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This is sketch of Gadadhar Xingho, one of the Rajas of Assam. He was supposed to be a behemoth of a man who could eat an entire calf by himself. He also permanently expelled the Mughals from Assam and was the husband of the famous martyr Joymoti (Oxomiya people ifykyk)
More reasons to read A Man of His Word/A Handful of Men (as if you needed any):
-Almost the entire cast is POC
-World has realistic sexism and racism but the POC and women have agency
-A bisexual female love story literally saves the world
-AGAN (All Gods Are Nonbinary)
-Nuanced portrayals of abuse and abusive relationships
The Moamoria Rebellion was a 36 year civil war that led to the fall of the Ahom Empire and the eventual annexation of Assam by the Burmese and then the British. But first, here's some backstory.
The Eksarana Dharma (also called Mahapuruxia Dharma) was a Vaishnavaite sect that was established during the 16th century Bhakti Movement. It followed the teachings of Srimanta Sankardeva, and was quite different from mainstream Hinduism. It consisted of sub-sects called Sattras, which were independent of each other and had different teachings. Some of the broad rules of the sect were a life centred around communal prayers in Assamese, strict rejection of idols and rituals and the repetition of Lord Krishna's name, total submission to the Sattra Guru and donations to the cause.
One such Sattra was the Mayamara (bastardised to Moamoria), which welcomed the badly treated strata of society, such as tribals, fisher-folk and lower castes, with open arms. It also provided refuge to the people escaping from the Paik System. Moamoria Gurus were also bringing high borns into their cause. The Moamoria sect grew very fast, and became a threat to the mainstream social structure and also the Shakta sect, which was what the royal family followed.
The Shaktas fought back vehemently, by both theological denouncement and also by making the kings attack heretical Sattras. Finally, the fight came to a head and snapped when the Moamoria Guru and important disciples were publicly flogged in 1769, leading to an eruption of repressed anger of the people and kickstarted the Moamoria rebellion.
Stay tuned to #AhomWeek for the full timeline of what happened after that.
Picture 1: Devotional art for Eksarana Dharma
Picture 2: Srimanta Sankardeva
The Ahom Kingdom, Part 3: Before we get to the Moamoria rebellion, it is very important to understand the socio-economic conditions of the Ahom Kingdom, as it was the dissatisfaction of the people that triggered the fall of the Ahom empire.
The Paik system was a socio-economic military system in medievel Assam, wherein the common people (Paiks) were used as unpaid labour and soldiers. Every male in the age group 16-50 was a Paik, and each family provided 3-4 Paiks in a group called Got. Several Gots were organised into specialised occupational guilds called Khel. Each Got provided one person for 3 months of unpaid labor for the state, while the other three looked after their family and were primed to mobilise for the military in case of war. There were two kinds of Paiks: Kanri - lower class laborers, and Chamua - higher class officers. Chamuas could treat Kanris as slaves as they so wished.
There were many drawbacks to the Paik system, all of them from the side of the common man. Kanri Paiks and their families suffered from oppression, corruption, no pay or food, extreme exploitation and terrible work conditions. This caused several Paiks to desert the state (with high penalties if they were caught). Some of them escaped to religious organisation, which kickstarted the Moamoria revolution.
Stay tuned for more on Ahom Week.
PS.: I am very sorry for not posting for so long - I was on hiatus due to my final exams. But now I am back and I'm gonna go back to my regular posting schedule. Also I had no idea what picture to post so I made a rough flowchart so y'all can understand the socio-economic structure better.
Me-Dam-Me-Phi Philosophy
Ancestral Wi-Fi and other connections… Dr. Basil Thistledown and the Spirits of the Past Dr. Basil Thistledown arrived in town looking, as always, like he had been caught in a mild explosion in a second-hand bookshop. His tweed jacket bore evidence of past encounters with herbal teas and uncooperative ink pens, his bow tie was slightly askew, and his satchel bulged suspiciously, as though he…
Armed with a razor-sharp Hengdang, the swords used by Ahoms during battle, whose handle made of solid gold reflects the shine of the scorchi
BIHU:ORIGIN ,TRANSITION AND MODERNITY By Arup Saikia
India is land of festival. Culturally regional nationalism is main uniting thread of socially, politically diverse country like India. Bihu is national festival of entire Indian state of Assam.
