Mythology

[archaeologicalnews]

New interpretation of the Rok runestone inscription changes view of Viking Age

The Rök Runestone, erected in the late 800s in the Swedish province of Östergötland, is the world’s most well-known runestone. Its long inscription has seemed impossible to understand, despite the fact that it is relatively easy to read. A new interpretation of the inscription has now been presented - an interpretation that breaks completely with a century-old interpretative tradition. What has previously been understood as references to heroic feats, kings and wars in fact seems to refer to the monument itself.

“The inscription on the Rök Runestone is not as hard to understand as previously thought,” says Per Holmberg, associate professor of Scandinavian languages at the University of Gothenburg. “The riddles on the front of the stone have to do with the daylight that we need to be able to read the runes, and on the back are riddles that probably have to do with the carving of the runes and the runic alphabet, the so called futhark.” Read more.

[mamawinterwolf-deactivated20160]

Signs And Symbols- Mermaid Fantastical Animals (Creatures)- Mermaid

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ SOURCE: “The Illustrated Signs & Symbols Sourcebook: An A to Z Compendium Of Over 1000 Designs” By Adele Nozedar ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

[hedendom]

Norse Gods (And Other Deities) List

Having seen various incorrect, incomplete and inaccurate lists of Norse gods circulating Tumblr, I have decided to write my own and also include common terminology alongside. I will also include other beings who exist within the old lore and modern traditions.

I have opted to include the names in Norwegian, with translations in parenthesise after, along with a brief summary of some of the associations given to some of those gods. Be aware that, as an overview, brevity is necessary here and the individuals should not be oversimplified to basic aspects in your practice!

Æser (Æsir, Male Gods)

Balder (Baldr, Baldur) - Light, purity, rebirth

Brage (Bragi) - Poetry, eloquence, wisdom and music

Delling (Dellingr) - The new day, dawn

Forsete (Forseti) - Justice and reconciliation

Frøy (Freyr) - Vaner, virility, fertility, the sacred religious position of royalty, prosperity, good weather and sunshine

Heimdall (Heimdallr) - The senses, premonition or foreknowledge

Hermod (Hermóðr) - Bravery, spirit, possibly a former mortal hero/king elevated to the Æsir

Hjuke (Hjúki) - Man, lunar activity, lunar phases, moon craters, brother of Bil (the Scandinavian children in the moon)

Hod (Höðr, Hodr) - The blind god, darkness, rebirth, second chances

Høne (Hænir, Hœnir) - Survival, sense/spirit, beauty,

Lodur (Lóðurr) - Blood, warmth, life, 

Loke (Loki) - Change, creativity, ambiguity, impulsiveness

Lyter (Lýtir) - Premonition, foresight, prediction, prophecy

Magne (Magni) - Strength, development, son of Tor

Meile - Son of Odin, brother of Tor

Mime (Mímir) - Wisdom, knowledge, memory, advice

Måne (Máni) - The moon, the night sky

Njord (Njörðr) - Vaner, the sea, harbours, ports, seafaring, wind, fishing, wealth/prosperity, and crop fertility

Od (Óðr) - Madness, fury, eagerness, excitement

Odin (Óðinn) - Father, war, battle, victory, death, wisdom, runes, magic, poetry, charms

Tor (Þórr, Thor) - Thunder, lightning, storms, rain, strength, protection, hallowing, healing, fertility

Ty (Týr, Tyr) - Law, sacrifice, heroism, glory, war

Ull (Ullr) - Skiing, archery, hunting, weapons, shields, personal combat, oaths

Vidar (Víðarr) - Vengeance, atonement, preparation, survival, silence

Vilje (Vili) - Will, willpower, moderation, the middle, wit, intelligence, touch, sense, motion

Ve (Vé) - Countenance, appearance, facial expression, speech, hearing, sight

Våle (Váli) - Revenge, bravery, daring, marksmanship, survival, rebirth

Åsynjer (Ásynjur, Female Gods)

Bil - Woman, lunar activity, phases of the moon, sister of Hjuke (the Scandinavian children in the moon)

Eir - Help, healing, protection, mercy, grace, calm

Fjorgyn/Jord (Fjörgyn/Jörð) - Earth, the world, nature, greenery

Frigg - Mother, love, fate, prophecy, marriage, birth, midwifery

Frøya (Freyja) - Vaner, fertility, love, passion, sex, sexuality, beauty, fertility, gold, magic, war, death

