Intro: - labelling is a micro approach that argues that crime & deviance is the result of labelling - mention Becker; crime isn't about the individual but society's reaction to the individual's act - briefly outline what you think is the best labelling argument *the rest is underneath the spoiler
Spoiler:
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Cicourel: - justice is not fixed but it is a negotiation - officers have a common sense theory of who the 'typical' criminal is. this is based of dress/gesture/language. as a result, they criminalise those people more whilst the criminal justice system does not provide them with the help they need as they are 'hopeless' cases - those who do not fit into this theory (rich, white, male) tend to have the skills to navigate the system and so, aren't criminalised - analysis; demonstrates that there is a source of power but doesn't state who. ie. Reiman (Marxist) would say that this is selective enforcement used to prop up capitalism. You could use Pollack & chilvary thesis to state how women do not fit into the role of the typical criminal Lemert: - two different types of deviance - primary deviance is harmless stuff that pretty much everyone does ie. fare dodging - secondary deviance is the type that has been labelled. society may act hostile towards the person and this affects their 'master status'. as a result, the deviant's self concept is affected & they start to view themselves as society does leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy. because society reacts so negatively towards them & they have no opportunities in life, they follow a deviant career - to analysis, use downes & rock to argue that this approach is deterministic Cohen: - deviance amplification - attempts to control deviancy usually cause them to rise. in the case of moral panics, a crackdown on deviancy affirms the existence of a problem & so more crackdowns happen. subsequently, said marginalised group becomes even more marginalised - analysis, at what point does a moral panic begin/end. can you really measure society's reactions? Braithwaite - takes a more positive view of labelling - in society there's two types of shaming. dis-integrative & re integrative - disint. is when both the act & deviant are shamed. reint. is when the act but not deviant is shamed. - societies which practice re-integrative shaming usually have less crime Conclusion: - say which argument you think is best but outline the merits of others too