Everything Must Go: The Stories We Tell About The End of the World (Dorian Lynskey, 2024)
"The volcano Mount Tambora lies on the Sanggar peninsula on the island of Sumbawa in the Flores Sea, to the east of Java.
It had long been presumed extinct but the islanders had noticed an ominous cloud over the summit and a rumbling in the earth preceding the evening of 5 April 1815, when the mountain suddenly began firing clouds of volcanic ash 30 kilometres into the sky.
For the next few days, the Sun was dimmed by a humid fog and a soft rain of black ash fell on the surrounding islands.
Five days later, Tambora erupted with a force one hundred times greater than that of Vesuvius in AD 79.
It remains the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history, outdoing that of the more famous Krakatoa in 1883. (…)
During what became known as ‘the year without a summer’, the weather was conducive to an apocalyptic frame of mind.
Europe had slouched out of a punishingly cold, wet spring into an even worse summer.
Rivers and lakes burst their banks; newly planted crops drowned; churches teemed with parishioners praying for an end to the rain.
Bad weather, like war, can be a great unifier. Across the breadth of England, it was a national preoccupation.
In Chawton, Hampshire, an ailing Jane Austen worked on her sixth novel, Persuasion, as the rain battered the window panes.
‘It is really too bad, & has been for a long time,’ she wrote to her nephew, ‘much worse than anybody can bear, & I begin to think it will never be fine again.’
In north London, Samuel Taylor Coleridge bemoaned the impossibility of exercise due to ‘this end of the World Weather’. (…)
Not until 1913 did the meteorologist William Jackson Humphreys suggest a connection between Tambora and the year without a summer, and the process was not understood in detail until the 1980s.
Few people in Europe in 1816 knew that Mount Tambora even existed (The Times had mentioned the ‘Tomboro’ eruption just once) and those who did could not have imagined that a distant volcano could cause the rain to fall, the sky to dim and the harvests to fail.
In the absence of scientific explanations, fear and superstition filled the void.
Why would a significant number of people not have been persuaded that the world was coming to an end?"