Fulla - domesticity, cleaning, housekeeping, listening, confidant, secrecy

Gersemi - Precious, beauty, blonde hair

Gjevjon (Gefjun) - Virginity, plowing, female independence 

Gnå (Gná) - Messenger, errands, crossing planes of existence, travel through land, air and water

Hnoss - Treasure, beauty, brunette hair

Idunn (Iðunn) - Youth, vigour, apples, love

Ilm - Fragrance, aroma, smells

Irpa - Guardian goddess, Hålogaland

Lin (Hlín) - Weddings, domestic sphere, flax, onion, fabrics

Lovn (Lofn) - Benevolence, kindness, gentleness, consolation

Nanna - Loyalty, empathy

Njorun - Soil, the land

Rind (Rindr) - Princess/goddess/giantess, mother of Våle from the East

Rån (Rán) - Sea, protection from drowning, fishing

Sigyn - Loyalty, burden, sadness

Siv (Sif) - Fields, wheat, fertility, family, wedlock

Sjavn (Sjöfn) - Love, sex, desire

Snotra - Wisdom, intelligence, cleverness, appropriate conduct

Sol (Sól) - The sun, warmth, daylight

Syn - Refusal, denial, speaking out, legal defence

Såga (Sága) - Seeress, all-seeing, companionship, drinking partner

Torgerd Hølgebrud (Þorgerðr Holgabrúðr) - Guardian goddess, Hålogaland, heathen shrines

Var (Vör) - Honesty, awareness, caution, carefulness

Vår (Vár) - Oaths (and punishing oath breakers), pledges, agreements, betrothal

Jotner (Jötnar, Elemental Giants)

Aurvandil - Star, planet, Orion & Big Dipper constellations

Bauge (Baugi) - Farmer, money, wages

Dag (Dagr) - Day, light, rides Skinfakse

Fornjot (Fornjótr) - Ancient giant, ancestor, original, owner

Frosti (Jökull) - Cold, winter, frost, ice, icicles, glaciers

Fårbaute (Fárbauti) - Hitting, striking, cruelty, danger, violence

Geirrød (Geirröd) - Entrapment, cruelty, aggression, violence

Gyme - Hills, Mounds

Helblinde (Helblindi) - “Hel Blinder”, “All Blind”

Hyme (Hymir) - Brewing, cauldron, thick skull

Kåre (Kári) - Wind, scathe, howl, sails

Loke (Loki) - Change, creativity, ambiguity, impulsiveness

Loge (Logi) - Fire, wildfire, 

Mime (Mímir) - Knowledge, wisdom, memory, counsel, Mimes Brønn (Mímisbrunnr)

Mokkurkalve - Clay, life, innocence, childishness

Norve (Narfi) - Narrow, oppressive, closed in, difficult birth

Rungne (Hrungnir) - Strength, brawling, fighting, whetstone

Snø (Snær) - Snow

Surt (Surtr) - Fire, heat, burning, blackness

Suttung (Suttungr) - Mead of poetry, orphaned, eagle

Tjaste (Þjazi, Thiazi) - Abduction of Idunn

Torre (Þorri, Thorri) - Black ice, frost, cold, winter

Trym (Þrymr, Thrymr) - Uproar, King of Jotner, 

Vale (Vali) - Unlucky, wolf, murdered his brother Norve

Vavtrudne (Vafþrúðnir) - Riddles, weaver of tales

Utgards-Loke (Útgarða-Loki) - The outer places, magic, illusion, beyond society, an alternate plane

Yme (Ymir) - The big bang, primordial, birth, the ancestor of all, elemental

Æge (Ægir) - Sea, ocean, sea creatures, protector of sailors

Gygrer (Gýgr, Elemental Giantess)

Angerboda (Angrboða) - Grief bringer, sorrow, Iron Wood

Aurboda ( Aurboða) - Gravel, mountains

Bestla - Mother to Odin, Vilje and Ve.

