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The Global Campaign for Women's Empowerment

To acquire and achieve gender equality in public and political life, an international legal instrument must be used and applied. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women is the most important and legally binding international human rights instrument in this regard it is also commonly known as CEDAW. The CEDAW Committee has been monitoring its implementation since 1982. Due to its composition and mandate, this body differs from inter-governmental organizations at the United Nations (UN). In the Philippine’s context, The Philippines signed the CEDAW on 15 July 1980 and ratified it on 5 August 1981, the first ASEAN country to do so. As of May 2015, the Convention has been ratified by over 189 states. An international legal instrument like CEDAW is vital in achieving gender equality in the country as it has a committee who are in full control of questioning the Philippines as to its advancement in safeguarding and realizing women's rights which is a key in diminishing gender disparity in the country. Philippines, a largely patriarchal society has ingrained in our culture the concept of patriarchy brought by a long colonial history which gives way for discrimination. CEDAW, an international legal instrument can help the country in eroding discrimination in women and a pathway to as CEDAW acknowledges the underlying causes of discrimination, including those that are embedded in culture. In which it can help diminishing gender roles as it is deeply-rooted in the Philippine culture, where CEDAW recognizes that traditional gender roles and stereotypes must be eliminated if we are to achieve our goal of ending all forms of discrimination against women and girls. As this international legal instrument embodies the principle of substantive equality between men and women underpins. This principle recognizes that equal opportunity and equal treatment are insufficient to address women's inequity. In fact, it recognizes that equal opportunity initiatives can have a negative impact on women if women devote time and energy to participating in these initiatives but see no results. Substantive equality entails examining women's lives and the state of their lives to determine whether or not equality has been achieved. International legal instruments are an effective way of achieving empowerment as they can pose sanctions as if it is not been applied to a certain country. Therefore, international legal instruments can further help achieve women empowerment and gender equality in the Philippines.

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The State of the Filipino Women: Facilitating and Hindering Factors

Women's present situation in the Philippines is best summed up as containing sharp contradictions. Filipino women may be considered the most advanced compared to women in other countries in terms of academic, professional, political, and legal advancement. However, they also face domestic violence, economic disadvantages, workplace discrimination, migrant workers and prostituted women exploitation, and displacement resulting from intermittent wars in conflict-affected areas. According to the JICA report, which was conducted in 2008, The Philippines is Asia's only country that has eliminated the gender gap. Hardly six countries in the world have attained this in education and health.

Furthermore, the Philippines' political empowerment scores continue to improve, as do its economic figures such as estimated income, labor force participation, and income equality for comparable work. The Philippines is the only country where women and men share senior management positions equally. Hence, Thousands of Filipino women suffer from sex and other gender-related abuses, despite the remarkable achievements listed above. In a much more updated report, It has been seen that at the Global level, little progress in women's rights has been made. In the Philippines, 16.5 percent of women aged 20–24 were married before 18 were married or in a partnership before 18. As of 2018, the adolescent birth rate was 36.4 per 1,000 women aged 15–19, a decrease from 39 per 1,000 in 2017. In the JICA Report, Filipino women were allowed to vote and run for office as early as 1937.

Moreover, a woman was elected to parliament as early as 1941. There are many more female employees in the Philippine government bureaucracy than males. Filipino men play a significant role as decision-makers and managers, while women predominate as government professionals. The Philippines has had two female presidents. Even though the current President is a woman, women hold less than a fifth of elective positions. The Philippines ranked 14th out of 128 countries in the World Economic Forum's 2007 Global Gender Gap Report regarding political empowerment. The majority of judges in the judiciary branch of government are men. While at present, Women held 28 percent of legislative seats as of February 2021. But, what could be the hindrances to attaining gender equality in the Philippines? In my perspective, I always perceive the Philippines as a largely patriarchal society where the lengthy colonial history has instilled a patriarchal culture among Filipinos. In which Women should be homemakers while men should be the breadwinners. Gender roles are ingrained deep rootedly in the culture of Filipinos. Times may have changed, but there are still things that cannot be changed in the minds of Filipinos; there are still situations where if women are the ones involved, it's being shied and criticized, unlike if men are the ones in the picture. Religion and beliefs could also play an important role as there are teachings in Christianity where if the woman is married, she should submit to her husband; this could mean not working even if she has a college degree. In the political sphere, The overt sexism and misogyny of the outgoing President and the way his supporters applaud it. At the same time, other Filipinos seem to tolerate or ignore it, which is one of the factors that hinder the advancement of women in Philippine society. Therefore, those are the factors that I believe affecting the state of women's empowerment in the Philippines.

