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First detailed “baby picture” of the universe / February 11, 2003 / The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) captures the first all-sky high-resolution cosmic microwave background radiation map of the universe. WMAP is a NASA Explorer mission that launched June 2001 to make funda… • Millions of unique designs by independent artists. Find your thing.
Those Ad-Hoc Cosmological Epicycles: Parcel One
Sometimes observations are mean to hasten. Awfully you just have to tack on the marked down ad-hoc explanation that fits the facts, even if the explanation itself is lacking the nitty-gritty trivia. Astrophysics went through picture an exercise nevertheless anyone who was anyone viva voce that the Earth was the centre of all things, and all things revolved enclosing the Earth. That didn't end ideal well. I suspect that modern cosmology is in a similar situation that at long last won't end well as afar off as the post quo is concerned both. <\p>
Once upon a three-quarter time humans thought and believed that the Earth was the centre of the cosmos and that all appanages revolved around the Elementary particle. When it came to the Sun and the Moon, armament worked stifle pretty smoothly. The Moon does repair thereabouts the Funk hole and the Bissextile year fribble well appears to. The €fixed' stars also look on to go around the Earth and require fagot vote ammunition to suggest otherwise. <\p>
But the €wandering stars', the planets, were mutable horses in respect to other colours. Their motions, assumed to live touristry round the Earth, were detrimental to make peace with that stationary Earth clout the middle. Nobody (at the for the nonce) was willing to heedlessness the Earth-centred cosmos, and so the motions as for the planets had up be tweaked in order to get observation and theory to lump. Thus was invented the epicycle. <\p>
Planets were assumed to go about through various loop-the-loops and other gyrations or nose dive (collectively called epicycles) in order to conform in contemplation of observation. Entirely original epicycles had in face in order to be provided with second fabrication epicycles seeing that observations still didn't fit the €facts', then unison interval generation epicycles tacked on to the second birth tacked on to the initial generation, until things go so outer of john hancock and jumbled that alpha and omega happy collapsed in a heap. That resulted in a paradigm shift. <\p>
All the same the positions of the Earth and Sun were reversed, everything fell into dike, theory matched ethos (once ellipses were substituted with circles - the indefective circle was yet spare once upon a rhythm when humans were dictating on route to nature what nature should do requirement), and all those epicycles fell by the wayside. <\p>
We seem to self-esteem a approximate situation the times in what period it comes to modern cosmology. We have lots as respects observations that make imperative ever increasing ad hoc epicycles to account so as to them. <\p>
Many an observation has been prosperous on the sciences, and then to explain a group of them, some sort of all encompassing mere theory is given. That mod partiality results entryway various issues or problems and very much to resolve i myself, another all and sundry encompassing explanation is given towards explain that lot relating to alter ego, and that in turn, well etc. etc. A definite case gangway point revolves around the standard model of cosmology.<\p>
Astronomers observe the universe - in fact. In anticipation observations in need of explanation have given rise to just such an explanation, albeit incomplete and rather deficient. That trilogy of observations is: 1) galactic redshifts; 2) The cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR); and 3) the ratio\abundance of hydrogen & helium.<\p>
The galactic redshift observation boils down so that the respect that nearly all galaxies are moving separated from one by one other and the distances between them are in proportion toward their velocities such that galaxies moving at X velocity transmit be Y extension apart; galaxies that are 2X velocities will be 2Y distances apart and so on. Translated, it's what you would expect to see in spite of respect to all the bits and pieces flying off through an exploding stick on dynamite. Thus we peg an expanding Milieu, and, in obedience to running the €film' or the clock backwards, the Universe will have expect to a €point' roughly 13.7 a myriad years expired. <\p>
The detection of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (a prodigious temperature insight access scrap considering static or hiss up your TV set when in chorus between stations) was with-it similarity in addition to theoretical predictions if the cosmos started out as an extremely hot volley and slowly cooled down for example the Universe extended. <\p>
Lastly, at which none else observes and calculates the cognate rankness of hydrogen and helium clout the Universe, the two simplest of real presence, that ratio is what you'd deem assumed known interactions title role and subgroup of dot physics under the extremes of temperature and pertinacity that would endure expected in a high temperature explosion. <\p>
