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J.498 - Final Reflection

The Truth Behind The T.V. Show “COPS”

In Vox’s 2019 youtube video titled, The Truth Behind The T.V. Show COPS, audiences learn that the longest running primetime T.V. show is COPS.

It was a show that followed and filmed real life cops while on the job. The idea came from the creator John Langley sharing a video of a drug bust. It also helped that the show came in the wake of a writer’s strike. With no actors or writers needed to create an episode of COPS, it was the perfect program for the then-new FOX network to carry and drive viewership. The show ran for 30 years.

The show began in Broward, Florida, but it would later spread across the country due to the show’s success. It also helped that the show gave positive PR for law enforcement. The video best shows this when COPS appears in Los Angeles after the Rodney King riots.

But this pattern grew. Salina, California and Omaha, Nebraska had bad moments. They then invited COPS to come and film in their area.

FOX would eventually cancel the show, but the COPS formula was mimicked through programs like LIVE P.D.

LIVE P.D. was advertised as a way to build trust through audiences by following law enforcement live. Though it presents itself as transparent, the filmed content still needs to be approved by law enforcement before it airs on T.V.

“False Flag” Hoaxers Claim Mass Shootings Are Staged

A 2018 video from Vice follows the rise of False Flag conspiracists who claim mass shootings never happened.

The video follows conspiracy theorists “Side Thorn” and “Conspiracy Granny,” who claim that the 2017 mass shooting at a church in Sutherland Springs, Texas was a “false flag” — a hoax. The shooting was real and claimed the lives of 26 people inside the church, including the 14-year-old daughter of the church pastor Frank Pomeroy.

“Side Thorn” and “Conspiracy Granny” have spent some time after the shooting confronting the surviving loved ones of the deceased to see if they can gain evidence of their status as a paid government actor. In one portion of the video, a clip from “Side Thorn’s” Youtube video shows him calling a survivor over the phone to tell them that the event was fake.

“There is no evidence this person existed,” Side Thorn says in reference to the dead family member.

People like “C.W. Wade” have come forward to debunk these conspiracy theorists. Wade thinks that these people pose a threat to the surviving victims of the dead loved ones, and thinks that it’s only a matter of time before one of the conspiracy theorists commits an act of violence.

“C.W. Wade” is not the real name of the “False Flag Debunker'' shown in the video. It is an alias they use to protect themselves from the real harm he feels these conspiracy theorists can bring.

The video ends with the conspiracy theorists confronting pastor Pomeroy. The police eventually arrest the conspiracy theorists, but not before they threaten to continue to harass teh pastor and the remaining surviving victims.

Reflection

Visual Journalism will be affected by the internet and social media in the sense that it will need to compete for attention and clicks.

While it’s true that the internet age has made information more easily accessible than ever before, that very real, objective truth is burying in a sea of conspiracy theories and bad reporting. What remains is a very broad field of information for people to sift through in an effort to find the answers we’re looking for.

Journalism majors like me can easily find what we’re looking for while separating what’s with or without merit. But what about people who aren’t as media literate? These people may wind up consuming information like that of the conspiracy theorists in the Vice video. They’ll consume content like that and take it at face value, causing more conspiracy theorists to appear.

It does’;t help that many news outlets hide their information behind a paywall. Though I certainly don’t mind paying the subscription price for my favorite news outlets, I also understand that I’m in the minority. Most people will simply look for outlets that don’t have a paywall. Those are not always trustworthy.

Social media was meant to level the playing field by having paid content still be posted on the site. However, filter bubbles can cause people to still be directed to false information, or at least information that only confirms their biases.

I think as Journalists/Communications majors, we can help the world become more media literate by being more active with our audiences. Though some news may be behind a paywall, we can create threads on platforms like Twitter, so that we can at least report the basics to our audiences.

To both paid and unpaid subscribers, we can also make a point to interact with them and answer questions they might have. I’ve noticed that many intentionally harmful outlets build a strong relationship with their audiences by constantly interacting with them. While I don't think we should be spending a large amount of our time on social media, I think there is a benefit to answering questions our audiences have by directly interacting with them as opposed to hiding that answer behind a paywall.

I also think we can also do our part to make sure we call out and debunk misinformation, especially when it’s gaining traction.

I think many older journalists misinterpret debunking as causing friction or drama, especially on social media, but I think we can educate people without causing strife.