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The Way Women Are

According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, it was endorsed by the United Nations in 2003, proclaiming that All humans are born brothers and sisters, with equal respect and value and rights. Women's freedom, dignity, and equality, on the other hand, the law continue to undermine equality, custom, and religious heritage in ways that men are not. Some cultural values have emerged throughout history with beliefs that negatively affect women's image,s resulting in unfavorable judgments of their performance. For a long time, women have been marginalized. Women suffer from a lack of opportunities due to their marginalization. Opportunity to hone one's teaching abilities laments that women have been humiliated and are not appreciated for an extended period. Women face discrimination in many aspects of their lives.

Marginalization is the sense of powerlessness and exclusion that a group feels as a result of an inequality in control of resources and power structures while, Subordination is defined as being assigned to an inferior class, rank, or position. So, to answer the question as to why women are marginalized and are subordinated, let's take into the point of view of the standpoint feminism theory wherein primarily men holds the hegemonic power, in which, Men do not recognize that the knowledge they generate and the ideas they employ are based on their own experiences. Instead, they assert that their scientific work is universal, general, neutral, and objective. On the other hand, women are aware that it is partial, specific, masculine, and subjective. Wherein men see the world differently, and they have been excluded from much of science. This could be why women are being subordinated and marginalized, as the majority of the generated concepts are non-universal. Also, Men have been allowed to devote their efforts to thinking about abstract notions that are considered as more significant and vital since women have historically been the caretakers of society. As a result, women's actions are rendered invisible and viewed as "natural," rather than as a part of human culture and history. As history is concerned, The nature and sources of knowledge always emphasize that knowledge is always socially oriented. So basically, in the standpoint feminism theory, women are marginalized and subordinated as women, as women, are subordinated and marginalized in a patriarchal society throughout history. As a 'category' or a 'group,' women have been pushed to the outskirts of society due to systemic and structural discrimination. As per the standpoint feminism theory, Those who are socially excluded, which are women per see, are more likely to detect biases and inadequacies in knowledge production processes. So, women are being subordinated and marginalized as before awakening women with their experiences of discrimination, inequality, etc. Society is unconscious or never questions certain values and seldomly asks about their objectivity. So, with the standpoint feminism theory, women argues that concepts made by men should be criticized.

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"How can I contribute in achieving gender justice as a political science student?"

As a political science student, I can contribute to achieving gender justice in a gazillion of ways. First, in my home, Wherein, it may be unlikely, especially that we live and reside in a patriarchal country, to equally share the responsibilities every day in specific: household chores regardless of gender. In that way, it may be trivial, but it is crucial in achieving gender justice in society as, in my opinion, gender cannot be committed without taking the first step. And I believe taking the first step is always practiced at home, another way of achieving gender justice as a political science student or in general, in any place that I will and would go, it may be commuting in public transportation or waiting in line whenever I see someone is discriminating or if waiting in line, then I see a pregnant woman not being prioritized, I would stand up for them. As a political science, we are trained not to be silent whenever we see a belittlement of women, indigenous people, LGBTQ people, etc. Another is by advocating and supporting implementations of all-gender restrooms and baby-changing facilities in public establishments, especially government-owned establishments. Another way that I can contribute to achieving gender justice is by standing up and having the courage to leave the table when respect is not already there, especially in abusive and toxic relationships, and if I see someone, whether my classmate or schoolmate, in an abusive relationship that causes physical, emotional, mental harm to them, I will help them in seeking help to the proper authorities like here in the Philippines where we have VAWC and by supporting these women. Another is that advocating and empowering women’s rights thru giving my stand and support, especially the laws to be passed that could be harmful in achieving and aiming for gender justice. Lastly, by exercising my right of voting wherein advocating and supporting female candidates that are underrepresented communities or sectors. And those are a few ways that I could think of in contributing to achieving gender justice.

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Critique to the Rape Law

Rape is a violent crime with physical, social, emotional, and psychological consequences. Rape is a violent crime with physical, social, emotional, and psychological consequences. The Anti-Rape Law of 1997, also known as Republic Act 8353, is progressive. It departs from the chastity paradigm and regards rape as a crime against individuals but rather a crime against honor. The amendment that would introduce is the provision of consent. Rape is a violent crime with physical, social, emotional, and psychological consequences. The Anti-Rape Law of 1997, also known as Republic Act 8353, is progressive. It departs from the chastity paradigm and classifies rape as a crime against individuals rather than a criminal against honor. In which, Following the passage of the Anti-Rape Law in 1997, which revised the crime of rape within the Revised Penal Code, it is indeed often complex for women to take legal action owing to the probative regulations surrounding the crime, or several rape cases are indeed being dismissed in courts since victims must convince the jury that there was no consent. Consent must not only revolve around the woman's express refusal to engage in sexual activity, nor must it be presumed in the absence of overt physical effort to resist the act of rape. There is a need to resolve when consent that is freely given is valid in the context of age (minority) and the woman's mental capacity, among other circumstances. Our existing law tacitly sets the age of consent to sex at 12 years old, even though there are records that indicate that most of the victims of rape were above 12 years old. Sexually transmitted infections, an increased risk of cervical cancer, pregnancy, depression and suicide, and sexual abuse are directly associated with earlier sexual intercourse. Increasing the consent age to at least 16 would provide better protection for females and youngsters from abuse. In my personal opinion, 12 years of age is too young for an age of consent as their decision is not rational. As they cannot deliver well some significant decisions like this topic. wherein The victim's mental state should also be considered when determining consent capacity. While individuals who are demented, deprived of reason, or unconscious are clearly incapable of giving valid consent to any sexual act, care must be taken not to restrict or limit the freedom of people with mental disabilities to make decisions for themselves when they can, i.e., during their lucid intervals, if applicable, including their freedom to engage in voluntary sexual exploitation.

