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What kinds of sentences do we hear from babies and toddlers? How much grammar can we find in their language use? In this week's episode, we take a look at child syntactic stages: what characteristics kids display as they progress from one to two to many words, whether their grammars are similar to those of adults, and how their linguistic interpretation may tell us more than just their speech.
Looking forward to hearing what people have to say! ^_^
Why Science Needs a New Correlation Model
The Quantitative Complexity Theory relies on a new, modern approach to correlation – the generalized correlation – which overcomes the well-known problems of mainstream approaches such as Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation. The importance of correlation cannot be overstated. This is because the presence of a correlation imples the existence of a rule and rules are what make things work. By rules…
Modeling Risk and Model-Induced Risk
Modeling Risk and Model-Induced Risk
Models are simplified representations or emulators of reality. They are typically based on empirical data collected conducting experiments. There exist numerous techniques for establishing models based on data. An example of a linear model, built based on 2-dimensional data is illustrated below.
The model in this simple case is a straight line. It may be used, for example, to compute the…
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Internal Working Model - The Continuity Hypothesis
Support For Bowlby's InternalWorking Model
Black and Schutte carried out an investigation in 2006 including 205 young adults.
They composed an adult attachment interview in which they measured the feelings about current and previous adult relationships.
They presented the participants with a list of adjectives that described childhood relationships with both parents.
They asked participants for a description of childhood events, such as birthdays and christmas, that illustrated relationships with parents.
This produced rich, qualitative data.
They found a link between the types of childhood and adult relationships.
Those who recalled positive and loving relationships with their mothers were more trusting and more likely to open up to their partners and seek comfort from them.
The who recalled positive relationships with their fathers were more likely to rely on their partners.
There were issues with the validity of information.
Evidence Against The Internal Working Model
Zimmerman carried out a longitudinal study of 44 children.
The attachment type of each child was initially assessed between 12-18 months of age to see how they responded to separation and strangers.
They were reassessed at 16 years old using interviews focusing on relationships with parents.
Zimmerman recorded life events such as parental divorce and deaths within the children's families as they were growing up.
Zimmerman found that childhood attachment type was not a good predictor of attachments in adolescence.
The impact of serious life events, such as parental divorce, was more important.
The study suggests that continuity may only apply when serious life events do not have an impact on the child.
Zimmerman found issues in the fact that the signs of attachment may not always be trustworthy.
EVALUATION OF BOWLBY'S THEORY; THE CONTINUITY HYPOTHESIS.
The Minnesota longitudinal study by Sroufe et al. (1999) has followed a cohort of children from the age of twelve months to adolescence. The children were rated throughout their childhood by teachers, trained observers and camp cousellors at special events arranged for the children. Those children who were rated as being securely attached in infancy were also subsequently rated as being more popular, having more initiative, and being higher in social competence, self-confidence, and self-esteem. In other words, social competence was associated with early attachment style, supporting Bowlby's views of continuity from infancy to adulthood in terms of social development.
McCarthy (1999) also used attachment data from infancy. A group of women were contacted who had been assessed in infancy as insecurely attached. The study recorded their attitudes and experiences of friendships and romantic relationships. Women previously classified as 'avoidant-insecure' were more likely to have romantic problems and those classified as 'resistant-insecure' were more likely to have problems in friendships.
Even though there are positive correlations between early experiences and later social experiences, you may remember that there is an alternative explanation of the internal working model - namely that some infants may simply be better than others at forming relationships. This is known as the temperament hypothesis. Children who are appealing to their parents are also likely to be appealing to other people and this could explain continuity.
A second study that investigated the continuity hypothesis perhaps offers some better support for it because it involved individual's attitudes. Hazan and Shaver (1987) published a 'love quiz' in an American newspaper, collecting information from people about (a) their early attachment experiences, and (b) their current romantic attitudes and experiences. They found that individuals who were securely attached as infants tended to have happy and lasting love relationships and to believe that love was enduring and about mutual trust. By contrast, insecure types found relationships less easy, were more likely to be divorced and felt that true love was rare. This supports Bowlby's concept of an internal working model because it assesses attitudes generated from an internal working model.
THE CONTINUITY HYPOTHESIS.
The argument behind the continuity hypothesis is that the relationship with one special attachment figure (monotropy) provides an infant with an internal working model of relationships. Secure children develop a positive working model of themselves, based on their feelings of security derived from having one sensitive, emotionally responsive and supportive primary caregiver (known as the caregiver sensitivity hypothesis). In contrast, avoidant children are assumed to have a primary caregiver who is rejecting, resulting n their having a working model of themselves as unacceptable and unworthy. Ambivalent children have a primary caregiver who is inconsistent and, consequently, the children tend to have a negative self-image and exaggerate their emotional responses as a way to obtain attention. This continuity hypothesis provides one possible explanation of the fact that early patterns of attachment are related to later child characteristics.
Dreaming in the 21st Century
Contrary to what most may think, modern dream research reveals that dreams are often mundane, single-minded, and follows a coherent theme throughout its duration. However, dreams reflect waking personality and are reflective of waking mood, which is why some dreamers describe more vivid dreams than others.
Out of this observation, the continuity hypothesis came about. The continuity hypothesis states that dreams “continue” characteristics of waking mental life. Each person’s natural creative ability to construct narratives and tell stories is connected to their dreams. If a person is better at creating narratives in waking life, than their dreams reflect this ability.