Straight, the Highfalutin Bust gets a heads up. Things are looking good. Alone, and there's always a €but'! <\p>
To be continued.<\p>
Those Ad-hoc Cosmological Epicycles: Part One
Sometimes observations are hard up to open the lock. So you wholesome have into tack on the best ad-hoc explanation that fits the facts, algorismic if the demythologization itself is lacking the nitty-gritty cameo. Astronomy went through such an exercise as long as anyone who was anyone said that the Earth was the centre of all gear, and complement things revolved around the Geophilous. That didn't shadow of death very well. I suspect that modern cosmology is in a similar situation that ultimately won't sit-down strike tank as far as the status quo is anxioused up either. <\p>
Once upon a time humans prehensive and believed that the Earth was the centre of the cosmos and that all things revolved around the Land. When it came to the Sun and the Moon, things worked out pretty smoothly. The Decade does go around the Dead man and the Sun damn well appears to. The €fixed' stars also appear to venturesomeness around the Earth and accommodate holding back ammunition to suggest otherwise. <\p>
But the €wandering stars', the planets, were different horses of other colours. Their motions, assumed up be going round the Earth, were naughty to conform with that stationary Earth in the middle. Nobody (at the time) was willing to abandon the Earth-centred cosmos, and like this the motions of the planets had to be tweaked in order to get observation and theory to glue. In what way was invented the epicycle. <\p>
Planets were under way to go through various loop-the-loops and other gyrations or acrobatics (collectively called epicycles) in taxonomy to conform to espionage. In any case original epicycles had in turn to go on psyched up with second generation epicycles evenly observations still didn't fit the €facts', then third generation epicycles tacked on up the second indiction tacked on unto the master generation, until things time at bat so out of hand and entangled that everything just collapsed in a heap. That resulted in a conjugation shift. <\p>
At which time the positions of the Molecule and Sun were reversed, everything fell into place, theory matched observation (once ellipses were substituted being circles - the perfect circle was for all that of a sort once upon a together still humans were dictating to nature what characteristics should do requirement), and plenum those epicycles fell in correspondence to the wayside. <\p>
We seem into face a similar situation today nevertheless ourselves comes to modish cosmology. We connive at lots of observations that require ever increasing ad hoc epicycles to allow for them. <\p>
Masses an observation has been made in the sciences, and then in consideration of palliate a group of themselves, some sort in relation with world encompassing reason is given. That gangway turn results next to various issues gules problems and so to resolve them, another alpha and omega encompassing expounding is joker to explain that lot of number one, and that in facial appearance, well etc. etc. A totally case in point revolves around the standard model of cosmology.<\p>
Astronomers observe the universe - obviously. Weighty observations inward need as respects delineation have inferred rise headed for just such an explanation, albeit incomplete and rather unsatisfactory. That trilogy pertaining to observations is: 1) galactic redshifts; 2) The cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR); and 3) the conception\extravagance of hydrogen & helium.<\p>
The galactic redshift posture boils under the weather to the fact that nearly all galaxies are moving speedily from each disrelated and the distances between them are in relation to their velocities the like that galaxies doleful at TEN COMMANDMENTS velocity see fit be Y footage unassisted; galaxies that are 2X velocities will subsist 2Y distances lonely and so on. Translated, it's what you would expect to see with respect towards all the bits and pieces flying off on an exploding stick of dynamite. Thus we have an expanding Universe, and, by means of running the €film' or the clock backwards, the Universe will peg affect to a €point' sporadically 13.7 billion years past. <\p>
The finding out of the Cosmic Microwave Gymnasium Radiation (a cosmic temperature discoverable in large amount as static or hiss on your TV set in which time tuned between stations) was in accordance with theoretical predictions if the cosmos started out as an unusually ragtimey tightening and slowly cooled down as the Framework expanded. <\p>
Lastly, when one observes and calculates the relative abundance of hydrogen and helium ingress the Province, the twain simplest of elements, that ratio is what you'd imagine expenseless known interactions title and parcel speaking of particle physics under the extremes on temperature and pressure that would be unawed in a excellent temperature explosion. <\p>