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lessons in unionism

Unionism in the Philippines, as protected by the Constitution and labor laws, continues to be a medium for employee's voices and representation with the employment relationship at the workplace. However, the Philippine government, through the laws enacted ensures the right of employees in the private and public sectors to form and create unions for collective bargaining. Challenges in creating and organizing a Union is still prevalent as to the "No Union Option" in which according, to our group's interview with the chairman of the BMP, Leody de Guzman that a worker or an employee has the choice of whether to agree or disagree in the form of an election of creating and organizing a union if example majority voted for no union then creation and organization of a Union are not possible wherein it would violate the individual right of an employee or a worker to freely create and organize a union. Creation and Organizing a Union is just one of the myriad of challenges faced by trade unions of the Philippines in fighting for the different concerns of the various trade unions. In which, One of the biggest problems is ensuring that companies and organizations follow the existing labor laws. The most troubling of them is the contractualization policy regime, which has made workers whipping boys and girls for excessive profiting for decades. Contractualization has grown so widespread that it can be concluded as one of the root reasons for the increasing income disparity, with contractual workers becoming the new poor. Based on the interview conducted by our group, it was said that 80% of the workers in the Philippines are contractual Wherein, the right of regularization is stripped off. For trade unions, this entails a fall in the union membership, which the government has supported to date. In which an example of the challenge of regularization in the labor setting in the Philippines is a hospital in Davao City where they have employees who have been working for the hospital for years but are still not regularized due to reasons that are just mere excuses. The hospital also has a union. However, the Union is controlled and managed by the administration of the hospital to the extent that if the union makes a move that could destroy the name of the hospital, the members of the union could be easily fired. So, it can be seen of how the administration of the hospital violates the law and of how powerful they are. During the Interview of our group, the chairman of one of the BMP mentioned how the capitalist's businessmen take advantage of the workers as they are treated as goods that are haggled for a low price through the workers salaries that some are even below the minimum wage in which is definitely a problem as it is almost every month or week that the prices of the basic commodities increases. But, the salaries of the workers could only be increase after a year. Wherein trade unions are created for the protection of rights of the workers not as a controlled organization by the administration of the business. Therefore, Workers must be fully provided with the fundamental framework required to assert their rights to association and the right bargaining in order to boost labor contracts and conditions, notably salaries, health and safety, job security, and other working conditions.

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ambiguity in the labor market: PH

An unprecedented worldwide economic and labor market crisis is fast emerging in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which is having a significant influence on the Philippines' workforce. Since the onset of the pandemic, many individuals have been adversely impacted by it. As a result of Duterte's ineffective pandemic reaction, Filipinos' misery has been exacerbated rather than alleviated. Although, It was not only in the Philippines that the labor market exacerbated. also, with other developing countries wherein developing countries are prone to such a type of workforce reallocation following an economic shock. Also, A lack of social protection forces displaced employees to seek lower-paying jobs in agriculture or low-wage informal services. As the global demand for goods and services declines so does employment in tradable industries. However, the lockdown measures enforced during this crisis by the administration have resulted in a larger employment loss in non-tradable businesses (constructing, wholesale and retail, etc). In which, workers in all industries except the health industry had a job but did not work during the reference period, which is a dramatic increase from the previous reference period. This is concerning, as some of these workers may have been unable to make a living during their idleness. The COVID-19 pandemic had a substantial influence on the labor market, including massive job losses and unemployment, a drop in labor force participation, and a reduction in working hours. Apart from the enormous layoffs from shuttered firms, thousands of people are placed on a 'floating status' as a result. During the early phase of the pandemic, workers are subject to the "no work, no pay" policy. The jobless do not include them since they are waiting for firms to "recover" before returning to work. in which the Department of Labor and Employment extended the floating status from 6 months to 1 year. Moreover, employment losses were disproportionately felt in low-productivity sectors such as construction, transportation, tourism, and wholesale and retail, which employ a large number of low-skilled employees. with the continued uncertainty of imposing lockdown measures by the government, the labor force in the Philippines will remain to endure the decline of the economy. wherein opening completely the other non-essential industries for the sake of the economic boost is still far to reach by the Philippines as cases of different variants continue to arise. According to Cudis(2021), In February, the jobless rate climbed slightly to 8.8 percent, up from 8.7 percent in January. By the end of February 2021, there were moreover 4.2 million jobless Filipinos aged 15 and older, an increase of roughly 234,000 from January 2021. 7.9 million people were classified as underemployed in February. Therefore, my recommendations for the sector that is most affected is in coping up a competitive edge in the job market requires digital and technological know-how. Where everything can be digital or can be online. The sector of the non-tradable business such as wholesale and retail can go online thru selling in social media platforms. With the construction, it could also be done online not the work part but for the construction workers to easily get customers. All in all, the government should provide a monthly cash assistance. And provide short courses for them to be oriented on the digital platform for them to use it as an advantage. Also, if possible provide or let them borrow technologies.

