Breaking Down the Iowa Caucus Disaster
This past Monday, across the nation, political junkies like myself sat down in front of our TVs and eagerly awaited the results of the 2020 Iowa Democratic caucuses. While technically the official “beginning” of the primary process, February 3rd marked the end of a long jockeying phase filled with televised debates and coalition-building. The electoral picture coming into Iowa was a little bit more muddled than it usually is by this time of year: two candidates were considered strong national front-runners, Former Vice President Joe Biden and Senator Bernie Sanders. Senator Elizabeth Warren was running slightly behind the pair, and Pete Buttigieg, the former Mayor of South Bend, sat in a more-or-less distant fourth. All four had a chance to win, depending on which poll you looked at. The results of the Iowa caucuses would serve as a strong indicator of where these candidates really stood, and would clarify the path each needed to take in order to win the nomination.
So Monday night came. And went. And no results came.
What is a caucus? Well, they’re one way for members of a political party to have a say in who gets the official nomination of their party. The other method is called a “primary”. Primaries are simple. You show up to your local polling place, wait in line, and vote at a machine for your preferred candidate. At the end of the day, the votes are counted up. Each state has a predetermined number of delegates that it can give a candidate. At each party’s national convention in July, the candidate who has the majority of their party’s delegates gets the nomination. If a state is winner-take-all, the winner of their primary gets all of that state’s delegates. If a state uses proportional allocation, then candidates get a portion of the state’s delegates equal to the share of votes they got. And that’s it. Easy!
I have to describe how primaries work in order to emphasize to you how much more complicated caucuses are. Specifically, Iowa’s caucuses. Instead of going and voting at a polling place at any point during the day, to caucus you must go to your polling place at a predetermined time; in Iowa’s case, 7 PM Central Standard Time. At 7 PM, the doors of the polling place are locked to further entrants, and the real fun begins. Different areas of the room are designated for different candidates, and each person goes and stands in the area of their preferred candidate with their candidate’s other supporters.
The precinct captain for each candidate, designated by the campaign, counts up the number of supporters in their group, and reports that number. This number is crucial. If a candidate’s group does not have at least 15% of the total people in the room after the first count, their candidate is deemed non-viable in that precinct. Supporters of non-viable candidates must either move to another candidate, or leave the caucus. An energetic phase of electioneering follows, where supporters of viable candidates may try to convince non-viable candidates’ supporters to come and join their group. One non-viable group might even merge with another, giving a previously non-viable candidate a chance. A lot can happen. After this realignment period is over, the precinct captains report their group size again. Each precinct has a given number of state delegate equivalents (SDEs) that it can give. These SDEs are given to each candidate based on the size of their final group of supporters. There are 2,107 SDEs up for grabs in the caucus, which are used to determine how many of Iowa’s 41 state delegates each candidate receives.
In the past, the Iowa Democratic Party has only reported how many SDEs each candidate received. In 2016, Bernie Sanders lost the SDE race by a margin of 0.2%, and there was a strong push by elements of the Iowa Democratic Party (IDP) to change the reporting system to more accurately reflect the outcome of the caucuses. Starting this year, the rules were changed so that not only would SDEs be reported, but also raw voting numbers from the first initial round and the final post-realignment round. This is a lot more data to deal with. A lot more. So the IDP came up with the bright idea to use an app for vote reporting instead of the typical method of calling them in via phone.
On Monday night, as election officials at caucusing locations went to report vote totals, they found that the app they’d been given didn’t work. It took a little while for outside observers to notice, but by the time two or three hours had passed and 0% of precincts had yet to report their results, it was obvious there was a problem. Reports started trickling in of precinct captains complaining on social media about the app’s failure, and that one in particular had been on hold with the Iowa Democratic Party for over an hour as he tried to report his data via phone.
The combination of a non-functional app and clogged phone lines meant that information was coming in at a trickle. To make matters worse, the IDP released a statement saying that the vote totals they did have showed vague “inconsistencies”. Many were quick to blame the caucuses’ convoluted rules, which likely led to mistakes in the vote tallying and SDE calculation processes. These inconsistencies in the vote tallies meant that the IDP needed to go back and recount the caucus results by hand, which is ridiculously time-consuming. The first batch of results wasn’t officially posted until 5PM Eastern Time on the day after the caucuses. Even now, over 40 hours later, only 71% of the votes have been counted. No timetable has been given for when the rest might be finished.
Why did the app fail? IDP officials say that the app experienced a “massive coding error”. This isn’t hard to believe; apps go down all the time when they experience levels of traffic that they haven’t experienced before. Conspiracy theories abound, of course, but few make any sense. The two candidates who appear to have benefited the most from the results of the caucuses, Bernie Sanders and Pete Buttigieg, would have both preferred if the results had come out on Monday night. A day’s delay means their success was overshadowed by Tuesday’s State of the Union address, and the impending end of the President’s Senate trial. Likewise, the manual counting of votes means that any electronic tampering of the results would certainly be uncovered sooner or later. Unless one believes that the entire Iowa Democratic Party is compromised, the results on TV are the correct ones. They just came far too late.