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CRT Presentation

Last week’s group made a presentation on Critical Race Theory. The presentation highlighted what CRT is and why it’s currently a topic of discussion in modern political discourse.

The group first had to define CRT to the class to make sure everyone understood what the presentation was going to be about. THe group defined CRt, by citing Encyclopedia Britannica, as:

“C-R-T or Critical Race Theory refers to the intellectual and social movement and loosely organized framework of legal analysis based on the premise that race is not a natural, biologically grounded feature of physically distinct subgroups of human beings but a socially constructed category that is used to oppress and exploit people of color. Critical race theorists hold that racism is inherent in the law and legal institutions of the United States insofar as they function to create and maintain social, economic, and political inequalities between whites and nonwhites, especially with African Americans.”

The group then highlighted the importance of CRT. They explained that, although the term and study had been around for over 50 years, it has been given a new sense of significance in recent years. The group explained that events like the election of President Obama and President Trump, the death of George Floyd and the ensuing 2020 BLM movements, and the rising alt-right movement as reasons for the rise in CRT’s significance.

The group also taught the class that CRT was first created by NAACP lawyer, professor and activist Derrick Bell.

Though CRT is considered a college-level course/subject matter, many states have gone on to pass legislation that forbids or restricts its teaching in K-12 classrooms. The group presented a map showing that the vast majority of states has some form of restriction on the use of the term and its teaching.

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— — — — —

I think the web and social media have changed considerably since 2011.

I think Eli Pariser's experience with an algorithm in Facebook and Google are a good example of how their feed is curated and is a great example of the negatives.

His friends try to see what comes up in the Google search when they type “Egypt,” and they see that they get different results,

Pariser calls this the “Filter Bubble,” and he says that it was first noticed by curators at Netflix.

Though the Filter Bubble are typically meant to be used for good — to curate the internet to your liking — Pariser suggests that it could be bad. “Junk food” is what he calls it, since it skews the way you see things. The bubble shows users what you want to see, rather than what is truly relevant.

Pariser then goes on to make a plea to web developers in his audience to relinquish some control in the filter bubble back to users, so that the information they see is more accurate and balanced rather than sanitized. The alternative, though fun for users, is one that is ultimately bad for users and democracy.

—

Spread Privacy’s article also does a good job of highlighting this problem, specifically focusing on Google’s filter bubble.

They define it as “the manipulation of your search results based on your personal data.” Spread Privacy notices how this is especially a problem for people conducting research on political topics. Google curates a user’s results based on their preferences. This means that a user won;t be getting an unbiased screen of results during their search but a screen full of results the user wants to see and already tends to agree with instead. An echo chamber is created where a user is more likely to get confirmation bias rather than the truth.

Spread Privacy further proves this by taking a look at a Wall Street Journal study that found how Google may have influenced the 2012 presidential election.

“A Wall Street Journal examination found that the search engine often customizes the results of people who have recently searched for "Obama"—but not those who have recently searched for "Romney.”

Spread Privacy’s findings go on to include the following information:

Most participants saw results unique to them. These discrepancies could not be explained by changes in location, time, by being logged in to Google, or by Google testing algorithm changes to a small subset of users.

On the first page of search results, Google included links for some participants that it did not include for others, even when logged out and in private browsing mode.

Results within the news and videos infoboxes also varied significantly. Even though people searched at the same time, people were shown different sources, even after accounting for location.

Private browsing mode and being logged out of Google offered very little filter bubble protection. These tactics simply do not provide the anonymity most people expect. In fact, it's simply not possible to use Google search and avoid its filter bubble.

I think the web and social media have changed significantly since 2012 because this has now become the norm for many social media sites.

A new social media platform like TikTok, for example, is run exclusively on the premise that the feed you see will be curated strictly on you preferences.

The can affect normal people who may find themselves scrolling through funny videos one second and then quickly finding videos on political conspiracies.

It can also affect a journalist who is trying to find unbiased research on a topic they are covering.

Reflection - Stereotypes

Last week’s group discussed the prevalence of mostly negative stereotypes in the media.

The group first introduced the definition of a stereotype to the class. Stereotypes are assumptions people make about something based on fact or fiction. Stereotypes aren’t always harmful. For example; some people may say that the stereotype about college students is that they are all smart, young and excited for the future.