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Contractualizing Marriage

A Renewable Marriage or a contractual marriage is when a marriage contract/s has an expiration date, In the context of the Philippine setting, congress attempted to pass a law limiting the contract of marriage with an effective period of five years and renewable for another five years upon expiration. It is upon said that it would spare incompatible couples instead of wasting time and money on long judicial processes. In which, a marriage contract should be treated the same way as a passport or driver's license Then, it expires if the couple does not want to renew it. It is a starter marriage or a tested marriage to see if the couple is compatible with each other. As we are in a predominantly roman catholic country where the catholic church, as well as the government, protects and preserves the sanctity of marriage and family, marriage is a huge deal where it must be taken seriously and carefully. Wherein, most couples stay in a marriage even though toxicity and abusiveness are already present especially if the marriage bears fruits of their love, a married couple who are better-separated tries to grin and bear it. So, it’s more like even if the couple wants to murder each other, the fear of being the talk of the town and lack of financial aspects keeps them from breaking their till death do us part vow. In a Marriage of today especially in this country, it is common knowledge that the duration of a marriage is more important than its quality or the healthiness of the marriage. It is what is expected from the church that marriage should withstand all forms of problems and/or challenges even though it destroys already the well-being of a person involved in the marriage or even in rare cases kills the person whether it may be the wife or the husband. If we also look at it from another angle, the rate of marriage will increase then, it would also be a great advantage of the wedding industry or the wedding suppliers However, renewable marriage or a contractual marriage is like equating it with a driver’s license that contradicts the teachings and principles of the church that makes marriage be taken easily then if we are then equating marriage to a driver’s license then somehow like test drive is a must also of the prospective spouse? So that both parties will be saved the hassle of renewing or not renewing the expiring marriage license, and they will save money by not having to pay for their expensive wedding ceremony. Also, the contract must be mutual to both parties so, what if then it’s just the one party that is in favor of renewing the contract but then the other does not so, it’s clear chaos. Another case is that what if the couple wants to renew their marriage but failed to do so, on those days that they must renew due to various reasons like the travel time, etc. Also, no amount of years in my opinion will enable you to get to know your wife/husband. If then, it is a troubled marriage then there is legal separation and annulment. I, therefore, conclude that it is not a sound law to legislate in the Philippines.

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to will or not to will: to will!

Is it better to will or not to will? A question that may not occur to people who are still alive and well, a query that is regarded "morbid." but to those in their later years, to those who are already counting down the days and/or months before they leave this planet, and to those who have been diagnosed with an illness with a minimal probability of survival. Then this is an important question for them to answer. And to those who answered “to will” then this document may be the most important document that one will ever write. therefore, one should keep in mind that death is inevitable. the ambiguity and uncertainty of being alive the next second, minute, an hour is just so high, also, As people would always say that "Live every day as if it were your last,". Sums up the reason why even though we are still alive and kicking this question should be deemed as significant wherein that just adds to the reason of why, even if we are still alive and kicking this question should be answered, especially in the current time where there is an ongoing pandemic in which the enemy isn't visible to the naked eye, increasing the uncertainty and ambiguity of being alive, as cliché as that may seem, but that is why our lives must be lived as fully as possible. And part of it must be preparing for the final day when it arrives. As we've seen in Filipino telenovelas and/or teleseryes, the reason for a family feud is usually related to properties. So, if I am faced with the decision of "to will or not to will," I will then choose "to will", especially given the personal experience I am going through. A final will, or simply "will," is strongly suggested to avoid this unfortunate, but the real, situation. With a will, you may specify in which properties go to each member of your family. wherein one can even give properties to friends or relatives, subject to certain restrictions. additionally, having a will can afford one in having peace of mind. Having a plan in place allows one to sleep at night knowing that loved ones' future is safe and secure. even though I am fully aware of the disadvantage of having a will which before a will may be implemented, it must be tested in court. This may be done while one is still alive to guarantee that one’s desires are carried out. also if not having a will then, It will just be up to the law to decide who gets what and how many or how much, which in my opinion is somehow unfair and not reasonable. So, therefore having a will should be a decision that people should wisely choose especially those who have myriads of properties as mentioned earlier that it’s impossible to deny that the settlement of a deceased person's properties might lead to acrimonious litigation if the family cannot agree and settle most especially, in the Philippine family setting.

