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The 1891 Education Law

The first major attempt to organize the entire education system of Bulgaria was the law introduced in 1891 by Minister of Public Instruction Georges Jivkoff. This law was passed by the Sixth Ordinary National Assembly and repealed all previous educational laws and regulations. Remarkably, it remains in force to this day, forming the foundation of the Bulgarian school system.

The law confirmed that the Ministry of Public Instruction would have the supreme control and direction of all schools, as well as institutions aimed at the intellectual and moral development of the country. This centralization ensured that the education system would be uniform and well-coordinated Istanbul City Tour.

Organization of the Ministry

The Ministry of Public Instruction is staffed with professionals responsible for different areas of education:

Chief of Secondary, Special, and Higher Instruction

Chief of Elementary Instruction

Two general inspectors for secondary and special schools

Medical inspector

Six assistant chiefs

Accountant and two assistant accountants

This team ensures the administration, supervision, and financial management of the education system.

Types of Schools

According to the 1891 law, schools are divided into national and private schools:

National schools: Funded by the State, departments, districts, or parishes and teach in Bulgarian.

Private schools: Supported by religious communities, associations, or private individuals.

National schools are further divided into:

Primary schools

Secondary schools

Professional schools

High schools

Primary Education

Primary instruction is provided in primary schools and infant schools.

Infant schools prepare children for primary education.

Children aged 3–5 years join the lower divisions, and those aged 5–6 years join the higher division.

The curriculum focuses on games, songs, drawing, manual work, and simple arithmetic, combining play with early learning to prepare children for formal schooling.

The 1891 law laid the foundation of modern Bulgarian education, creating a clear structure for schools and centralizing control under the Ministry of Public Instruction. By dividing schools into national and private categories and organizing different levels of education, the law helped ensure that every child in Bulgaria could receive a well-structured and consistent education.

#The 1891 Education Law

Restoration of the Constitution

The absolutist regime established in 1881 did not last the full seven years. On September 6, 1883, the Constitution of Timova was fully restored. Since that date, the constitution has been in continuous force, serving as the legal foundation of Bulgarian governance.

Attempts at Constitutional Revision

There were only two partial revisions of the constitution:

First Attempt (1883) – Shortly after the restoration of constitutional government, there was an effort to introduce changes. However, the attempt failed because the legal conditions and procedures required by the constitution were not fully observed.

Second Attempt (1893) – The second attempt at revision was more successful. The fourth Grand National Assembly of Timova, on May 15, 1893, amended several articles: 6, 38, 59, 86, 114, 115, 125, 126, 139, 141, 144, and 161. These amendments helped update and clarify certain aspects of governance without undermining the overall framework of the constitution Istanbul Day Tour.

Structure of the Bulgarian Constitution

The Bulgarian Constitution contains 169 clauses, organized into 22 chapters, which are further subdivided into sections. The chapters cover the following topics:

Territory of the Principality – defining the land and borders of Bulgaria.

Prerogatives of the Prince – outlining the powers and limits of the monarchy.

Residence of the Prince – specifying the official residence.

Coat of Arms, Seal, and Flag – symbols of national identity.

Succession to the Throne – rules for hereditary succession.

Majority, Regency, and Guardianship – provisions for minority kings and regents.

Accession and Oath – ceremonies and legal formalities for assuming the throne.

Civil List of the Prince – finances and household of the royal family.

Religion – defining the state religion and religious freedoms.

Laws – legislative processes and legal authority.

State Properties – management of national resources.

Citizens of Bulgaria – rights and duties of citizens.

National Representation – structure and role of the legislative body.

Ordinary National Assembly – organization and functioning.

Duties of the National Assembly – legislative responsibilities.

Introducing and Examining Bills – procedures for new laws.

Budget – preparation and approval of the state budget.

State Loans – regulations on borrowing and public debt.

Convocation of the National Assembly – rules for calling meetings.

Grand National Assembly – powers and organization of the special assembly.

Supreme Public Institutions – Council of Ministers and ministries.

Revising or Altering the Constitution – legal procedures for amendments.

The Bulgarian Constitution of 1879 has proven resilient and adaptable, surviving political crises and guiding the Principality through decades of change. Its clear structure and comprehensive coverage of governance, rights, and national symbols ensured the stability and continuity of modern Bulgarian statehood.