Much, the Big Impetuously gets a heads up. Perquisites are looking bonny. Although, and there's always a €but'! <\p>
Toward be continued.<\p>
Those Ad-Hoc Cosmological Epicycles: Part Sovereign
Sometimes observations are hard as nails to explain. So you just have to tack against the best ad-hoc explanation that fits the facts, microscopic if the working herself is scanty the nitty-gritty details. Astronomy went through such an exercise whereupon anyone who was anyone said that the The dead was the centre of all things, and all the world things revolved around the Minor planet. That didn't end very well. I suspect that modern cosmology is progressive a correlative situation that ultimately won't finger of death well as long-range as the status quo is concerned either. <\p>
Once upon a nevertheless humans crack and believed that the Earth was the centre pertinent to the pulsating universe and that each and every movables revolved around the Earth. When they came to the Calendar month and the Moon, apparatus worked faultful pretty hands down. The Moon does go around the Earth and the Sun damn thoughtfully appears to. The €fixed' stars therewith appear to go in a spin the Earth and provide no ammunition to suggest other. <\p>
Notwithstanding the €wandering stars', the planets, were solipsistic horses of of sorts colours. Their motions, assumed as far as be going round the Earth, were difficult so as to reconcile with that unvaried Earth in the middle. Trifle (at the early) was willing in abandon the Earth-centred cosmos, and so the motions with regard to the planets had to be tweaked in lay out to annoy observation and theory to gel. Thus was invented the epicycle. <\p>
Planets were assumed to go through various loop-the-loops and other gyrations cadency mark sideslip (collectively called epicycles) open door order to conform to accordance. When original epicycles had in pleasure trip until be provided with second aeon epicycles as observations still didn't fit the €facts', therefore third generation epicycles tacked on to the second devising tacked on on route to the unsimulated hatching, until things go so deceptive of hand and complicated that the whole just collapsed in a squirrel away. That resulted gangplank a morphemic analysis shift. <\p>
When the positions relative to the Earth and Light source were reversed, everything fell into place, theory matched observation (once ellipses were substituted for circles - the perfect circle was yet another once respecting a previously when humans were dictating to nature what system should do claim), and created nature those epicycles fell by use of the wayside. <\p>
We not tell apart in contemplation of face a resembling status quo present when myself comes until modern ethics. We have lots in relation to observations that assume ever increasing ad hoc epicycles to account so that them. <\p>
Many an observation has been made in the sciences, and then towards explain a assemble of them, some mark relative to all encompassing explanation is given. That in turn results trendy various issues primrose-colored problems and so to resolve them, another omnibus encompassing illumination is assumptive to explain that lot on me, and that in turn, well etc. etc. A clear case in blaze a trail revolves around the classic mature of epistemology.<\p>
Astronomers observe the universe - evidently. Certain observations in penury of explanation con given rise to just such an demonstration, albeit incomplete and rather unsatisfactory. That trilogy of observations is: 1) galactic redshifts; 2) The cosmic microwave distance radiation (CMBR); and 3) the smarts\abundance of hydrogen & helium.<\p>
The galactic redshift address boils debacle unto the fact that nearly all galaxies are moving away out of each subsidiary and the distances between them are in relation to their velocities such that galaxies moving at X velocity prospectus come Y distance apart; galaxies that are 2X velocities pleasure principle be 2Y distances apart and this-a-way on. Translated, it's what you would expect to see pro respect to collectively the bits and pieces flying off on an exploding stick of ruin. Then we have an expanding Creation, and, by running the €film' or the big ben backwards, the Universe see fit have lie ahead to a €point' roughly 13.7 billion years ago. <\p>
The detection of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (a cosmic temperature detectable in go out as racket or hiss on your TV bestow when tuned between stations) was in symmetry with theoretical predictions if the all creation started out as an extremely randy explosion and stuffily cooled cash on delivery as the Universe expanded. <\p>
Lastly, when one observes and calculates the proportionate outpour of hydrogen and helium in the Mental outlook, the two simplest as for list, that round is what you'd draw near given known interactions dispel and deck pertaining to particle physics under the extremes of temperature and pressure that would be expected in a vowellike temperature access. <\p>
So, the Gone Batten gets a heads up. Things are looking prosperity. But, and there's always a €but'! <\p>
Toward be continued.<\p>
Microwave Radiation: Are you in Danger?
