The Arch of Septimius Severus was constructed in 203 C.E. at the northwest corner of the Roman Forum during the most important period in the career of Septimius Severus. Severus had pushed deep into the East, completing two campaign against the Parthians. Built with white marble, the Arch commemorates and celebrates the triumph over the Parthians by Severus with the assistance of his two sons, Caracalla and Geta. The structure is an example of imperial propaganda, its aim being to boost Septimiu’s Parthian victories as well as to proclaim the legitimacy of the Severan dynasty.
The designers and carvers of the Arch of Septius Severus were firmly rooted in the Classical and Antonine style, while the handling of the scenes in the various panels is seen as an adaptation of the winding friezes of the Columns of Traja and Marcus Aurelius. The arch was built on a Travertine base and originally had to be approached by steps from the Forum’s ancient level. The three archways rest on piers, in front of which are detached columns on pedestals. The middle, largest archway was used for city traffic, but the outer arches were closed off by steps. Access to the roof was provided by an inner staircase within the south pier. Originally, the arch was topped with statues of the emperor and his two sons accompanied by soldiers in a four horse chariot.
Four main panels are the Arch’s most original feature. These four panels depict scenes from Severus’ campaigns. Because of poor preservation, many of these scenes are barely discernible. Above the main arch is the central keystone, portraying Mars, the Roman God of War. The keystones of the smaller arches have representations of Bacchus, Hercules, and river gods. Additionally, above each small frieze, there are depictions of triumphant processions of acquired booty and Parthian prisoners.
"Artstor." Artstor. Accessed December 03, 2016. http://www.artstor.org/.
Toynbee, J. M. C. "Arch of Triumph." The Classical Review 18, no. 2 (1968): 230-31. http://www.jstor.org/stable/709004.
Vermeule, Cornelius. American Journal of Archaeology 72, no. 3 (1968): 295-96. doi:10.2307/503569