to do is reap the profits.

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How to Find a Coin Counter

Cashing in on heaps of spare change is often a long-anticipated event, the result of months or even years of stashing nickels and dimes. But if you wait too long or collect too many coins, the task of counting can become quite daunting. The fastest way to turn your coins into cash is using a coin counter, of which there are a number of varieties located in several types of venue.

Instructions

1.Search online. The Coin Counting Home Page contains a database of over 2,800 locations in 50 states where you can find coin machine that charge 5 percent commission or less. Search your own state for banks and supermarkets offering free or reasonably-priced coin counting services.

2.Visit your bank. Most banks will provide coin counting services to those holding accounts with them. Some even have free self-service coin counting machines. Find out from the teller whether they would like you to roll the coins yourself or if this is unnecessary (most banks provide free rolls for this purpose). Although some banks charge for their counting services, the fee is significantly less than at coin-counting machines.

3.Visit the supermarket. Most larger supermarkets have coin counters such as those run by CoinStar. While using these machines is quick and easy, producing a receipt redeemable at the checkout counter, they also take a sizable chunk of your money. For instance CoinStar charges 8.9 cents for every dollar counted.

Tips & Warnings

1.In case you'd like to begin counting yourself, most banks provide free rolls for the purpose of organizing and numbering coins.

2.Some coin counting machines give you the option of donating your coins to charity or receiving a gift card to certain retailers. In both cases you get discounted or free coin-counting.

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How Does Recessed Lighting Work?

What is a Recessed Light?

        Recessed lights allow you to incorporate lighting into your room without requiring additional lamps. They can be used to light a particular piece of art or spread around the room to illuminate the entire space. Because recessed lights are installed above the ceiling, they are inconspicuous, trendy and they can add a sense of luxury to any room. Here is how recessed lights work.

    How Recessed Lights are Installed

        Recessed lights, or "cans," come pre-made with metal fixture arms that extend out for securing the fixture to the ceiling joists. The "arms" get nailed or screwed into the joist, keeping the recessed light stable. The lighting can itself will still be moveable along the track so you can position it exactly where you want to. Once you have the right position, there is a set-screw that you can tighten to hold the light in place.

    Thermocouples in Recessed Lights

        Attached to the recessed light's junction box is a cartridge that is called a thermocouple. The thermocouple gets wired between the feed and the light itself and it works as a thermal protector. If the recessed light begins to emit too much heat, the thermocouple will automatically shut the light off until it cools off sufficiently. This is why some recessed lights may turn off and on by themselves at times.

    Types of Recessed Lights

        Depending on the type of recessed light you purchase, you may have to make sure that you do not place insulation near the canister. Here are the types of recessed lights you can purchase:

        IC Rated Recessed Lights--IC rated recessed lights can touch ceiling insulation if need be. These lights are usually rated for no more than 100 watts.

        NON-IC Rated Recessed Lights--These recessed lights need a minimum of three inches between the housing and the ceiling insulation. Depending on your local code, you may not even be able to use this type if you have any insulation at all in the location you are planning on installing the lights, so always check your local codes before installing.

        Air Tight IC and NON-IC Recessed Lights--These lights offer the same abilities as above but they are made so that no air can escape into your ceiling or attic through the light fixture.

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Spray on a thermal protector

Curling irons are styling tools that often damage hair because the regular application of heat dries it out. Unfortunately, this can lead to a variety of problems, such as hair loss and breakage. For this reason, it is important for a person who uses curling irons to apply certain products to the hair and also learn a few styling techniques that protect the health of the hair.

Instructions

1.Spray on a thermal protector. Thermal protectors are solutions that protect the hair from heat. A name of one that many stylists use is Abba Pure Thermal Protector. It should be sprayed on the hair prior to curling it.

2.Use the 1 second rule. Forget the old wives' tale you heard as a child. You don’t need to hold a curling iron in your hair for 3 seconds in order to get a good curl. Do it for only a second and let your hair cool. The longer your hair cools, the better your curls will set.

3.Turn down the heat. Do it one notch lower than usual. Let your hair cool longer before combing out your curls. You will see that you get the same effects as if you had curled your hair at a higher temperature.

4.Rub in a leave-in conditioner. Do it after you curled your hair and are ready to style it. Leave-in conditions like Paul Mitchell’s Tea Tree Oil add moisture back into the hair. It balances out the oils stripped from the heat of a curling iron.

5.Alternate your hairstyles. Slip in ones that don’t involve the use of a curling iron. Go for a sophisticated bun or ponytail that doesn’t require any type of heat to do.