#Restoration of the Constitution

The Bulgarians

Historical Overview

The study of Bulgarian history begins with an important question: the origin of the Bulgarian people. Like other Southern Slavs, the roots of the Bulgarians are complex and debated. Historians have studied this for centuries, but there is still no complete agreement.

The most widely accepted theory, proposed by the Slav historian Jirecek, provides a clear picture. According to him, the Balkan Peninsula has been inhabited since ancient times by several different tribes. Among them were the Thraco-Ulyrians, Thraco-Macedonians, and Thraco-Dacians.

Around the beginning of the third century, the Slavs appeared in the region. They crossed the Danube River and settled in the broad plains between the river and the Balkan Mountains. Over time, the Slavs moved southward, forming communities among the local populations, including the Thraco-Ulyrians, the Romanians, and the Greeks. This migration continued for several centuries City Tours Istanbul.

In the seventh century of the Christian era, another group arrived: a Finno-Ugric tribe known as the Bulgars or Bolgars. They came from the Volga region, traveled across Russia, and eventually reached ancient Moesia, located between the Danube and the Black Sea. This tribe established control over the northeastern Balkans, blending with the local Slavs over time.

Through these migrations and mixing of peoples, the modern Bulgarian nation began to take shape. The Slavs contributed their language and customs, while the Bulgars provided political and military organization. The fusion of these groups created the unique cultural and ethnic identity of Bulgaria, which still influences the country today.

#The Bulgarians

The Bridge over the Barbyses

Location and Early Importance

The bridge crossed the Barbyses (modern Kiaht-haneh Sou), a small stream that flows into the Golden Horn in the Cosmidion district (modern Eyoub). When the scholar Gyllius visited Constantinople, the stone piers of an ancient bridge could still be seen in summer, when the water level was low. These remnants stood between the northern end of the city’s land walls and Aivan Serai, indicating the bridge’s strategic position.

This bridge was a key point of access to the city and served both military and civilian purposes. During the 627 siege, Slavonian allies of the Avars moored a flotilla of log-boats behind the bridge, waiting for a chance to enter the Golden Horn and attack the northern side of Constantinople.

Heraclius’ Triumphal Entry

The bridge also played a role in one of the most famous events of Byzantine history. After returning from the Persian War, Emperor Heraclius entered the city triumphantly, crossing the bridge over the Barbyses. His journey from the Palace of Hiereia on the Bay of Moda to the Golden Horn was unusually indirect. Although the shortest route would have been by boat across the Sea of Marmora to the Golden Gate, Heraclius had an extreme fear of water Jeep Safari Bulgaria.

To overcome this, his advisers built a temporary bridge of boats across the Bosporus, covering the sides with branches and foliage so the emperor would not see the water. Once safely on the European shore, Heraclius avoided the water again and took an inland route through the valley at the head of the Golden Horn, finally crossing the Barbyses to reach the city.

Role in the Crusades

The bridge continued to be important in later centuries. In 1096, Crusaders under Godfrey de Bouillon camped near it. During the Second Crusade in 1147, Emperor Conrad crossed the bridge to attack the suburbs on the northern side of the harbor.

During the Fourth Crusade in 1203, the army marched from Galata to Constantinople. The Greeks had cut down the bridge, so the Crusaders repaired it, allowing their troops to cross and encamp near the Palace of Blachernae. As Villehardouin describes, the soldiers worked day and night to reconstruct the bridge, enabling the army to move in battle formation toward the city.

Later Military Use

Even in the 14th century, the bridge remained strategically significant. In 1328 and 1345, John Cantacuzene camped his troops in the meadows beside the bridge while negotiating with city defenders at the Gate of Gyrolimne, showing its continued role in controlling access to the city.

The bridge over the Barbyses connected key districts, allowed safe entry into the city, and was repeatedly used in sieges and military campaigns. From the triumph of Heraclius to the Crusades and civil wars of the 14th century, it remained a vital link between the northern suburbs and the heart of Constantinople.

#The Bridge over the Barbyses

Turkish Laws Still in Use but with Local Additions

Although Bosnia is no longer truly ruled by Turkey, many of Turkey’s old laws are still followed in the region. Technically, Bosnia is still considered a Turkish province in name, but it will never return to Turkish control. Some of the Turkish laws are quite effective and fair, especially when used honestly. These laws were originally designed for the Turkish people, and many are still useful for governing Bosnians.

However, it has also been necessary to add new, local laws to meet the needs of the country. These local laws are made by an assembly, which is chosen by the tax-paying citizens of Bosnia. This legislative body not only passes new laws but also decides how much tax should be collected and how public money should be spent on services such as education, roads, and health Private Sofia Tour.