Driva (Drífa) - Snowfall

Fonn - Snowdrift

Gerd (Gerðr) - Beauty, light, fertility, earth

Grid (Gríðr) - Greed, vehemence, violence, impetuosity

Hel - Death, Helheim (the underworld), Náströnd (“Corpse Shore”)

Hyrrokkin - Fire smoked, smoke, strength, wolves, serpents

Jernsaksa (Járnsaxa) - Iron knife, mother to Magne

Lauvøy (Laufey) - Needle, slender, weak

Menglød (Menglöð) - Lives in a castle guarded by Fjölsviðr

Mjoll (Mjöll) - Powdered snow

Natt (Nótt) - Night, darkness, nightfall, counting time, rides Rimfakse

Skade (Skaði) - Damage, archery, hunting, skiing, winter, mountains

Vetter (Vættir, Beings) & Other

Alver (Elves) - Light/Dark/Black, personification of nature

Andvare (Andvari) - Dwarf, “careful one”, waterfall, fish, wealth, magic ring called Andvaranaut

Ask og Embla - The first humans, ancestors of humanity

Diser (Dísir) - Female protective deities/spirits, fate

Dverger (Dvergar) - Dwarfs, metallurgy, wisdom, smithing, mining, crafting

Einherjer (Einherjar) - Honoured dead, fallen in battle, sent to Folkvang or Valhalla

Fenrisulven (Fenrisúlfr) - Death, destruction, rage, the end of times, fen-dweller

Fjolne (Fjölnir) - Swedish king, Vaner, son of Frøy and Gerd

Kvase (Kvasir) - Wisdom, knowledge, skaldship, poetry, mead, blood, juice

Midgardsormen (Jörmungandr, Midgard Serpent) - Sea serpent, poison, self-reflexivity, cyclicality

Norner (Norns) - Weavers of fate, Wyrd, destiny, birth, death

Sigurd Fåvnesbane - Stag, hero, wisdom, prophecy, speak to birds

Starkad (Starkaðr) - Jotun, hero, great warrior, many arms cut off by Tor

Troll - Isolated natural landmarks, strength, slow, dim witted, 

Valkyrjer (Valkyries) - Choosers of the slain, Odin’s maids, spirits, ferocity, death, ravens, wolves

Vanlande (Vanlandi) - Hero, Swedish king, Vaner, “Man from the land of the Vaner”, 

Vedfinn (Viðfinnr) - Father of Hjuke and Bil

Vetter (Vættir) - landvette, skogsvette, husvette, vannvette, sjøvette, havvette, hulder, nøkken, draugen, nisse, troll, huldrefolk, deildegasten, dradokke, trollkatt, basilisk, krake, utburd, lyktemenn, varulv, marmæl, lindorm

Volund (Völundr) - Blacksmith, magical powers, sword maker, hero, alvedrotten (Chieftan of elves)

[fuckyeahnorsemythology]

Since one of the questions for the QandA was about listing some of the lesser known gods, I thought you might enjoy this post from Hedendom’s blog.

- Mod M

[nymphei]

i whisper to you in the dead of night god, are you here the emptiness roars are you here and the air breaks with nothing little did i know (omniscient i am     not) that you listened from your throne and your roar was too divine for my mortal ears

- @mythologyrules, “for Zeus”

[thegrapeandthefig]

@temples-wreathed-in-laurel

Here’s my take on smiley-flowery Zeus for you. Hope you like it, it was fun to sketch.

[temples-wreathed-in-laurel-deac]

Okay this is seriously one of the most amazing sketches I have ever seen! It’s completely gorgeous!!

This is so awesome. It is exactly what I’d imagine Zeus looking like with a flower crown! Thank you for drawing this, it’s beautiful :3

[manticoreimaginary]

[MYTHOLOGY MEME] 4/6 Myths - The Destruction of the Niobids

In Greek mythology, Niobe was a woman cursed for her hubris. During a celebration of Leto and her children (Apollo and Artemis), Niobe came forward to boast about the fact that she had far more children and was thus the more impressive mother of the two. (The number of her children is usually twelve, but is alternately noted as fourteen, eighteen or twenty.)

Furious, Leto sent her children to punish Niobe, with Artemis killing her daughters and Apollo killing her sons. (In some versions one daughter escaped/was spared.) The children’s father, at the sight of his dead sons, either killed himself or was killed by Apollo when he swore revenge. With nothing, Niobe fled to Mt Sipylus where she was turned into stone, her weeping continuing forever. (The rock formation associated with her since ancient times seeps rainwater through its porous limestone.)