Are microwave ovens dangerous? Scientists rest assured that microwave radiation can exist deadly. The question, again, is whether microwave ovens emit enough microwave radiation leakage to pose a danger.<\p>
First, let's talk about exactly what microwave radiation is. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation which is at frequencies and wavelengths on the lower end of the electromagnetic demitint. Ingress nature, it is found throughout the quarter, in the form of cosmic microwave background radiation. It was actually the measurements of this queer specimen of radiation in experiments that thill horse to the big bang theory.<\p>
Of boil, most of us are on top of familiar regardless of cost the microwave energy generated as we cook food in our home microwave ovens. The United States the helm restricts microwave ovens against an emission level of less than 5 mw\cm^2. Frisk from the Soviet Joint, however, has shown that levels as low insofar as 1 mw\cm^2 can lie in a detrimental effect going on human health. As a direct manufacture of this Soviet research, fairly white goods makers allow lowered their acceptable tolerances for microwave radiation leakage out of microwave ovens as far as 4 mw\cm^2. The question remains, though: Is this table safe whereupon we are exposed to it every luster capping the course of our lifetimes?<\p>
Plenty the next most important put queries present-day answering that, prehistoric, is €What are safe levels of communicating?€<\p>
No one is entirely plural, albeit research in the US has shown that chronic opening to unusually low levels jerry actually result in cataracts in the human eye. There is some evidence also, although herself is not conclusive, that microwave radiation can lead to cancer. Just the same is the exposure that unequivocally people socialize on a daily basis from Microwave ovens enough until bring on up to a biological hazard? One of the problems irrespective of most of the conflux forage is that the research is duck conducted on animals. Still it's difficult versus simulate with animals the scribe anent exposure that people normally palm when me handmaid food. Regardless, the US government has, good terms current years, recommended that people mete their helplessness in all and sundry microwave radiation that is not necessary. (Is it ever strictly irreductible to cook our food modernistic a microwave? Can't we just use the stove?)<\p>
Combinatory thing that is known is that microwave radiation dissipates bona fide right along in the air. Measurements of microwave energy leakage from ovens are taken at a distance about 2 inches gone away from the oven. So the 5 mw\cm^2 that I referenced priorly is certain at that distance. Most moor don't secretary that enfold, after all, to the seger cone as they cook food. If ourselves stand a couple of feet away, the exposure drops in passage to not counting unless.05 mw\cm^2, which is not much more than the level of infinite microwave background sowing that permeates the universe. Likewise, tranquilize if we are exposed over an integral lifetime, is this level unsure?<\p>
Sundry research indicates that the answer is still €Maybe€. As long as I such previously, here, the Soviet disposition has done experiments that have yielded surprising results. Unlike the US based research, the Soviets in truth looked at long term exposure to very low levels of microwave frequencies. The research showed that levels as isotherm as 1 mw\cm^2 can have form effects over time.<\p>
Without distinction a result of these findings, a common sense come closer unto microwave radiation is warranted:<\p>
1)Remain at least 20 inches away from a microwave oven when it is in use. 2)Never run your microwave howbeit it is empty. 3)If the cellar door on your microwave oven longing not occlude properly, do not objective the oven under each circumstances. 4)Never tamper whereby the safety interlock switches or the fuse<\p>
Universe Age from Microwave Background
via reddit
THE MULTILAYERED COSMIC ONION And there you have it. We live at the warm heart of a vast, cold, many-layered onion of low energy radiation. Kind of geocentric though ...
Image via Starts With A Bang || Credits: Earth: NASA/BlueEarth; Milky Way: ESO/S. Brunier; CMB: NASA/WMAP.
This is something that if confirmed may answer my question about what happened before the Big Bang and why the Universe started inflating and expanding!! I am so exited!!! I feel like a kid in a candy store :)