Nobody knows when or how bihu was created ,but it is invariably confluence of three major cultures of Austro-Asiatic,Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman.Later many immigrants from India and abroad including Muslims imbibe the Assamese culture and subscribe to flourish Bihu syncretizing with their own cultural elements and finally attained today's form.There is three different types of Bihu-Kati,Magh and Bohag celebrated in three agricultural period of life.
BIHU WORD:Deori people called Bihu as BISU(excessive joy). With historical evidence Bihu was carried by Deori, Chutiya and Kachari people from late twelve century in Sadiya based Chutiya Kingdom.But other Bodo kachari tribes like Tiwa,Rava,Mikir,Dimasa celebrate Bihu as Busu,Pisu,Busy Dima or Dumsi etc.But Bodo has uniquely address Bihu as Baisagu.Later simplified and partially sanskritised name popularly became Bihu.
RELIGIOUS ORIGIN OF BIHU: Bihu has been celebrated by various tribes of Bodo-kachari origin since ancient times. But as stated above mediaeval Bihu is started from Sadiya Kingdom led by Chutiya.Copperplate inscription was found in Lakhimpur district (Erstwhile part of chutiya empire). Where, clearly mentioned,king Lakshminarayan on 1401AD granted land to Brahmins on auspicious occasion of Bihu.
Bihu performance started from first week of Assamese month CHOT to last intervening night until start of month BOHAG.On the floors of THAAN(temples) dedicated to KECHAI-KHATI,DIKKARAVASINI or KOLIMOTI.Youngsters danced throughout night until last intervening night of CHOT.Being performed in night, this is called Rati(night) bihu. Very vigorous dancing postures of dancers believed to be attributes of Goddess.This is considered as indication of Goddess (Kolimoti)descended from heaven. Urukuwa or uruka start after perceived arrival of Goddess Kolimoti or Kechai-khati on earth in the end of month chot.Urukuwa or uruka is Sadiya-Kachari term means to end.
Next day of Uruka is Goru(cattle)bihu.On night of Goru bihu young people again danced in temples sacrificing animals to Deity.Then young people in folk visited village households to perform bihu which is called HUSORI.The tradition of starting HUSORI from temples by Sadiya-Kachari and other Tibet-Burma people gradually replaced by NAMGHAR(Assamese prayer house)for Arayan influence.Human sacrifices were also done on altar of Sadiya.But on occasion of Bihu it's clearly not known.
THEME OF BIHU:
Bohag or Rongali bihu is originally dance-centric natural platform for youngsters to express love and joy. First lyrics of bihu were called 'Bonoriya Geet 'i.e wild song of young hearts longing for lovers. 'Bonoriya Geet'(wild song)or bihu rooted its origin in paddy fields, jungle while grazing cattle far away from human settlements- suitable place to express suppressed longing and craving through these songs. Therefore songs have erotic undertone.
BIHU AND BHAKTI MOVEMENT:
During bhakti (devotion)or neo vaishnavite movement from 15th century onwards under Assamese polymath,social reformer Saint Sankerdeva and teachings of his newly created religion EK SARAN(Motto-one supreme soul in universe)more energetically synthesized Assamese society breaking strict age old boundaries of caste or class system.
Although there was no direct influence on bihu for social renaissance-Sankerdeva has initiated by preaching his revolutionary religion (EK SARAN or devotional movement).But way and outlook of bihu perfomance had been changed dramatically. Some spiritually refined words and name of some hindu Gods taken in HUSORI(one kind of male bihu).Praying and blessing in the name of hindu Gods in Husori is effect of Bhakti movement.
ROYAL RECOGNITION OF BIHU :
During heyday of Ahom dynasty on 1696 Ahom monarch Rudra Singha patronized bihu for the first time by inviting or permitting to perform in courtyard of Ranghar (house of joy).Immediately once considered a low key festival celebrated by few in riverbank or cultivation field,became widespread festival embraced by all people traversing different ethnic groups, caste and communities. Consequently a new form of Assamese cultural nationalism had emerged.Songs are changed from erotic or sensuous to panergyric type i.e-song sung praising king and his deeds.