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YAY for National Land Use Act

The land is a basic material resource that serves as the primary platform for economic and other recreational interactions. The way land is utilized and intended to be used is an essential component of human progress. Our country, the Philippines, has a terrain and water bodies of 30 million hectares which are enjoyed by the citizens. There are huge strains on limited land and resources since enough and healthy food, accommodation, and a livelihood are constantly sought. With the legislation of the national land use act, I’m greatly FOR the passage of this bill. Land distribution in the country is currently extremely uneven, and its use is heavily and greatly politicized. In which, one senator specifically, senator Cynthia Villar, who is famously known as well as her family as one of the successful developers in the country strongly disagrees with institutionalizing this bill in which this bill will set explicit boundaries for land usage, restricting their ability to acquire massive lands for shelter development and commercial developments. Although there are numerous laws and regulations controlling land and natural resources, as well as asset reform legislation aimed at distributing land and resources equally. The government essentially recognizes the need to enact a systematic method of managing resources, neighborhoods, civil societies, and government agencies, and thus to institutionalize the national land use act, which is a logical and reasonable, holistic, large-scale land use and structure plan mechanism that will adequately distinguish land use as well as allocation patterns in all areas of the country. In which, at present, the authorities in the current administration observed that there’s an unchecked transformation of agricultural areas that may have a detrimental effect on the agricultural industry and, as a result, jeopardize Philippine food security. Wherein inland is crucial for agricultural production, availability of food, food price stability, and supporting small farmers, Food security is endangered when land conversion is uncontrolled and uncontrolled. As well that institutionalizing this bill is an economic requirement and a critical component of our country's long-term and fair development. We would encourage investors to develop rural regions, including Metro Manila and other megacities in the country. In which, Inappropriate land-use planning, along with the current sectoral resource governance approach, leads to unsustainable, uncoordinated, and unacceptable land use, and this leads to conflicts between government agencies, local authorities, the private sector, and communities in rural and urban areas about the use of land and management. This situation leads to conflict. According to Mercado (2019), The legislative proposal for a national land-use policy would be the greatest enduring transformation for the future of the nation, with the population projected at 128 million by 2030, a longer lifetime, and more than 56% of the total population in urban areas. In the present state of the country, we all have the consequences of climate change and this act would safeguard regions required to preserve ecological balance, therefore reducing the susceptibility of the nation to harmful climate change impacts. Finally, it will help to identify places susceptible to disasters for LGUs.

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legalizing divorce in the ph?yay

Divorce is a very controversial topic to discuss, more so among Filipinos, since the Philippines is a predominantly catholic country where marriage and family are considered as "blessings from God" that should be protected and preserved. One major point of the anti-legalization of divorce is that the sacredness of marriage will be destroyed if divorce is permitted. Some may not consider it an important choice because they can always "undo" and "redo." Whereas marriage is a holy union between a man and a woman that is meant to last until death, it is deemed sacred for a couple to profess their love for one another in front of God. Also, it is in the vows the phrases “till death do us part” and “for better or for worse, in sickness and in health” entails that marriage must last for a lifetime, whatever situation may the married couple is in. that’s why, in my opinion, divorce should be legalized in the Philippines. Marriage is sometimes hardly ever as idyllic as one may want or dream of growing up especially with the presence of popular culture specifically Filipino movies and teleseryes that common themes are family-centered and a love that lasts despite the circumstances that usually involved a cheating husband, an abusive husband both physically and emotionally where women are usually forced to stay to keep the family complete. In which, it can affect not just only the married couple but most especially it greatly affects the children, in which, the constant and/or daily exposure of the children to abuse, violence, drug addiction, criminal activity, homosexuality, lesbianism, or sexual perversion are all uncontrolled in the lives of children. Children with corrupt role models are exposed to malicious or socially undesirable behavior regularly. Wherein Children grow up believing that marriage is a license to inflict pain on one's spouse and/or children, that taking prohibited or regulated drugs without a prescription is acceptable; that committing crimes is acceptable, that homosexuality or lesbianism is to be emulated, and that sexual perversion is normal behavior. Wherein without the presence of divorce, the parents and/or the married couple with irreconcilable disagreements opt to stay together, then, their children are subjected to their incessant arguing and verbal warfare. The contempt they have for each other, as well as the harsh, nasty, and spiteful remarks they throw at one other, disillusion their children about marriage. The married couple’s children are raised to believe that marriage is similar to incarceration, or worse, hell, and that it should be avoided at all costs. Also, in terms of History, Filipinos are no strangers to divorce. Divorce had previously been practiced in the Philippines. Divorce was commonly practiced in the Philippines from 1917 to 1950, during the American and Japanese occupations, under Act No. 2710 and Executive Order No. 141, respectively. Not only that but also before the Spanish colonial control began in the early 16th century. Once again, I am in favor of legalizing divorce, in which, It's past time for us to help Filipinos break away from abusive, loveless, and miserable relationships by assisting them in finding love and starting over.

