#language engineering

[religion-is-a-mental-illness]

To postmodern social constructivists, it’s about attempting to seize how knowledge is understood, and thereby prescribe reality.

[droidtown]

語言工程可以來學什麼？(連載之二)

第一章：什麼是自然語言

語言學研究的對象是自然語言，自然語言處理的資料對象也是自然語言。語言工程的材料也是自然語言。但…什麼是自然語言？首先，我們把「自然語言」定義為「自然人所具備的語言能力及其因為這個能力而產生的語言輸出」。自然人是指生物學意義上的人，相對於法律上的「法人」。讀到這麼拗口的描述，應該大家都開始覺得眼皮沉重，意志渙散。我們用負面列表好了！

程式語言 不是 自然語言

除了人類以外，其它地球上的已知生物的溝通系統 不是 自然語言

形式語言(邏輯式、數學式、化學式…等) 不是 自然語言

世界語 不是 自然語言

精靈語、矮人語、爬說語、神奇寶貝語、多斯拉其語、克林貢語…等特別設計的語言也 不是 自然語言

接著，我們要把語言中的「文字」的地位往下調整，把「語音」的重要性往上提升。因為「**對一個語言而言，重要的是語音，而不是文字！**」### 語言學的看法關於語言，在語言學的領域裡有兩種觀察角度：一種是從「這句話在**溝通**時能扮演什麼功能」的角度切入；另一種是從「這句話的內部的每個元素，**扮演**了整句話的什麼角色」。前者常常被稱為「功能學派」，而後者則常常被稱為「結構學派」。兩個學派在學術界各有各的山頭，誰也不讓誰，在暗潮洶湧的學術武林中興起一番腥風血雨的論戰，七十多年來也不見結束的跡象…還好，對語言工程而言，兩種學派切入點，各自都有能被採用的地方。以 Articut NLP AI 系統為例，它的底層採用的是「結構學派」的觀點，把每個句子都視為一棵句法樹，而一個句子裡的每個詞彙都能在這棵句法樹上找到自己的位置，才能長成一棵又高又大的句法樹。但我們另一套產品 - 以 Articut 為基底的 Loki 呢，則是採納了「功能學派」的觀點。把每個「完整句子」在不同的場景裡，視為是一個獨立的成份，加以比較、分析以後分類成不同的意圖。意圖分類完了以後，我們又多做了一步，再次回到以結構學派的角度，把句子裡面需要被程式計算語意時使用的詞彙元素，再一一擷取出來，回傳給開發者做後續的應用。### 資訊領域的看法在資訊領域裡，和自然語言相關的大致上也是分成兩種。一種叫「計算機語言學」，另一種叫「自然語言處理 (Natural Language Processing, NLP)」。計算機語言學這個名稱既包含了「計算機 (俗稱電腦)」和「語言學」兩個成份，所以它的目標是產生出能利用電腦，配合泛語言學領域裡的知識來打造一個可以讓電腦進行計算的模型。而「自然語言處理」則完全是另一回事兒。它把自然語言當做是像圖片中的相素一樣隨機分佈的「點」而已。應用目標就只是把這些「點」之間的關係用統計已知資料分佈的方式，產生一個機率模型。機器學習或是深度學習就是這種方法的代表方法。一樣地，對語言工程而言，這兩種領域處理語言的方式，也同樣地被融入在 Loki 這樣的高階產品裡。我們一樣利用語言學領域裡的一些知識，來產生 Loki 的模型，讓它的意圖比對可以同時兼具「學習範例愈少愈好」。與此同時，也納入 NLP 領域裡詞向量的技術，讓「自動擴展性愈大愈好」。如此一來，就能讓開發者做出「用最少的訓練資料，達成最大的預測覆蓋率」的目標了。學術研究上分成數個不同的切入角度固然有它自己的道理，但對語言工程而言，自然語言，就是自然語言，在做應用的工程實作時，硬是畫地自限絕對不是好方法。因此，語言工程勢必是一項結合了「理論、知識、經驗、實作」四個要素的工程項目。(待續)註：  

[功能學派的語言學](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_linguistics)  

[結構學派的語言學](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_linguistics)  

[計算語言學](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)  

[自然語言處理](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86)

[cybernetic-world]

New AI fake text generator may be too dangerous to release, say creators

The Elon Musk-backed nonprofit company OpenAI declines to release research publicly for fear of misuse

[alongsidehossamdirarsohu]

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