Preparing Bosnians for Government Roles

To make sure that native Bosnians can participate fully in their government, a special school called the Scheriatschule was created. This institution helps train students for important roles in the courts, the government, and the legislature.

About 200 students are currently enrolled at the Scheriatschule. They pay only a small entrance fee, along with a reasonable cost for food and housing. The goal is to make education affordable and accessible to local young people, especially those who wish to serve their country in official roles.

A Beautiful and Functional School Building

The school is located in a large, rectangular building designed in an Oriental architectural style. It is built from rows of black and white stone, which make the structure look a bit like striped clothing. Some people say it reminds them of a prison uniform, but the building itself is far from gloomy.

The entrance is impressive, with wide stone steps leading up to it. On both sides of the steps are flower gardens, and the main doorway is a tall arch that opens into a central courtyard. This courtyard features a fountain and flowers, creating a calm and welcoming atmosphere.

Modern Facilities for Quality Education

Surrounding the courtyard are the school’s most important rooms: classrooms, libraries, dormitories, dining halls, and even a chapel. All of these spaces are well-built and include modern conveniences, making life easier for the students.

The Austrian government has put great effort into making Bosnian schools examples of excellence. The Scheriatschule is not only a center for learning law and governance, but also a symbol of Bosnia’s progress under more stable and structured rule.

#Turkish Laws Still in Use but with Local Additions

Stavreff’s Fall and Arrest

As time went on, Stavreff’s reckless behavior grew worse. He began to lose control over what he said and started hinting at secrets he might reveal if certain officials didn’t treat him better. His gambling habits worsened, and his increasing losses made him more daring and less careful in his actions. He continued to make mysterious remarks, drawing more attention to himself. Eventually, on October 24, 1902, Stavreff was arrested. He was secretly tried in prison and quickly sentenced to death for the assassination of Stambouloff that happened more than seven years earlier. It was publicly announced that Stavreff had made a full confession of his guilt Ephesus Daily Tour.

Revelation of Incriminating Letters

After Stavreff’s arrest, shocking revelations followed. Lithographed copies of letters began appearing on the streets of Sofia. These letters were written by Ludskanoff, the minister of the interior, who had ordered Stavreff’s arrest and execution. The letters clearly showed that Ludskanoff had hired Stavreff to kill not only Stambouloff but also Mr. Vulkovitch, who had been a prominent figure in the anti-Russian movement before his death in 1892. At that time, Ludskanoff led the pro-Russian faction in Bulgaria. To avoid arrest for his involvement in Vulkovitch’s assassination, Ludskanoff fled the country.

When Stambouloff was in power, he issued a decree of perpetual banishment against Ludskanoff. Ludskanoff did not return until after Stambouloff’s death, when a universal amnesty was declared. Upon his return, Ludskanoff regained his political influence, joined the parliament, and served as an obedient tool for Russian influence in Bulgaria.

The Political Fallout

The publication of these incriminating letters caused a huge sensation in Sofia. More letters of a similar nature were released in the following days. These revelations led to the dissolution of the Bulgarian cabinet. However, the cabinet was quickly reorganized, and Ludskanoff was reappointed as the minister of the interior. The new prime minister, Mr. Kavachoff, explained that the amnesty proclamation offered a full pardon for any actions that his colleagues, including Ludskanoff, might have been involved in. This explanation seemed to satisfy those who supported Russian influence in Bulgaria, despite the controversial events surrounding Ludskanoff’s actions.

#Stavreff’s Fall and Arrest

The City of Constantine Expansion and Fortifications

In the year 328 AD, Emperor Constantine the Great began the transformation of Byzantium into New Rome, the future city of Constantinople. This marked the beginning of a new era. Constantine expanded the city’s borders and built strong new walls for its protection.

According to tradition, the emperor walked the boundary of his future capital with a spear in hand, personally marking the outline. When surprised officials asked how far he would go, he reportedly answered:

“Until He stops Who goes before me.”

This story shows the deep meaning Constantine gave to his work. The city’s transformation was not just political or military—it was spiritual and historical Sofia Sightseeing.

The Challenge of Identifying the City’s Boundaries

Determining the exact size of Constantine’s new city is not easy today. Some ancient descriptions are unclear, and many landmarks no longer exist. However, by comparing historical sources with modern geography, we can still form a fairly good idea of the area.

