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Theater of Bosra

Bostra (Bosra), Arabia, Syria

2nd century CE

15,000 Spectators

It was built in either the second quarter or the second half of the second century CE and is constructed of black basalt. It is likely that the theatre was built during the reign of Trajan. The theatre was originally built outside the walls of the town, but was later completely enclosed by an Ayyūbid fortress.

The theatre is 102 metres across and has seating for about 15,000 people; it is thus among the largest of the Ancient Roman civilisation. It served a city that once had 80,000 inhabitants. It is also one of the best preserved both in Syria and across the Roman empire. It was substantially restored between 1947 and 1970, before which it contained large quantities of sand, which may have helped to protect the interior.

In accordance with the local topography, it had to be built in purely flat terrain and it forms a uniform structure consisting of an auditorium and a stage building. The shape of the façade of the auditorium is difficult to imagine today because the building was later framed by an Arab fortress, which is the real reason that the theater has been preserved so extraordinarily well. From the outside, entrances led through 29 arches in the outer wall of the auditorium. one of the entrances was in its central axis.

Overall, the façade consists of a double-storey row of arches and a row of rectangular windows above. Individual consoles for holding the “sun sails” have been preserved. The normal spectators reached their seats through these arcades. There were 13 staircases available to them, which they could reach from an inner corridor behind the outer façade. The outer entrances or those in the 180° axis of the theater led as aditus maximi under the east and west stands into the orchestra. The others led to a further inner contact, from which stairs to the auditorium lead directly to the praecinctio, i.e. directed the corridor between ima and media cavea. This approach could also be reached from the aditus maximi, where corridors branched off to the side.

Here you had the choice of going down to the better ranks or up to the worse ranks or the media cavea. The access to the cavea was the more convenient, as it was at ground level. The top row of the cavea consisted of a continuous row of seats with backrests, which is why one would assume that there were places for higher-ranking personalities. there were 6 stairs in between that led to the lower places of the 5 kerkides. Only from the middle wedge did a double staircase lead down to the orchestra. There are no other levels of honor for seats of honor or bisellia in the orchestra.

The passage from the praecinctio into the media cavea was less comfortable: To do this, one had to climb again narrow stairs leading to the side and now reached the 6 stairs, which opened up the next higher 5 kerkides. Another approach (praecinctio) lies between media and summa cavea. This can be reached via the inner staircase system, until you finally step outside at ground level and, bending to the side, reached the top tier of seats via further double staircases behind the balteus of the praecinctio. Above this there is finally a round portico, the porticus in summa cavea, of which some of the columns are still preserved in situ. It is this detail that sets the Bosra Theater apart as actually the best preserved in the ancient world.

At the ends of both praecinctiones are small doors that lead to the higher floors of the two basilicas. The walls of the basilicas facing the auditorium are decorated at the top with a series of pilasters and 3 small wall niches underneath. The tribunalia via the aditus maximi can be reached from the lower praecinctio. From there, there was the best view of the stage and the auditorium. The stage or the pulpitum can be entered via the side basilicas. The front of the stage is structured by the usual sequence of half and rectangular niches. At the back of the stage is the scaenae frons, here consisting of two round niches on the side and a round niche pulled apart in the middle. It has three floors, which can still be clearly seen in the rear wall of the stage. The lower column position has been rebuilt. In contrast to the dark basalt, it consists of light limestone. The lower order is Corinthian, above which Ionic and Tuscan columns are assumed. Behind the scaenae frons is the perfectly preserved space of the postscaenium. The theater is dated differently in the scientific literature: General urbanistic reasons speak in favor of placing the building in the founding period of the Roman Bosra, but an analysis of the architectural ornamentation of the theater led to it being dated to the early Severe period around 200 CE.

Sources: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6