6.Invest into an expensive curling iron. These curling irons have heat controls and markings on them that tell you what heat to use on your hair type. It is the easiest way for an average woman to avoid burning out her hair with a curling iron.

Tips & Warnings

1.Curl smaller pieces of hair in order to get better results from your curling iron.

2.Don't add too much oil to your hair before curling it, because it will burn your hair.

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How to Replace a Blown Home Circuit Breaker

Circuit breakers serve a major function in your house. When there is an overload of a circuit, the breaker trips (or turns off). If it did not, there could be an electrical fire. It is important to know the difference between a tripped breaker and a blown breaker. If the circuit is tripped, you will be able to reset it. If it is blown, the breaker cannot be reset. Be sure to always replace the circuit with the correct distribution amplifier circuit breaker as well as one that will be compatible with your circuit box.

Instructions

1.Go to the circuit board and find the bad circuit breaker. It most likely will be in between the off and on position.

2.Turn off the main circuit breaker, which should be located at the top of the box.

3.Ake off the panel cover by removing the screws.

4.Double-check to make sure the main circuit is off. Remove the wire(s) attached to the blown circuit breaker. If there is more than one wire, be sure to leave them in the proper side.

5.Remove the blown sf6 circuit breaker by gently prying up the bottom side of the circuit that is opposite the screw that holds the wire. The other side is just hooked in.

6.Insert the new circuit breaker by first hooking the one side and then pushing down on the other side. You will feel the circuit breaker snap into the terminals on the board.

7.Replace the wire(s) by putting them on the proper screws and tightening.

8.Put the panel cover back on and tighten the screws.

9.Turn on the main circuit breaker and then the new breaker.

Tips & Warnings

1.Make sure you purchase the correct circuit for your box.

2.When dealing with high voltage always turn off the main power. If you are unsure about working with electricity, have a professional do it.

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How to Replace a Circuit Breaker

Circuit breakers are designed to interrupt the power to a circuit and protect your wiring. If your circuit breaker keeps tripping, the steps below will show you the right--and safe--way to fix it.

Instructions

    Determine Whether You Have a Problem

        1.Plug a radio into an outlet on the circuit you're dealing with. Make sure that the volume is turned up so you can hear it when it comes on.

        2. Find your panel box. It's usually in the basement or utility room.

        3.Turn off the main power, if possible. Most panel boxes have a main on/off switch.

        4.Press the tripped breaker toward "off" to reset it, then to "on." If it trips immediately, you either have a bad breaker or a short somewhere in the circuit.

    Replace the Circuit Breaker

        1.Purchase a new sf6 circuit breaker from a hardware store.

        2.Take the panel cover off the panel box by unscrewing the face plate.

        3.Notice the two wires feeding into the side of the breaker. Remember which one is in which position.

        4.Loosen the screw holding the white wire first just enough to get the wire out.

        5.Put a wire nut on the end of the white wire and bend it out of the way.

        6.Loosen the other screw and do the same thing with the colored wire.

        7.Pull the old circuit breaker out and snap a new one into place.

        8.Replace the wires in the same positions as they were on the old breaker - colored one first, white one second.

        9.Tighten the screws holding the wires.

        10.Replace the face plate.

        11.Turn the power to the panel on, if necessary.

        12.Turn the breaker on. You should hear your radio. If it trips, call an electrician since you most likely have a potentially dangerous short circuit.

Tips & Warnings

Replace breakers with units of the same amperage. They are specifically designed for safety. If you use a higher amperage, you are overriding the safety feature.

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How to Load Games onto a Cell Phone Memory Card

Many cell phones have an added removable memory card that allows you to save content to the phone without taking up the internal storage. These memory cards are usually SD micro memory cards and are also used in other devices such as digital cameras and MP3 players. Because the memory card is fairly universal, it is possible to load a video game onto the memory card.

Instructions

1.Insert the SD micro memory card into an SD micro memory card adapter. These adapters are typically used when inserting the small memory card into a device that reads the standard SD memory card size.

2.Use a USB cable to connect the computer to an SD memory card reader. Slide the SD micro memory card adapter into the SD memory card reader. The computer should give you a message that it has discovered a removable memory card.

3.Click "My Computer" (or "Computer" in some Windows versions). Double-click the SD memory card icon. This launches a window that displays all of the content on the memory card.

4.Leave the memory card window open and find the video game you want to load cell phone's memory card. Click-and-drag it into the memory card window. Release the mouse button. The video should start being copied to the memory card.

5.Wait for the video to be completely copied to the memory card. Close the window and right-click the memory card icon. From the pull-up menu, select "Eject" to safely disconnect the card from the computer. Remove the memory card from the reader and insert it into your cell phone.