The New Land Wall and City Limits

The new land wall built by Constantine crossed the historic peninsula (promontory) of Byzantium. It was located just east of two major cisterns:

The Cistern of Mokius, near the Seventh Hill (west of Avret Bazaar).

The Cistern of Aspar, near the valley between the Fourth and Sixth Hills, along the road from the Mosque of Sultan Mehmed to the Adrianople Gate.

Where the Walls Ended

The southern end of the land wall reached the Sea of Marmara, somewhere between today’s Daoud Pasha Gate and Psamathia Gate.

The northern end reached the Golden Horn, near the area where the Stamboul end of the modern inner bridge stands.

At the same time, the old sea walls of Byzantium were repaired and extended to connect with the new land wall. This created a complete line of fortifications that surrounded Constantine’s new capital.

A New Era for an Ancient City

With these changes, Constantine turned a Greek trading colony into a Roman imperial city. It now had strong defenses, expanded territory, and the potential to become the heart of an empire. The city would later grow even larger under later emperors, but this foundation laid by Constantine was a major turning point in its history.

Constantinople was born, and the world would never be the same.

#The City of Constantine Expansion and Fortifications

Trifon Zarezan – Bulgaria’s Winegrower Celebration

Trifon Zarezan, also known as St Valentine’s Day for Wine, marks an important event in the Bulgarian wine calendar. On this day, vineyard workers and wine lovers come together to celebrate the start of pruning season with a lively ritual:

Sprinkling the vines with wine to bless them and ensure fertility.

Pruning the vines by hand, symbolizing the cycle of renewal.

Following the work, families and friends gather for a long feast, filled with homemade wine, traditional dishes, and singing.

When Is Trifon Zarezan?

Figuring out the exact date can be tricky, because different communities follow different calendars:

Some celebrate on February 1, which aligns with the new style calendar Bulgaria Vacations.

Others celebrate on February 14, following the old Orthodox Christian calendar.

If you’re planning to join the fun, a good idea is to prepare for partying throughout February—you’ll meet villagers raising a glass to “Trifon Zarezan!” more than once.

How People Celebrate

Villages and towns host festivals, where local winemakers share their newest wines.

Pruning competitions are sometimes held to see who can work fastest and neatest.

Expect folklore music and dancing, hearty food like grilled meats, banitsa (cheese pastry), homemade bread, and of course, lots of wine.

For wine lovers, it’s a chance to taste fresh vintage, learn about traditional Bulgarian wine, and join in for an unforgettable rural experience.

Sofia’s Hotel Scene – A Wide Variety

Sofia has seen a big growth in hotel options in recent years. You can now choose from budget stays to luxury resorts—and the official star ratings are generally reliable. Most hotels list prices in euros, but you can also pay in Bulgarian leva at the same conversion rate.

Featured Hotel Grand Hotel Sofia

Location: B‑3, ul. Gurko 1 — right in the heart of Sofia

Phone : 811 08 00

Why It Stands Out

Prime location: Next to the National Theatre, City Art Gallery, Bulgaria Hall, and within walking distance of Alexander Nevsky Cathedral.

Professional staff: Welcoming and well-trained at every level.

Spacious rooms: All rooms are large with both bathtubs and showers.

Elegant design: High-quality furniture and solid finishes that feel classic and durable.

Grand Café: Located on the ground floor facing City Garden, famous for serving delicious cakes and pastries.

Why Choose Grand Hotel Sofia?

Excellent location — perfect for touring central Sofia.

Top quality — well-deserved privileges of a five-star rating.

Spacious, charming interiors — ideal for both work and rest.

Nice extras — like the Grand Café and easy access to cultural landmarks.

#Trifon Zarezan – Bulgaria’s Winegrower Celebration

Peace Built on Broken Treaties

The peace in Europe, after the Balkan War, was based on two broken treaties. The Concert of Europe, which was supposed to ensure peace based on the Treaty of Berlin, has spent recent years ignoring it. Instead of keeping the peace, the European powers have focused on breaking it. The Concert of Europe has repeatedly failed at honest diplomacy because of the rival ambitions and conflicting interests of powerful nations who are all heavily armed.

The Failure of Diplomacy

Before the Balkan War, the Concert of Europe declared that no matter who won the war, neither side would be allowed to gain any land or benefits. But this was just an empty promise.