[kholouz]

mermaid commission i did for @/junebug_art (on ig) ~ 

[aarwen]

(via How To Tell If You’re In a Viking Saga - The Toast - The Toast)

You have started a bloody multi-generational feud by stealing cheese.

You have gone away to Constantinople and left your dashing blond brother to manage all your property. You are confident nothing can go wrong.

Everyone around you is named Thorolf, except for Thorstein Cod-Biter, who lives over in the next valley. Many say he is part-troll. But they have learnt not to say it to his face.

The current feud in which you are embroiled seems likely to be resolved by prodding a blindfolded horse off a cliff with poles. This horse is known for its malice.

You have a very muted reaction to losing your limbs.

As the house burns down around you, your elderly father reflects that fostering his enemy’s son was probably a mistake.

Your survival hinges on the arrangement of poorly-maintained paths through a remote swamp. You will not survive.

Your limp has provided you with the opportunity to become an expert in the convoluted Icelandic legal system. Small, seemingly insignificant comments allow you to manipulate justice for years after your untimely death.

You have enraged a family of Sami wizards, who like to stand on your roof and sing all night.

An elderly woman, known for her second-sight, gives you specific instructions to avoid being murdered. You ignore her.

You think a summer of raiding and mercenary warfare will curb the violent tendencies of your young relative.

Someone has accused you of being an arse-wizard and for this they will pay.

Your enemy has made a miniature wood-carving of you being sodomized and nobody asks him why.

You are a distant ancestor of Snorri Sturluson.

Your main concerns about Christianity are the bans on infant exposure and the ritualised eating of horseflesh.

You went to bed with Queen Gunnhildr and she has cursed you with a penis so large it cannot be used.

Your mother is a kidnapped Irish princess, but didn’t think to mention this for years.

At the age of three, you were already composing skaldic verse and outdrinking grown men. Your grandparents are very proud of you.

Everyone you have ever loved, been related to, or looked at flirtatiously during the summer parliament has died in a feud. You are raising your sons to continue the feud.

Most of your problems can be explained with the phrase ‘cold are the counsels of women.’

You once exiled someone from Norway using a severed horse head on a stick.

Greenland is horrible, but you have persuaded people to move there with false advertising.

You may have died in an unusually horrible manner, but at least this rocky outcrop is named after you.

If you can compose a sufficiently good poem praising the king, you’re off the hook for killing his infant son.

You and your cousins once beat a man to death over a piece of driftwood.

Everyone agrees you have the eyes of a thief.

No man in Iceland was your equal, so you became a zombie-killing nun instead.

[wordgruuub]

Here’s my full story from the Valor Anthology! Thank you all for supporting the Kickstarter in 2014 and the book last summer, as well as sharing stuff on tumblr. I learned so much from this project and had such a great experience working with all the great people in the book that I’m looking forward to sharing more comics this year :) 

[secondlina]

If you’re interesting in purchasing Valor, it is available both as a book and ebook {HERE}

Other Valor stories :

Prunella Bride of the Rose Beast What Fear Said East of the Sun, West of the Moon Crane Wife Lady Tilda and the Dragon The Flower in the Gravel  All furs

[checanty]

ABC Creatures A-J | K-T | U-Z

[did-you-know]

The Ancient Egyptian sky god of infinity, eternity, and endlessness is called “Huh.”

Huh has no gender, and can represent as either male or female. Other common names are Heh, Hah, Hauh, Hehu, and Hauhet - which is the name of the feminine Huh.

Source

[donkeyhead]

[hellotoxoplasma]

Light by HFesbra

[failmacaw]

THE NINE CHOIRS OF HEAVEN.  An info-graphic for my editorial class and god am I thankful it’s done.  Way too much went into this than what I had time for, but hey… I actually kind of like it?

Now excuse me, I must return to my fashion major lifestyle and go sew a coat u_u

EDIT:  Re-uploaded with easier viewing! 

[idevenkk-deactivated20180630]

“When Lucifer fell, he did not fall alone.”

[mythologythings]

Samael and Lilith. Lust.

In Jewish legend, Lilith was the first female God created out of the mud, equal to Adam. On their first night of existence, they discovered sexual intercourse, just like every other being created. Adam wanted to be on top of Lilith but she refused indignantly, claiming she is not inferior to man and would not bow before him just because he was created first. Adam was infuriated with Lilith. She fled from the Garden of Eden into the shores of the Red Sea, all while throwing him curses.

