#cardiovascularpathology

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Pathology Glossary: Heart Failure

> **Heart Failure** * Increasingly common due to an aging population and high prevalence of contributing risk factors. * Heart failure = A clinical syndrome in which the heart's ventricles cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. **Re

Here's a flashcard from our recent tutorial on Heart Failure!

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Pathology Glossary: Heart Failure

> **Heart Failure** * Increasingly common due to an aging population and high prevalence of contributing risk factors. * Heart failure = A clinical syndrome in which the heart's ventricles cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. **Re

Quick preview of our upcoming tutorial on Heart Failure!

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Secondary Hypertension

Accounts for 5-10% of adult hypertension.

In secondary hypertension, an underlying condition causes the elevation in blood pressure.

Renovascular hypertension occurs when renal artery stenosis prevents blood from reaching the kidneys; in response to low oxygen levels, the kidneys release hormones that increase blood pressure.

Obstructive sleep apnea

Primary aldosteronism is characterized by adrenal glands that release excess aldosterone, which leads to increased sodium and fluid retention, and, therefore, increased blood volume and pressure.

Renal parenchymal diseases also lead to hypertension due to inadequate blood volume regulation by damaged renal tissue.

Drugs

Pregnancy:pregnant women can develop gestational hypertension,which can lead to pre-eclampsia (aka, toxemia).

Notice that the adaptive physiological response to low oxygen levels is, in this case, contributing to pathology.

Two key causes of renal artery stenosis and renovascular hypertension are atherosclerosis and fibromuscular dysplasia.

Two key causes of primary aldosteronism and hypertension are aldosterone-producing adenomas and bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism.

Examples: caffeine, NSAIDS, hormonal contraceptives (especially those with synthetic estrogen), decongestants, cocaine, amphetamines, and some herbal agents.

Hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both mothers and their neonates, and women who are hypertensive prior to pregnancy require special attention.

Additional Causes of Secondary Hypertension

Pheochromocytoma

Coarctation of aorta (children)

Cushing syndrome

Hyperparathyroidism

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Pathology Glossary: Heart Failure

> **Heart Failure** * Increasingly common due to an aging population and high prevalence of contributing risk factors. * Heart failure = A clinical syndrome in which the heart's ventricles cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. **Re

Preview of our upcoming tutorial on Heart Failure!