Instead, the Treaty of Berlin was ignored and torn apart by Austria, Italy, Romania, and the Balkan States. Other agreements, like the one between Serbia and Bulgaria, and the agreement made between Romania and Bulgaria in Petrograd, were also violated. Even the Treaty of London, which was supposed to ensure peace, ended up in the trash Turkey Sightseeing.

Turkey’s Disregard for Europe

Turkey completely ignored the protests from the European Powers, treating them with contempt. This situation paints a very humiliating picture for Europe. The great powers, who were supposed to be the protectors of peace, watched passively as the smaller nations were betrayed and taken advantage of.

Bulgaria’s Struggle

The bravest and most freedom-loving people in the Balkans were attacked by their former allies, with the help of an old friend. Bulgaria was abandoned by the Slav Powers and forced to demobilize, leaving it defenseless and isolated. Bulgaria had to try to negotiate with Turkey to secure what little was left of the Treaty of London, which had been dishonestly broken.

Europe’s Consequences

Europe’s failure to act fairly has led to its own downfall. As the saying goes, “you reap what you sow.” The Concert of Europe sowed chaos, and now it faces the consequences.

#Peace Built on Broken Treaties

The Labour Camp System in Bulgaria

Overview of Labour Camps

After the establishment of the communist regime in Bulgaria in 1944, the country set up a system of labour camps to imprison political opponents, perceived enemies, and people seen as a threat to the regime. According to Peter Gogov, the chief of the Lovech Labour Camp, there were about 44 labour camps in Bulgaria between 1945 and 1962. However, other sources suggest that there were as many as 83 labour camps in total, spread across different locations, and operating for varying lengths of time during this period.

Some Notable Labour Camps in Bulgaria

Zeleni Dol (Blagoevgrad Region)

This was the first labour camp in Bulgaria after the communist takeover. It was established in September 1944, following the demand of the Soviet occupational forces. The camp housed 203 people, including German citizens and German women married to Bulgarians. The camp operated until December 1945 Istanbul Day Trips.

Sveti Vratch Station (Sandanski)

A labour camp was set up in January 1945 near the town of Sandanski. The camp held political prisoners and other people considered undesirable by the regime.

Kutziyan Mine (Pernik Region)

This camp operated from October 1945 until the end of 1949. It primarily housed counter-revolutionary Russians. In 1948, it also became the location for many supporters of Nikola Petkov’s Agrarian Party, which was seen as a political threat to the government.

“Black Sea” Mine (Bourgas)

Located near Bourgas, this camp was in operation from January to April 1945. It was another location used to imprison those deemed enemies of the state.

Bogdanov Dol (Pernik Region)

Operating from spring 1945 until 1951, this camp was situated in the Pernik region and was used to imprison individuals seen as a threat to the regime.

“Tolbukhin” Ore Mine

This was another mining camp, used during the period to imprison political prisoners and others opposing the regime.

Nikolaevo Mine (Stara Zagora Region)

This camp operated from 1948 until July 1949 in the Stara Zagora region. It was used to house various prisoners, particularly those seen as enemies of the communist government.

“Rositza” Dam

Located near a dam, this camp was active from October 1946 to 1948. It housed political prisoners and other undesirable elements.

Nozharevo (Silistra Region)

This camp operated from mid-1947 until mid-1952 in the Silistra region. It was used to imprison a wide range of political prisoners.

Boyana Village (Tutrakan Region)

A women’s camp was set up at Boyana village at the beginning of 1947. This camp was used to house women who were considered to be enemies of the state.

Veliko Tarnovo (Outskirts)

A women’s camp was also set up on the outskirts of Veliko Tarnovo in 1947, aimed at imprisoning women accused of anti-government activities.

Bosna Camp (Tutrakan Region)

Set up in 1947, this camp was located in the Tutrakan region, used for political opponents and others the regime wanted to suppress.

Boshuliya Camp (Pazardjik Region)

Operating from 1945 until 1949, the Boshuliya camp was another site for imprisoning political prisoners.

Belene (Danube River Islands)

Belene became one of the most infamous camps. It was established in April 1949 by a Council of Ministers’ decree. Located on several Danube river islands, it housed political opponents of the Communist Party. The first year saw 800 prisoners interned, and by 1953, the number had risen to 1,917 prisoners. They faced sentences ranging from 6 months to 7 years. The camp was closed temporarily from 5 September to 5 November 1956.

