Talk at SqEK Conference in Rotterdam
In 2016, Jan Krühler and I have held a lecture about the situation of squats in Enschede, NL, where we live and work. Jan has spent over 12 years living in the town of 160.000 inhabitants. He’s witnessed the flourishing of cultural squats, art squats and buildings squatted for housing. Then as now, political squats were not a common phenomenon in Enschede.
For the purpose of the talk, we’ve mapped over 30 squatted spaces in the city of Enschede as Jan recalled having witnessed their emergence over the course of 12 years. Today, two of those spaces remain. The illegalisation of squatting in the Netherlands has done its job. Although squatting is illegal in the Netherlands, squatters have housing rights which in a legal dispute can turn out to be valued higher than the ownership rights of property owners. Therefore, although illegal, squatting can be validified as housing by a judge. That is if the need for housing can be proven to be higher than the need for the building to be uninhabited, or rather, if concrete plans for (re-)development, sale or other kinds of uses can be presented in front of court. There are contemporary cases of squatters’ housing rights having been successfully defended in front of court.
Since the illegalisation of squatting in October 2010, so called ‘anti-squatting’ companies have flourished. Their business model is to offer property owners the service of ‘guardianship’ of their properties by strategically placing inhabitants in empty buildings. These companies are paid from the side of property owners as well as ‘guardians’. Guardians are not renters. At the beginning of their engagement with an anti-squatting company they sign a contract with relieves them of any rights common renters have: eg. a reasonable period of notice - anti-squatters are often forced to move within two weeks of notice. The decay of squatting culture and the rise of anti-squatting businesses is notable not only in Enschede but everywhere in the Netherlands.
During our talk, we’ve mostly tackled speaking about the uses of space and used the map of squatted spaces in Enschede to illustrate the emergence of cultural squats and squats for housing. Imagine if space was not a rare commodity, quantified by monetary value, accessible exclusively to those with sufficient financial means - what would these ‘free spaces’ be used for? At least in the case of Enschede the answer is simple: culture.
Since 2010 not only the number of squatted spaces has decreased drastically but also the city’s cultural landscape has lost in diversity. With the clear legal frameworks, financial responsibilities and regulated uses of space within ‘guardianships’ anti-squatting might have become an alternative for cheap housing but it surely doesn’t provide alternatives for spaces of cultural development and artistic freedom. Notably, the number of artists’ collectives has decreased, cultural events have been limited mostly to institutionalised initiatives and cultural activity has become considerately less spontaneous and experimental. The illegalisation of squatting has thoroughly left its mark on the popular cultural landscape of Enschede as well as on the individuals involved in it.