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Why do people commit crimes and how do we prevent it

To understand why an individual might commit crimes in today’s time, criminologists and/or experts in the field looked at a number of factors. Biological, psychological, social, and economic influences were all taken into account. People have attempted to understand why criminals commit crimes throughout history. Some people think that, at least until they are arrested, committing crimes is preferable to working a regular job. A person's motivation for committing a crime is usually a combination of these factors; Greed, rage, jealousy, vengeance, or pride are all motives for committing a crime. some people intend to carry out a wrongdoing and cautiously set up everything about of time to amplify benefit while limiting danger. These individuals are settling on choices about their activities; some accept that an existence of wrongdoing is desirable over a normal work, accepting that wrongdoing offers more advantages, regard, and energy, at any rate until they are gotten. Others experience a surge of dopamine after successfully committing a risky felony. Others behave on a whim, in a fit of rage or panic. Property crimes, such as robberies, burglaries, white-collar crimes, and car thefts, are motivated by a desire for financial gain. Murders, attacks, and rapes are all inspired by a desire for power, revenge, or control. When feelings are running high, these violent crimes are often committed on the spur of the moment or on impulse. The majority of property offenses are pre-planned. Punishment is intended to deter criminal behavior. As a result of the punishment, criminal activity is expected to become less attractive and dangerous. Incarceration and the loss of income are a great burden for many people. Another way to influence choice is to make crime more difficult or restrict rewards. Better lighting, auto steering wheel locking bars, and other measures will all help. People who grew up in a household where there was abuse or antisocial behavior are more likely to mistreat their own children, who will then repeat the cycle. Children who have been abandoned or neglected are more likely to commit crimes later in life than other children. Adult sexual predators are often the result of childhood sexual exploitation. The antidote to the cycle of violence concept, which is centered on the victim’s quality of relationships. Self-confidence and an interest in social situations are instilled by supportive and caring parents who respond to their child's basic needs. These children are typically well-adjusted in their social lives and are much less likely to commit crimes. The peer group a person belongs to has a significant influence on his or her decision to commit a crime. Also, Substance abuse, particularly alcohol abuse, leads to "stranger assault," a crime in which the victim has no known ties to the perpetrator. In terms of preventing a crime, there are many ways that crimes can be avoided, and we need to use campaigns and technology to reach every child and family. Therefore, we must develop the tools necessary to ensure that everyone feels important and cared for through parenting interventions, family interventions, wellbeing campaigns, and early childhood education. Basically, get started and act as soon as possible.

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should death penalty be re-imposed in the ph?

Capital punishment, otherwise called the death penalty, was imposed on a prisoner who was regarded as unsuitable to live by the state as a discipline for his offensive wrongdoings. Capital punishment has been set up since the start of the Spanish century, during the Martial Law time period, and during the hour of Fidel Ramos and Estrada. As we all know, Nobody has control over death and no one should ever be. With that, death penalty should really not be re-imposed in the Philippines. Because of the existing and lasting flawed justice system of our country the death penalty could not be enforced. In the Philippines, the justice system is very sluggish, and the due process of a case is ineffective because it takes too long to resolve, with most cases taking years to resolve. on the off chance that death penalty were set up in the country, larger part of the cases would result in illegitimately indicting blameless residents. Authority, force, impact, and extortion may influence the legal framework in the Philippines. It doesn't make any difference whether the culprit is really liable of the wrongdoing or blameless on the grounds that the final product would be the equivalent in view of the rich and compelling men controlling the case choice. Forged testimony, false witnesses, or coerced confessions can then be used to manipulate the prosecution. The prosecutor will then have to charge the convicted man with the crime he allegedly committed. Innocent people die as a result of this, with no hope of parole or re-entry into society which is basically wrongful conviction in the Philippines, Although those who are in favor of re-imposing death penalty in the Philippines may say that implementing death penalty in the country that the imposition of justice is the overarching goal of sentencing. Justice can be dismissing a charge, agreeing to a plea bargain, or requesting a prison sentence regardless of the gravity of the case so, those people says that It's really necessary to have capital punishment because some crimes are so heinous that no other punishment that to the extent that even life in a cage, is not adequate to pay for its committed crime, in a country where the legal framework is at present defective and one-sided, capital punishment ought not be re-implemented. Although true that felony cases take too long to be resolved, this is not because they are being processed carefully rather, there are too many criminal cases that are piling up without being resolved. This demonstrates the criminal's ineptness and of how flawed our criminal justice system is. the Supreme Court admitted it had its share of miscarriages of justice when death penalty was in effect, so, therefore, no one deserves to die as a result of his crime and if death penalty is the consequence then, it does not make us different from the person prosecuted. If capital punishment were to be implemented, there would be far too many issues. Innocent citizens will perish as a result of the justice system's sloppy handling of the case and their inability to protect themselves.