The establishment of these labour camps was a key part of the Bulgarian government’s strategy to suppress political dissent and maintain control over the population. Many of these camps were used to imprison individuals for simply opposing the Communist regime or for their perceived political views. The Belene camp, in particular, became a symbol of the oppressive nature of the communist government, with thousands of people suffering under brutal conditions. The legacy of these camps is a reminder of the harsh realities of life under communist rule in Bulgaria.

#The Labour Camp System in Bulgaria

Waiting to Be Discovered

The Ancient City of Smyrna

The ancient city of Smyrna was built on a mound that was once a small peninsula connected to the mainland by an isthmus. Today, the site is still being explored to uncover its rich history.

Early Excavations

The first scientific studies of Smyrna began between 1948 and 1951, when a Turkish-British team conducted excavations. From 1966 to 1993, Professor Ekrem Akurgal continued these excavations. Since 1993, the work has been led by Professor Dr. Meral Akurgal.

Layers of History

The mound where Smyrna is located shows a continuous history of settlement, dating from the 11th to the 4th century B.C. In the 9th century B.C., the city was surrounded by a defensive wall made of mud bricks. The houses in this period were simple, usually consisting of just one room.

The Peak of Ionian Civilization

Between 650 and 545 B.C., Smyrna reached the height of its power during the Ionian civilization in western Anatolia. During this time, the city produced several important structures, including the City Wall, the Temple of Athena, the Monumental Fountain, the Meeting House Megaron, and the Double Megaron Adventure Balkan Tours.

Innovative City Planning

Smyrna was one of the first cities in the Greek world to use a grid city plan, which was introduced in the second half of the 7th century B.C. The city’s main street ran east to west and ended at the Temple of Athena.

A Sad Loss

Despite the best efforts of the hospital staff, Bereket could not be saved from acute kidney and heart failure. He left behind five children and seven grandchildren. Known as “Halil Abey,” he often spoke about how much effort was needed to keep the band alive. During festivals, ceremonies, and parades, they felt the same excitement as a young, new band.

#Waiting to Be Discovered

The Road to Elbasan

Turkish officials at Elbasan were happy with the “carriage way,” as they called it. However, they ignored the fact that before you could reach this road from Struga, you would have to travel through about forty miles of wild mountains. And, on the Elbasan side, you would need to cross the Skumbi River at least five times, and the route along the hillside was no wider than a footpath. When I suggested that the difficult, rocky parts of the road should be improved, the usual response was, “Yes, but that is the hardest part, so we don’t do it.”

Failed Road Construction Projects

A year or two ago, an Italian engineer was hired to help build a better road. He started on an easy slope in the hills and spent a lot of money cutting out a broad path. However, the road didn’t lead anywhere useful and stopped where the rocks began. The Turkish officials decided the engineer should go back to Italy. Now, the road that was built is useless. No one uses it because it is harder to travel on than the old, rough track that people have been using for years Istanbul Tour Guide.

Challenges in Reaching Elbasan

Even when you reach the Skumbi River, there is still a lot of thick scrub to push through, many streams to cross, and several miles to walk up a small, slow-moving stream before finally reaching Elbasan. On the day we arrived in Elbasan, we had been riding for fourteen hours.

The Central Town of Albania

Elbasan is an important town in Albania. It is similar to the Highlands of Scotland in the 16th century, where constant fighting and warfare were common. Albania has a long history of guerrilla warfare, with many people fighting for control of the land.

Violence in Elbasan

In Elbasan, there are around twenty or thirty murders every week. The town is full of danger and lawlessness, and people have learned to live with violence. In fact, even ducks are used as scavengers to clean up the remains of the dead.

Albanian Silk

Albania is also known for producing silk, and the country has a long history of making high-quality fabric. Silk production is an important part of the local economy.

The Best Hotel in Elbasan

The best hotel in Elbasan is run by a very focused landlord. The hotel may not be luxurious, but it’s the most comfortable place to stay in the town.

Mr. Carnegie’s Fame

Despite the rough conditions, people in Elbasan have heard of Mr. Carnegie and his fame, showing that even in such a remote area, news of the outside world can still reach them.

#The Road to Elbasan

The Role of the Vice-Consul

The Vice-Consul is like a small ambassador. His work is more about diplomacy than consular tasks. He has many chances to show his intelligence and skills. Often, he is quite young and might still be thinking about playing cricket or football. Most people in his home country don’t even know he exists. Yet, he is part of a group of educated Englishmen who live in faraway countries, often in quiet houses, and remind the people around them of the strength and importance of Britain.