However, the group focused on negative stereotypes. These stereotypes are typically based on a race/ethnicity or religion, and are almost always harmful.

The group also included examples of these stereotypes in theri powerpoint. The presentation included clips from Disney animated films, shows like Family Guy and also portions of daily news shows.

The reason the group highlighted these examples are because they are all forms of media that people consume much of and on a consistent basis,

The group also highlighted these examples because they explained how the persistence of the stereotypes showing up in the media lead people to believe these backwards assumptions more. If the media showed less of these stereotypes, then they’d stop being so mainstream.

The group highlighted the importance of these stereotypes ceasing to exist in the presentation. The explained that a reduction of these harmful stereotypes in the mainstream would lead to a more safe and tolerable society.

The group then asked students in the class if they recognized any stereotypes in their own lives, and many replied that they did. The group also asked the class if they feel that they’ve been manipulated to think in a certain way based off of stereotypes, which many students agreed with. It showed the importance of these stereotypes being taken out of the mainstream,

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Extra Credit

The 2019 CNN article is about how the FBI focused their attention on a high schooler named “Sol Pais”, 18, who was discovered to have grown infatuated with the Columbine Massacre shooters while making threats online.

“Pais” committed suicide by the time she caught time FBI’s attention, but the investigators later found a website that might be connected to her.

The website was filled with scans of journal entries with messages that made investigators suspicious about its intentions, including:

“Everything from journal entries to my personal interests – I want to leave a record of myself before I, well. …”

Pais was from Surfside, Florida, but eventually bought plane tickets to travel from Miami to Denver, Colorado — close to Columbine High School. Though it’s not believed she ever set foot on school grounds, Pais bought a shotgun and ammunition from the Colorado Gun Broker. She also passed multiple screenings/checks to get the gun, leading CGB to believe she was not an immediate threat to herself or the community.

The article goes on to report that Pais’ actions led to 19 Colorado school districts closing during her manhunt, including Jefferson County Public School District — the one where Columbine High School is located.

A classmate of Pais noted that although she typically kept to herself, she was considered a smart student.

Unfortunately, Pais' actions make it harder for the Colorado community to move past the tragedy committed years ago.

— — — — — — —

The story does a great job of showing the harm and danger social media can cause when in the wrong hands.

Pais was considered a nice, smart student in her class by her schoolmate. The ability for her to connect to any location around the world, however, allowed her to lead a double life where she was easily able to threaten a community 2,000 miles away.

The internet also allowed her to easily find information on the Columbine event. Although we can't know for sure, her actions can lead people to believe much of the information she was exposed to was not scholarly or even accurate.

Finally, she was able to go on a web forum to share her thoughts with like-minded individuals. Although Pais will no longer be a threat to the Colorado community, there were likely many people who frequented the same site she used. These people will continue to share their ideas with other like-minded individuals, and they may even be more capable than Pais of committing harm to innocent people.

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Blog Ch.8 MOBILE AND SOCIAL MEDIA IN YOUR CAREER

MOBILE AND SOCIAL MEDIA IN YOUR CAREER

The chapter opens with Eddie Dowd successfully landing a job due to his knowledge of how each different social channel works and how to best use them to get information out to his audience.

“They wanted to see if I understood that each platform offers different ways to give news to people, but also comes with different audiences,” said Dowd.

QUALIFICATIONS NEEDED IN TODAY’S NEWSROOMS

A 2015 survey of over 1,000 journalism-related job postings all showed that the words “mobile” and “social” appeared constantly.

It’s a sign that the digital age is now here in the field of journalism, and newsrooms all around the country are making sure to hire people with the know-how to navigate this new landscape

“Regardless of the type of newsroom, more jobs than ever before require journalists to produce content across multiple platforms and to understand how to monitor and increase audience engagement for their work, the study found.”

~ 60% of jobs mentioned a need for applicants to be able to get their news out through different social channels, and ~70% of them mentioned a need for the applicants to possess social media skills.

This trend will only continue to increase in the coming years

MOBILE AND SOCIAL MEDIA JOBS AND INTERNSHIPS

In addition to journalists having to add new social and mobile skills to their toolbox, newsrooms have also added jobs related to social media jobs.

These jobs are solely dedicated to having journalists report and work through a newsroom's social media channels. They reflect a newsroom’s desire to make sure this new channel works for them as a tool for getting their content out to their audiences.