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how to improve criminal justice system in the ph?

In order to resolve the grave problems plaguing the Philippines' criminal justice system, which seriously jeopardize the ability of all people in the country to exercise their basic human rights and lead to a lack of faith in the role of institutions in the Philippines' rule of law and state functioning. Although the country's population has grown dramatically in recent decades, there has been no corresponding increase in public spending in improving the Philippine criminal justice system to meet the country's demands for justice – such as the recruiting and allocation of equivalent resources for more judges, prosecutors, and public defenders – or to provide ample space services. It is a long time problem of the country that there are only limited prisons and/or jails which results to overcrowding which basically leads to the association of the rapid increase in illnesses and, as a result, the number of deaths among prisoners during their preventive detention is a result of the worsening living conditions that come with it. This is clearly evident in this time of pandemic wherein most prisons all over the country were affected by the deadly virus and hundreds of prisoners were affected by it and some even died because of the virus which the lack of prisons may be one of the reasons so, therefore the additional of prisons all over the nation is a must in order to further improve the criminal justice system of the country; in relation with this it can also improve the criminal justice system of the Philippines thru a reformation for the improvement of the conditions of the prisoners in order to get rid of unjust and prolonged detentions of the prisoners which is a longstanding problem today. Our government should also make improving the criminal justice system's treatment of crime victims a priority. Contingent upon their exploitation, sexual orientation, relationship with the culprit and local area, and individual qualities, casualties and survivors have various necessities. A more noteworthy comprehension of the impacts of the criminal equity framework on casualties is important if casualties' communications in the framework are to be changed. Upgraded information, improved data frameworks, and help to wrongdoing casualties should all be focused on. They ought to improve the adequacy of the criminal equity framework so that detainees don't need to sit tight as long for their hearings and criminal cases are settled quicker. This will be achieve on the off chance that they will ensure that arraignments will be settled and completed, The police division and the investigator's office should concur on which cases need additional consideration. Purposeful offense by cops and examiners is infrequently rebuffed. I'm alluding to genuine bad behavior that prompts the detainment of honest residents, for example, stifling or annihilating confirmation that may find the blamed not guilty, manufacturing proof to make a litigant look blameworthy, depending on bogus declaration, or acquiring and afterward utilizing pressure as the medium. I am still hopeful that in the near future criminal justice system of the Philippines would be better than ever.

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state of human rights in the ph: NAY

The state of human rights in our country worsen thru all these years instead of improving since at the end of the 20th century, the changing economic and political system raised new threats and challenges to the human rights of the Filipino people. Well perhaps globalization and the war on terror have generated conditions and provided justifications for the adaptation of national policies and initiatives by governments worldwide, resulting in their inability to comply with and neglect their human rights obligations. In the past administrations, reduction of the civil and political rights and liberties of individuals and abuses of their physical, social and cultural rights are already present and rampant especially during arroyo’s presidency where members of the Philippine National Police and the Philippine Armed Forces (AFP) remained as the state’s top violator of human rights. Fast forward to the Duterte’s administration, ever since the strongman’s term started well even before it started, he really think that human rights is just some sort of joke, with one of his main presidential platform , well people maybe should have at least an idea of what would things will be during his term that it would really be full of killings because that is his way of solving the problem of drugs in the country but oh well everyone was indeed caught off guard that this strongman even exceeded the people’s expectations especially with regards to his endless human rights violations that he does not feel any remorse well based with his actions and words that he even challenged and threatened international organizations such as the United Nations and International human rights group the international criminal court informed the president of possible case against his violations of human rights which is evident in a lot of ways such as the rising number of victims of extra-judicial killings every year that were killed by police individuals who appears to be acting in self-defense and unidentified gunmen, it is always been reported that those were killed were drug addicts or drug suspects but the killings are sometimes mistaken identity or it is just that they suspected that particular person intakes illegal drugs, what’s worst is that most of the killings are just collateral damage like the controversial killing of kian delos santos, this is just one case out of the many undocumented cases out there due to this or maybe this is one of the factor that made the Philippine national police thinks that they hold great power a fresh example of this is the case of a certain sgt. Nuezca for killing his neighbors because for his uncontrollable anger another one is a case in davao city where police imprisoned a minor later on raped her. All of these in one way or another happened with the influence of the president, of him also being an infamous misogynist, with his “rape jokes” and sexual jokes to women. Human rights defenders continued to be repressed by the government. Lowering Criminal age liability. Curtailment of freedom of expression such as the filed case against duterte’s number one critic, maria ressa and the closing of ABS-CBN and the rest is history. therefore, state of human rights today is a huge NAY. 