The Turk as a Ruler

The Virtues of the Turk

Many people say that “The Turk is the only gentleman in the Balkans.” This was a common statement I heard while traveling, usually from Englishmen. However, some also believe the Turk is not a good ruler, and that Europe should accept that the Turk cannot be easily changed into a government style others believe is good.

The Image of the Turk

Most Western people, especially women, are afraid of the Turk and think he is unclean. They believe his main quality is sensuality, thinking of him as fat, greedy, and only interested in the pleasures of his harem.

The Reality of the Turk

The Turk may not be perfect, but he is just as moral as an average Englishman, American, or Frenchman. It is rare for a Turk to have more than one wife. The harem system, which many people joke about, is actually more organized and less harmful than the promiscuity found in some Christian European cities. If you compare them, the average Muslim man is as moral as the average Christian man.

The Turk’s Faith and Morality

I don’t intend to discuss the benefits or drawbacks of the Muslim faith, but personally, I have experienced many good qualities of “real Christianity” in Muslim countries: kindness, courtesy, and hospitality. The Turk follows his faith strictly. He is usually clean and prays at the appointed times. He is not someone who gets drunk and does not skip his prayers.

#The Role of the Vice-Consul

The Surrender at Shipka Pass

The Final Struggle

The Turks fought desperately, but it was all in vain. Out of the 32,000 soldiers, all of them surrendered unconditionally. The Russians then moved down the southern slopes toward Shipka village.

A Church to Commemorate the Victory

In Shipka village, there is a large, beautiful Russian-Greek church built to honor the victory. The gold dome with a cross on top shines brightly in the sun, visible from 20 miles away. However, there is no mention of the bad behavior of the Russian troops when they took over the village, including looting, drinking, and other harmful actions.

Reflections on the Past

An Old Man’s View

An old man shared his thoughts with me. He said, “The Turks did wrong things, but they were never as bad as the Russians.” When I asked him if he was happy that the Turks were gone and Bulgaria was free, he replied, “Not really. When the Turks were in control, taxes were low. Now, taxes are high. We also had a bigger market for our goods when we were part of the Ottoman Empire. Now, as a separate country, other nations make it hard for us to sell our products. Maybe the old days were better Bulgarian Coast.”

Stories of the Past

My guide continued with more stories from the past. He told me about how Turkish brigands used to steal the trousers of Christians and then force them to say “Allah giveth” at gunpoint to ease their conscience.

The View from Shipka Pass

The First Glimpse of the Plain of Thrace

From the top of the pass, I could see the Plain of Thrace stretching out before me, green and peaceful, all the way to the horizon. The heat was intense, but a cool breeze helped to ease it. I rested my tired horse and took in the silent, beautiful landscape, saddened by the thought of the wars that had once ravaged this land.

The Journey Down

We made our way down the hot, rocky path that felt like walking on burning coals. The heat from the rocks hit my face like a blast from an oven. I was covered in dust, and my mouth felt dry. Soon, we reached the village, where we quenched our thirst with fresh grapes.

#The Surrender at Shipka Pass

The Privileged Status of the Communist Party

Legalizing Privilege

The privileged status of the Communist Party minority in Bulgaria is officially recognized in Article 1 of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria. This article grants the Bulgarian Communist Party a leading role in society. This principle extends to the judicial system, which mandates that if a party member is to be brought to justice, the party organization they belong to must be consulted and must give consent first. This creates a system where party members are protected from the usual legal processes, ensuring that they can maintain their privileges without facing accountability.

Benefits for Party Members

Rank-and-file members of the Bulgarian Communist Party also enjoy various privileges. These benefits include easier access to employment, enrollment in higher educational institutions, opportunities to work abroad, and additional social advantages. This ensures that party members and their families have more opportunities than the average citizen Private Tours Bulgaria Varna.

“Active Fighters Against Fascism and Capitalism”

A specific term used within the party is “active fighters against fascism and capitalism.” This term refers to a segment of the party elite, which oddly continues to grow in number. These individuals enjoy various privileges at the expense of the majority of citizens. The label “fighters against fascism” is used to legitimize this group in the eyes of the democratic world. In the communist party’s terminology, anyone who disagrees with communist ideology is labeled as “fascist,” whether they express their disagreement actively or passively.