These new jobs are exciting since they help spearhead a large part of a publication’s distribution strategy. The people running these jobs get to dictate how news gets disseminated to teh general public.

FINDING JOBS AND INTERNSHIP LEADS

The following are good areas to focus on while looking for a job or internship related to journalism:

News outlet websites

Media company website

General Google searches

Professional Organizations

Social networking sites

The chapter also notes on resources on campus that can help lead to jobs, such as:

Connections made with faculty

Campus career centers

General networking

BREAKING INTO THE BUSINESS: LEVERAGE YOUR DIGITAL KNOW-HOW

The chapter makes the case that how you present yourself is now just as important as your clips and resume. Though that may seem daunting to some, savvy students can leverage this by making sure that to get an edge in these crucial areas:

Online portfolios

Digital resumes (including your social media profiles)

Cover Letters

How you interview

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J.498 Reflection Post - Photos

The group analyzed the impact photographers have on a president’s image by examining the images taken by official White House Photographers Pete Souza and Shealah Craighead. Souza was the photographer during the Barack Obama administration, and Craighead was the photographer during the Donald Trump administration.

The group emphasized that the way these photos are presented have an effect on how the general public views a political figure. The president and their administration have a say on a lot of the picture taking process, which might make audiences suspicious over a picture. It’s hard for people to not come away thinking a photo is staged for effect rather than invoking a true snapshot at a person’s life.

An example of this was found in Craighead’s pictures of Donald Trump, many of which involved him talking to people on the phone or while he was sitting by his desk. Given his background as a businessman, it makes sense for Trump to feel comfortable with photos like this being released.

The group continued to also show how powerful of a tool photos are in skewing public perception by posting side-by-side images of Barack Obama and Donald Trump holding babies and being around children. Although similar, the subtle features in each photo — like whether the children are smiling or not, or whether the people in the picture look engaged — led to people in the class having different reactions to each picture.

The group also noted how photographers can express their opinions through their jobs. The example they used was of Souza using his Instagram page to throw “shade” (subliminal snark) at President Trump during his controversy surrounding Stormy Daniels by posting a picture of the White House under a dark cloud..

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Group Presentation Reflection

The most recent class presentation covered the January 6 capital riots. It talked about what led to the event, what happened that day and what happened as a result.

The circumstances that led to the January 6 riots were President Donald Trump’s loss to Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election. Trump — and eventually, many members of the GOP — claimed that the election was rigged or “stolen,” leading many conservative Americans to feel the need to protest.

The presentation showed many events that occurred that day hour-by-hour, covering the initial reactions of politicians like Trump, Nancy Pelosi and Joe Biden. The presentation pulled information from the U.S. Department of Justice that included a list of consequences that came as a result of the riots, including but not limited to:

“Economic loss estimated at more than $2,880,000, including damages to the Capitol building.

Approximately 1000 arrests have been made, in almost all 50 states.

More than 500 people have pleaded guilty to federal crimes, more than 130 of these with a felony.”

The event very quickly gained public notoriety due to the many videos and photos that were taken that day, some of which were included in the presentation.

The presentation also made a point to highlight that this was part of a string of domestic terrorist attacks that have occurred in the United States. The group highlighted domestic terrorism because these attacks have occurred at a much higher rate than international terrorist attacks, which have remained relatively low since 2000. The group cited the U.S. Accountability Office with a stat that reads,

“Domestic Terrorism-related investigations have grown [357%] in the last ten years. ”

The rise can be associated, in part, with the introduction of social media. The multiple social media platforms that have come and gone since the turn of the century have been largely unregulated, leading to forums where radicals can meet and discuss their ideas (and conspiracies) freely and without much consequence.

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Ch.7

SOCIAL MEDIA ETHICS AND POLICIES

Although smartphones are a great tool to stay connected with your audience, it’s important to remember that social media will be the true vehicle to get you to deliver the news and interact with them.

NEW ETHICAL DILEMMAS

One of the major problems journalists now face is the question as to whether they should be the first publication/person to publish a piece. In the rush to become the first, journalists — and the general public — have been burned by wrong claims. An example the textbook uses is that of the Boston marathon bombing. People on social media were wrongly identifying people as the terrorists, and putting innocent civilians at risk.

