A Royal Navy hat owned by David Lyall (1817–1895) a surgeon, botanical explorer and lifelong friend of Sir Joseph Hooker (1817-1911)
He was born in Auchenblae, Kincardineshire, Scotland on 1 June 1817 and entered the Royal Navy in 1839 and was immediately appointed, on 6 June, as assistant surgeon on H.M.S. Terror, under Captain Francis Crozier (1796-1848), one of the two ships forming Sir James Clark Ross’s Expedition to the Antarctic. Lyall’s medical qualifications and the fact that he had already acquired experience in the Arctic must have made him an obvious choice. Hooker (later to be knighted) was assistant surgeon on the other ship of the expedition, H.M.S. Erebus.
Hooker and Lyall made good use of their time botanising on Kerguelen Island and Lyall had the rare distinction of having a whole genus, Lyallia, named after him by Hooker.
In addition to the actual surgeon on board a ship, there was also an assistant surgeon. This was usually a young man fresh from the Surgeons' School in Edingburgh, so please do not confuse him with a loblolly boy, who was simply an assistant from the crew. In Napoleonic times, in addition to a surgeon, it was compulsory to have three assistants on a ship of the line first rate, two on the other larger rates and one on a frigate. The Surgeon and his assistant were not required to wear a uniform until 1805.
Pay also varied according to length of service. A surgeon who had served for twenty years received 18 s. per day. A surgeon who had served for six years received 11 s. per day. Assistants had to serve three years on a ship, Navy hospital or dockyard before they were classed as full surgeons.
As a result, each year of service had a different salary. The salary of the first and thus lowest grade was 4 S. per day. The other two grades received 5 S. per day. If they were not employed, surgeons and assistants received only half their salary, as was also the case for officers.
Being a Surgeon was not easy because both he and his assistant had to bring their own instruments, their medicines and other equipment were provided by the government, although there were many who made up their own medicines and passed the bills to the Admiralty.
One of the duties of an assistant was to keep a record of all cases presented to him, which was important in case of discrepancies, so that the Admiralty could compare these records with those of the surgeon and, if necessary, with the official logbooks of the captain and his lieutenants. He had to regularly check on the sick in the sickbay and show new cases to the surgeon.
He dressed the men's wounds every morning and had control of the lighter general cases. An assistant surgeon sometimes accompanied the logging and water parties, especially in places where the men were likely to stay ashore for a long time, just in case something happened. On these expeditions, it was his job to look after the men's health, keep them from drinking foul water and eating sour fruit in the heat of the day, and more.
by André B. Sobocinski, Historian, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery (BUMED)
Naval Surgeon: Life and Death at Sea in the Age of Sail, by J. Worth Estes, 1998
Rough Medicine: Surgeons at Sea in the Age of Sail, by Joan Druett · 2001
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