God sent 3 archangels after Lilith. He ordered that she return back to Eden, else be thrown into the sea. One of the archangels, Samael, was filled with lust for Lilith. Instead of fulfilling what God has tasked him to do, he killed the two others and wooed Lilith, saying she doesn't have to bow down to anyone anymore if she chose him over God.

Together, their union created all known demons. It is said that Lilith gives birth to a thousand babies everyday, each in search for the descendants of Adam, whom Lilith still bore a grudge with.

[365daysofterror]

Myths & Legends: Lilith

According to Jewish myth, Lilith was the FIRST wife of Adam and like her husband was created from the dust of the earth.

Believing herself to be Adam’s equal, Lilith refused to submit to Adam and subsequently left the Garden of Eden. It was after her departure from the Garden that Eve came into the picture, made from the rib of Adam and not the earth like Lilith.

According to one of the many versions of the legend, Lilith later married Samael, the archangel of death and destruction.

[ioqayin]

Witchblood

In the circles of modern traditional craft, there is a rather controversial subject that is at the edges of discussion, but never often brought to the fore, except in certain groups. This is the talk of the Witchblood, often variously called Faeryblood, the Witchfire, or the Mark of Cain. It is the belief that certain persons are born to be witches. That they are possessed of a certain fire come down from Heaven that allows them to perform magic. Herein lies the controversy. In our modern age, especially in America, where anybody can be whatever they want to be, no matter their birth, how can only -certain- people be born to become witches? 

This topic first came to light in modern writing by the oft shunned book Mastering Witchcraft by Paul Huson. In his introduction, Mr Huson recounts the story of the Watchers, or Grigori, the Fallen Angels that abandoned Heaven to mate with the Daughters of Man. It was said that they were so beautiful that the angels of heaven could not help themselves; that woman’s long, shining hair was too captivating for them. They came down, and mated with women, and taught them the secrets of magic. 

In the eschewed Book of Enoch (son of Cain) it states:

“And Azazel taught men to make swords, and knives, and shields, and breastplates, and made known to them the Metals of the earth and the art of working them.

Semjaza taught enchantments, and root cuttings, Armaros the resolving of enchantments, Baraqijel astrology, Kokabel the constellations, Ezeqeel the knowledge of the clouds, Araqiel the sings of the earth, Shamsiel the signs of the sun, and Sariel the course of the moon.” (1)

According to The Pillars of Tubal Cain certain folklore states that Azazel was the serpent that came unto Eve and gifted her the Fruit of Knowledge. It was He that made man into gods, knowing good and evil. And this was passed unto his son Cain, who is, in folklore, the First of Sorcerers, the Wanderer. 

Now, these children of the watchers were known as Nephelim. 

“And they [the Giants] began to sin against birds, and beasts, and reptiles, and fish, and to devour one another’s flesh, and drink the blood. The the earth accusation against the lawless ones.” (2)

These were great men and women, giants, and very powerful. They were wiped out by the Watchers by floods and volcanic destruction. However, their power, the co-mingling of angel and human lived on. It was said that the little persons whom the early Celts first interacted with on the British Isles were the direct descendants of the Nephelim in diminished power. These “fae”, according to Huson, were the inspiration for such mages of lore as Nimue, Morgan le Fay, and Merlin. Until they died out, and their seed passed on throughout humanity. 

In Scotland and Ireland it was believed that the fallen angels had become the faery folk. They were often seen to despise Christianity and its symbols. These faeries often “mated” with their witch mistresses and masters, passing on their divine seed and fire unto the witches. 

Those that could see faeries and spirits were often gifted with what was called in Scotland as the “Second Sight”. Daniel Schulke comments on this in his book Lux Haeresis (3): 

The diversity of names for this witch-power testifies to its persistence in the Flesh of Man. Amongst the Gaels it is called Eolas - “ knowledge” or Eblas; in Wales, some are born with the holy Amen upon the brow. Amongst the old witch-clans of North America, the Sight is called ‘The Gift’, 'The Knack,’ or sometimes “The Burden” the curanderos of Peru call it vista, &c.