Other issues include the idea that a journalist’s account should only focus on their work. Even if it’s your account, you should always remember to keep it professional. You may end up need ing to apologize for yourself and your employer if your account carries content that is unfit to your newsroom’s standards.

Charting an Ethical Course: Applying Journalism Ethics to Social Media

The textbook makes note that all journalists should use basic guiding principles when it comes to publishing content on social media: truth, verification, fair and balanced coverage, and avoiding conflicts of interest.

It may seem simple, but there are often times when journalists can cross these lines. Especially in the case of their own personal accounts.

NEWSROOM SOCIAL MEDIA POLICIES

In an effort to protect themselves and their journalists, newsrooms across the world have begun to develop and implement social media guidelines for their employees. These guidelines serve as a guide for journalists who wonder if theory content is fit for their social media, as well as proof that the newsroom has standards it wishes their employees to uphold.

It also serves as a reminder that journalists should always be aware of publishing work content vs. personal content. Or even as a guide on how to contact sources through social media.

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Sinclair Broadcast Assignment

I believe it would be unethical to do this, so I wouldn’t. Aside from the quid pro quo of it all, I think that it’s hard for journalists — especially those who cover politics — to be uninvested in politics as it is. Our audience expects us as journalists to be as objective as possible when reporting the news. To donate a sizable amount to the Sinclair Broadcast PAc would be a literal investment in a certain side of the political spectrum. It nullifies any sense of objectivity I have toward my audience and American politics.

I understand that many journalists (and talking heads) on television and online don;t care for objectivity. Their content is centered around constantly championing their beliefs while tearing down their opponents’. But that’s just not the type of journalist I want to become.

On top of that, the prompt’s last sentence makes a valid point. This WILL harm my chances of getting a better job. A previous professor explained to me how political groups will do everything possible to discredit a journalist that covers them. An example they gave was that a person’s listed political preference (democrat, republican, green, independent, etc.) can be found through public record. Because these groups can easily find your preference, our professor recommended that most journalists identify as “independent,” even if we aren’t, because we shouldn't give these people any reason to try and discredit our work.

Virtually all of my credibility as a journalist would be gone if it was discovered that I donated money to the Sinclair Broadcasting PAC. And since the situation described is that of a “sizable donation,” it’d likely be public record, too.

Admittedly, I’d hate to lose the opportunity to make more money. I can’t act like I wouldn’t. But I also can’t act like I would accept the opportunity to do so in this manner.

#J498

Ch.5 From The Field: The Mobile Journalist

From The Field: The Mobile Journalist

The smartphone becoming a common, essential item in the world has made it possible for journalists to easily become mobile. It has allowed for teams to be drastically reduced in size, as broadcast teams no longer need much more than a phone, external microphone and a small tripod to stream live to their audience. Also, the smartphone has allowed for journalists to quickly connect with their audience, and keep them informed in a moment’s notice.

Digital-First Mindset: Mobile And Social First

Planning Your Story: The Digital-First Story Pitch

Though mobile journalism may be a bit different from written, regularly scheduled journalism, the idea of pitching your story stays the same. Here are some tips students and journalists alike can use to create a solid pitch:

Identify the story's focus

Begin to visualize the story’s new peg

Create a shortlist of sources you’d like to interview

Locate sources of data and context to build your stories foundation and to augment the story overall

Imagine the visuals you’d like to accompany your story

With the addition of social media, however, extra steps should be taken in to account when first pitching and conceptualizing a story. Those include:

Identifying newsgathering practices/strategies

Consider using social media to finds sources or tips

Plan methods of distribution

When your story is complete, how will you publish it across your outlet’s social channels?

Consider engaging with your audience

Social media allows for your audience to immediately react to your story. You should consider answering questions or acknowledging comments they may have on your story.

Different Types Of Stories, Different Approaches

The way you’d cover a feature story is different than the way you’d cover a typically news story. Examples like this can apply for every type of article, so journalists should strive to be knowledgeable about how to best package their content.

An example of this in the textbook is the use of Periscope to livestream a congressional sit-in that took place during a C-Span feed cut-off.

Also, stories can be created in real time with live tweeting and blogging. Journalists can still create an article later after an event has concluded, but they can also choose to keep their audience informed as an event happens through their social media platform

As a result of these many, oftentimes, unpredictable situations, journalists should consider creating a “go bag” filled with all the tolls they may need to report a story in the field in a moment’s notice.