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Decentralization

Decentralization is defined as dispersal by top to bottom strategy of forces and authorities or basically the devolution or the total transfer of authority by legislation from the central government and/or the national government to the local authorities .there are three forms of decentralization; devolution, it is the transfer of power and authority from the national government units next, Deconcentration, it is the transfer of power or responsibility or the discretion to decide and manage from central to local levels and lastly, the debureaucratization or the transfer of some of public functions which government may perform to private entities. It is a mode or a way of the national government or the central government in delegating or dividing power and responsibility to the different locales in the country. Decentralization basically institutes the transferring primary responsibility for delivering basic services and facilities to the local government unit. Decentralization also allows the local government units in the country to implement ordinances in response to a certain issue or problem that their town/city is experiencing, decentralization also allows the local authorities to manage, plan and create projects for the development of their own local within the budget of the local government. Decentralization also allows local government to have the three branches within its own jurisdiction. Decentralization improves receptiveness of the local government to the people’s needs and it also encourages maximum citizen participation thru the different local government units which basically makes the country’s democracy vibrant. So therefore, decentralization basically allows the central government decongests their roles and functions which could well be conducted at the lower levels. The local governance is the capability that is given and executed by the local authorities of the different local government in administering and managing their governments in their own locals. Local autonomy and the concept of decentralization is in my opinion always connected or related with each other because, without decentralization if it is only the centralized autonomy then, local autonomy is clearly not possible and vice versa. Local autonomy grants the different local governments in the country rights to implement and decide for their own locality. Why do we need local autonomy? Local autonomy is really vital of a certain country especially the Philippines that is vast geographically and the population involves millions of people, basically the existence of the central government solely is not enough for the national government authorities to deliver efficiently the needs and the issues that needs to be addressed in a particular town/city it basically needs the concepts of local autonomy and decentralization in order for the people of a certain locality to easily access governmental services by not being reliant in the capital of the country which if without decentralization and local autonomy, then all of the resources will be centered only in the capital and so, the people coming from the other localities in the country will be deprived with maybe opportunities In jobs, in basic services which would be in my opinion would not follow the constitution. Local autonomy basically grants the people of a certain locality to elect officials in their locality to promulgate and create solutions like thru perhaps an ordinance or what.

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federalism is what we need.

Federalism is part of what the Philippines needs. Why? There is plethora of reasons that federalism is what the Philippines need and/or part of the Philippines need. First, the issue of corruption. Corruption as we all know is decades long problem of the Philippines, it is basically ancient history. I think most of the past leaders we had, made a promise to end corruption but still fails to do so because, it is either they cannot detect it or it is them who are corrupt. So, If the Philippines shifted to federalism, the likelihood for it to be detected is high since the system promotes localize funding compared to the timid centralize national appropriation and the long process before approval and that Just observe their state. If they are struggling with something, it means that there is a branch that doesn’t work properly. They cannot blame other states with their failures since they have to clean their own mess. We only have to investigate a far smaller area unlike today where people tend to point fingers to each other and the government needs to turn the entire country over to even name suspects. It’s basically like a whack a mole and makes the entire country suffer. Second, federalism allows the different local government to settle with their own problems, like their local issues. Local governments may be better suited to deal with specific and/or certain local problems. In connection with this, with federalism, our system, it does permits the local government to pursue and enforce their own policies and laws that is also applicable to a certain city/municipality because, federalism allows the citizens at the local levels of the government without battling over a single national policies that are ought to be applied uniformly throughout the state like for example the policy of banning smoking in public places which is still until now an issue especially in places like metro manila that is known for the fair amount of people who smokes anywhere or the no firecrackers during new year which is still until now a big issue because, other places in the Philippines except davao city are used with fireworks every Christmas, especially new year. Third, towns that are rich in resources like a certain place in the Philippines that supplies for example mineral resources in a certain big city than theirs will basically get a fair share of what supposedly theirs because, in the unitary system that we have today, the supplying town/local that are basically has a rich resource is much poorer than big cities like manila or cebu or even davao city. In this one, a certain town/municipality can set up their own policies in relation with economy that will invite potential investors to have more work opportunities in their people because, most times, people who are described as from the “provinces” would go to big cities most notably manila to seek job opportunity and to basically earn more money that could be one example. Fourth, federalism does really improves efficiency like in the system, in the unitary system that we have today, the delays, bureaucracy and the government activity is controlled by a central government.