Special Ordinances and Retirement Benefits

In June 1945, an Ordinance on people’s pensions was enacted, granting higher pensions to this privileged group of party members compared to ordinary citizens. This decision effectively made the retirement system part of the privileges enjoyed by the party elite. Higher pensions are just one of the many benefits provided to “active fighters against fascism and capitalism,” along with their children and grandchildren.

Additional Privileges

Members of this privileged group receive numerous advantages when applying for jobs or pursuing higher positions or academic degrees. They are often given free or very inexpensive housing in central areas of major cities, as well as access to free villas. Furthermore, they receive priority for cars and enjoy special medical care, ensuring that they have a higher quality of life than the average citizen. Even their burial grounds are protected and often guarded, reflecting their elevated status in society.

The system of privileges for the Communist Party minority in Bulgaria illustrates the deep inequalities present in the society. While the government claimed to represent the people, it instead created a system that benefited a small elite at the expense of the majority. This legacy of privilege not only contributed to widespread dissatisfaction but also played a significant role in the eventual calls for change and reform in Bulgaria. The struggle for equal rights and opportunities remains a vital issue for any society that values democracy and justice.

#The Privileged Status of the Communist Party

The Privileged Status of the Communist Party

Legalizing Privilege

Benefits for Party Members

“Active Fighters Against Fascism and Capitalism”

Special Ordinances and Retirement Benefits

Additional Privileges

#The Privileged Status of the Communist Party

Repressive Measures and the Restructuring of Bulgarian Society After 1944

Introduction of New Ordinances and Decrees

Following the communist coup on September 9, 1944, the new regime in Bulgaria implemented a series of ordinances and decrees that drastically altered the country’s social, political, and legal landscapes. These measures were designed to reward supporters of the new regime while simultaneously restricting the rights of those who were deemed to oppose it.

One of the early examples of these changes was the Ordinance for the Temporary Cancellation of Qualifications on October 12, 1944. This ordinance allowed the regime to bypass existing job qualification requirements, enabling the appointment of loyal supporters to state positions regardless of their professional background or educational qualifications. This decree effectively undermined meritocracy in favor of political loyalty Istanbul Daily Tour.

Privileges for Regime Supporters

The regime also issued ordinances to grant privileges to its supporters. On October 24, 1944, an ordinance was passed allowing members of the Writers’ Union, even those without university degrees, to be appointed to state, municipal, or public positions that typically required higher education. This ordinance demonstrated the regime’s prioritization of ideological alignment over competence, further entrenching its power.

Another ordinance, issued on April 29, 1945, aimed to support those who had fought against fascism. The Ordinance to Support Those Who Suffered During Their Struggle Against Fascism and for the People’s Freedom provided benefits and privileges to individuals who had been active in the anti-fascist movement. While this may have appeared as a benevolent gesture, it was, in reality, a strategic move to consolidate support by rewarding those loyal to the communist cause.

Repression of Former Regime Members

In contrast, the new government enacted laws that severely punished individuals associated with the previous regime. On January 14, 1948, an act was enforced that deprived citizens involved in so-called “fascist activities” of their pensions. This act targeted those who had been convicted by the People’s Tribunal or who were suspected of involvement in the fascist regime, stripping them of their retirement benefits. Even those who had simply disappeared or were presumed guilty by association faced the loss of their pensions. The retirement system thus became another tool of repression, penalizing citizens who had dutifully paid their social security dues but were now deemed enemies of the state.

Restructuring of the Legal and Administrative Systems

The repressive measures extended into the legal and administrative systems as well. The entire administration was overhauled, with former guerrillas, political prisoners, and party functionaries—many lacking the necessary education and experience—being appointed as judges and investigators. This restructuring effectively dismantled the concept of an independent legal system in Bulgaria. Courts and administrative bodies were no longer impartial institutions but rather instruments of the Communist Party and the Fatherland Front committees.

This complete subjugation of the legal system to the whims of the party meant that justice was no longer administered fairly or independently. The courts became a means of enforcing the regime’s policies, suppressing dissent, and legitimizing the repression of political opponents.

Conclusion

The post-1944 ordinances and decrees introduced by the Bulgarian communist regime were key to establishing and maintaining totalitarian control over the country. By granting privileges to supporters and severely limiting the rights of others, the regime created a society where loyalty to the party was the ultimate qualification. The restructuring of the legal and administrative systems ensured that the Communist Party held absolute power, with no room for opposition or independent thought. These actions laid the groundwork for decades of repression, fear, and authoritarian rule in Bulgaria.

#Repressive Measures and the Restructuring of Bulgarian Society After 1944

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