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Ch.3 Mastering Social Media

SOCIAL MEDIA BRANDING AND JOURNALISM

The impression we have of journalists — and the impression people have of me — is their brand. My public social media accounts, and other information that pops up on my Google search, is my brand because I am not a professional journalist. For them, their work and how they present it helps establish their brand.

Today, journalists can use their social media platforms to build their brand on top of their professional work. This isn’t a total positive, however, as people can scrutinize your account and identify things you might not want to be discovered. Journalists need to be smart about how they use social media and build their brand. They can create a “digital business card” if they’re smart about it.

DIGITAL SKELETONS: SOCIAL MEDIA AUDIT

—— Search ——

Student journalists should start doing a search of their name on search engines to see what pops up. Students should be conscious of the brand they are presenting to future employers.

Consistent social media activity is also better than general inactivity, as constant engagement shows employers that people are making an attempt to build their brand.

—— Analyze And Act ——

Student journalists should analyze what social media says about:

[Them]

Their content

Their frequency

Their personality

Their professional interests

Their journalism skills

If their brand and social media profiles aren’t reflecting their actual interests and aspirations as a journalist, students should strive to make an effort to change that.

Cases like Vandon Gene also help illustrate to students the effects of the digital footprint. Mistakes can last forever on the internet, so students need to be very careful about what they post.

— Assume Everything Is Public —

Even with privacy options on their account, students give up control of their content as soon as it hits social media. Somebody can easily repost/share it, and then it has left the safety of your private profile.

Also, others can post content about you, making your account’s privacy irrelevant.

On January 2, Buffalo Bills’ Safety Damar Hamlin went into cardiac arrest after a routine tackle during the Monday Night football game against the Cincinnati Bengals. The game was initially stopped to get Hamlin moved off of the field, but it was later canceled entirely after medical services had to perform CPR in the middle of the field and transport Hamlin to the University of Cincinnati hospital.

Whether or not Damar Hamlin was going to survive was unknown for about 48 hours, as slowly began to regain consciousness, the ability to speak, as well as most of his motor functions. Halin would survive the incident, and it looks like he may even be able to play football again, if he decides to do so.

I think this event and image is significant because it helps remind people like me, who are fans of the NFL, that the sport is quite violent. I often compartmentalize that fact until moments like this, when I then go ahead and reevaluate my relationship to the sport. I’m definitely still a fan of the sport, but I can’t lie and say that I view the sport the same way as I did before the incident.

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In Brazil, a week after the inauguration of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva — a progressive — supporters of the losing, rival candidate Jair Bolsonaro stormed the country’s capital building in an attempt to seize power and refuse the results of the election. I think the image is significant because it mirrors what happened here in the United States’ capital on January 6, 2021.

I think it’s important to learn about events like this because it helps us understand what is normalized nationwide. Although the storming of the capital on January 6 may have seen like a freak moment in American history, events like this one in Brazil can help us deduce that people around the globe may see the storming of their capital, and the refusal of their country’s electoral process/results, as a normal practice.

I also think captured moments like this are important to see because the journalists who capture them are often put in a dangerous situation while doing so. During the storming of both the American and Brazilian capital buildings, videos circulated around social media from journalists who documented themselves being harassed for doing their job.

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About Me Blog

Hello! My name is Pablo Orihuela and I am a journalism major graduating in the spring. I am also the Editor In Chief of the Daily Sundial. My love for journalism has been with me for years now, and I’m excited to get to work in the professional world soon

I was born and raised here in the San Fernando Valley in Winnetka. I am a first-generation college student, and I will be the second person in my family to ever graduate from college in the spring. Beyond journalism, I like to watch sports, go to the theater to watch a movie or a play, and discover new places around L.A. to eat good food.

Although I think I can create competent multimedia content — audio, photo and video stories —, I know my passion is in writing articles. Part of the reason I became a journalism major was because I’ve always felt that I could write well since high school. I also, embarrassingly enough, still get a strong sense of satisfaction when I see my name on a print or online byline.

In five years, I hope to be a staff writer for a print and online publication here in Los Angeles, though I understand I may have to move around for work at the start of my career. I’m still not sure what beat or field I want to professionally pursue as a reporter, but I think I’m starting to lean toward wanting to write about higher education.

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