This paper examines underlying issues and lays out an array of possibilities. To set the issue in context, it looks first at the history and evolving nature of human adaptation to climate. It then highlights key issues in the design of adaptation policy, and summarises and assesses international adaptation efforts to date. Finally, the paper outlines three broad and potentially complementary approaches to future international efforts: adaptation under the UNFCCC; integration with development; and "climate" insurance.