PARTICIPATION OF FEMALE:
Exact date isn't known when male and female allowed to dance together, which once considered social taboo.It's probably after royal recognition under Ahom monarchy,both sexes were started to participate together in bihu.
BIHU UNDER BRITISH RULE:As a result of treaty of yandaboo(1826)signed between British and Burma, British entered and began to rule Assam. Before advent of British,Assam was politically ruled by two administration-one by Ahom dynasty in almost upper Assam upto Nowgong and lower Assam from Nowgong onwards by koch kingdom .British virtually unified Assam and cultural exchange began between two prior disbanded state.Eventually popularity of bihu spread to lower Asssm also and incarnated as festival of whole Assam.
However in nineteenth century some new english educated Assamese intelligentsia like Haliram Dhekial Phukan, Anandaram Dhekial Phukan, Gunabhiram Baruah, Kamalakanta Bhattacharya demoralized Bihu as dance of vulgar and barbarian. But by grace of cultural maestro Jyoti prasad Agarwala, literateur Lakshminath Bezbaruah, Poet Raghunat Choudhury, social worker Radha Govinda Baruah, Bihu had been widely promoted.
TYPES OF BOHAG BIHU:The most popular unique show of Bohag bihu is dance ,variably associated with different kind of bihu.
(I)HUSORI=Performed on courtyard of villagers started in 1896 in the courtyard of Ranghar (house of joy).Previously male only troupe, but now females also participate.
(II)MUKOLI BIHU =Performed in open space, boys and girls mingling together.
(III)JENG BIHU/RATI BIHU=Traditionally it is direct counterpart of men only HUSORI. Performed by women folk only.In JENG bihu no musical instrument is used.RATI Bihu is supposed to celebrate at night away from men's eye symbolizing women liberation. Repertoire is the same of JENG bihu.
(IV)GOS TOLOR BIHU=Bihu under a banyan or big tree.It is previous version of MUKOLI bihu.
(V)FAAT BIHU =Prevalent modern postures of Bihu dance imitated from Faat bihu.Celebrated in Mohguli Chapori near Charikoriya river of Dhakuwakhana. It is one of the oldest Bihu of Assam.Faat means trading place or torn out. It's believed that traders from different places assembled there for bihu celebration.Moreover sections of people dispersed from Sadiya for Ahom-Chutiya conflict believed to be main motivational force behind this festival.For uncontrolled excitement and gaieties performers clothes were torn into strips and musical instruments were cracked. So this Bihu may be named as FAAT Bihu.
DIFFERENT DANCE AND ORCHESTRA
(I)KHUPAT DHORA DANCE =Female bihu dancers dance swaying to orchestra of Dhol(drum),Tal(cymbals) Hutuli(made from mud),flute, Toka and Gogona(both are made of bamboo).This dance posture is to place dancers' hands at the nape of their neck.
(II)TAKURI GHURA NACH=Dancing very speedily and pirouetting at the same place,dancers partially became invisible.
(III)POKHILA URADI NACH=Dancing like butterfly. Hands move like wings of a butterfly.
DIFFERENT FOOTSTEPS IN DANCE :
(I)MOKORA BULONI=Dancers move their feet like a spider.
(II)PORUA BULONI=The feet motion of a dancer is like an ant,goes in row to particular direction.
PRESENT BIHU =Bihu survives since time immemorial through many socio-cultural upheavals changing its form as time demands. Starting from farmland ,Bihu reached digital world via stage, will remain alive as long as Assamese live.
ABOUT WRITER:Arup Saikia is an alumnus of Delhi University. He is noted cultural activist, actor, scriptwriter and poet-authored two poetry books namely SILPI SATTA and SABDA.As director ,actor and translator he has performed BHAONA in English language for the first time from Assam in India and abroad.
email [email protected] phone -+919954050690
Warrior Lachit Borphukan defeated the Mughal Army on the banks of Brahmaputra in the Battle of Saraighat in 1671. Ahoms had defeated the Mughals not once or twice but 17 times. The Lachit Borphukan gold medal is awarded to the best cadet from the National Defence Academy (NDA).
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