A very rough guide to extraction
Coffee extraction often seems too confusing or technical or hit-and-miss. That’s a shame. You don’t need to know squat about TDS or extraction percentages to understand the basics of what affects extraction. So here goes. All is “ceteris paribus” (economist speak for other things held equal).
Water temperature. Higher temp = faster extraction. More aromatics and bitter compounds.
Water hardness. Harder water = slower extraction, less extraction possible at all (this can get really messy and technical, use softish water and you’ll do fine).
Grind size. Smaller grind size = faster extraction.
Agitation. Stirring = generally speeds up extraction.
Coffee to water ratio. More coffee for the same water volume = slower extraction.
Pressure (espresso/aeropress). Higher pressure = more extraction/emulsification.
Time. Longer brew/steep time = more extraction.
That’s the gist of it. Some variables affect the extraction pct, some the rate. Not happy with your cup? Vary one variable at a time and taste the difference. Repeat until happy.