It was believed by at least Revered Kirk that only certain people are born with the Sight, but it can be passed on from wizard to apprentice in a process of “Passing on the Power”. Indeed, this can also be done within an initiatic stream. We see this as well within Apostalic Christian traditions, who believe that, through their own way of initiation, they have a direct lineage apostalically back to Christ. For example: Catholics have apostalic lineage through St. Peter, and Johanites have apostalic lineage through St. John. 

In modern witchcrafting traditions, this “Witchblood” is often referred to as the “Witchflame”. It usually manifests itself as a “mark” upon the witch. As many know, during the Inquisition this was believed to be a visual mark upon the witch that felt no pain. However, today it is seen as more an etheric mark, most commonly called the “Mark of Cain”. The Mark of Cain refers to the mark the YHVH placed upon Cain after Cain murdered his brother. It is interesting to note that according to some folklore, this mark consisted of a pair of horns (4). This mark is seen as the burning ember of the Angelic Blood of the Fallen. Schulke has this to say about it (5): 

There are some in whom the Torch of the Fallen Ones burns bright, and yet others who, unknowing of its veiled lustre, harbour it as a mere spark. Certain subtle and luminous signatures emanate from these persons, which the Seer may observe and recognise. Call’d amongst the Wise 'The Mark of Cain’, this astral token is otherwise invisible to the flesh of mortal clay, and serves as an additional means of recognition amongst the Brethren of Exile. Unto the slumbering witch-soul it also serveth as a beacon, and may, aroused by a proper magical bellows, quicken the spark to a raging inferno.

This “spark”, I believe, can be passed on either by spirits or by another witch. In some traditions, the Inner Fire fluctuates with the seasons. In winter it sleeps, and in spring it blazes forth! This is connected to the idea of the Serpent in the Land, whose firey breath quickens our flame. In modern traditional craft, there are numerous rituals to raise this inner flame based upon the writings of Robert Cochrane (though may be far older, if the stories of the Somerset witches are true). In Masks of Misrule, Nigel Jackson gives a ritual to call down the Flame of Azazel into the witch to feed the Daimon. Cornish Craft through Gemma Gary’s stream has a similar ritual involving possession of an individual, and the enchantment of a flame between the horns of a mask. It is my belief that these practices were very similar to what the witches may or may not have been doing (really, we can only speculate) during the Early Modern Period. 

We come to the question now: If it is just part of folklore, why does it matter? Doesn’t it breed elitism? Doesn’t it breed special snowflakes? 

It has the danger to, yes. It is a strange, and many faceted subject. However! there is historical and folkloric evidence of this flame being passed on either through spirit congress, or through person to person contact. It is, often, sexual in nature (thus we see sexual initiations [NOT fertility] between spirit and man, Devil and woman, and person to person). Robert Cochrane in his letters often cited the Kundalini serpent. The fire undulates up the spine into the head (rather like a snake slithering up a tree to reach a certain fruit; there is hidden wisdom in these images! meditate on them). In Vicia, soul alignment starts at the root, and goes up the spine to above the head, to God. I have often felt intense sexual arousal following soul alignment practices, and a refreshing “rain” that comes down after. In certain Buddhist sects, they teach the Fire Breath which heats up the body in order to melt the Seed of Wisdom within the head. 

Remember, too, that Eve is the Mother of us all. But, Azazel’s seed did not pass to all persons, or rather did not pass blazing as it did in Cain. And, as in Cain, we sometimes must destroy the Profane Clay in order to assume the Horns of Diana. That is the sacrifice for Wisdom. Christ did it. Prometheus. Odin. Cain. Lilith-Naamah. Inanna. They were reforged in their own ways through various fires and trials. They paved the way for us to do the same. These Wanderers. We all have access to the Fire of Heaven if we but seek it. Ever remember, however, that one may come out of the forest Dead, Mad, or a Poet. The Fire consumes as much as it brings Life. It is not for everyone. 

The Skull-Cup of Wisdom is there for all to drink, but only if they go out and look for it. Witchcraft is not exclusionary. Witchcraft is the path of the Exile. 

1. Mastering Witchcraft Paul Huson - “Book of Noah”  from Charles Canon, Book of Enoch, London, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1962.  2. ibid 3. Lux Haeresis Daniel Schulke 4. The Mark of Cain Ruth Mellinkoff 5. Lux Haeresis Daniel Schulke