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Researchers Measure Wave Particle Energy Transfer router industrial   in Collisionless Space Plasma

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Electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves are generated by the instability of hydrogen ions and cause nearby helium ions to accelerate.

The Earth’s magnetosphere contains plasma, an ionized gas composed of positive ions and negative electrons. The motion of these charged plasma particles is controlled by electromagnetic fields. The energy transfer processes that occur in this collisionless space plasma are believed to be based on wave-particle interactions such as particle acceleration by plasma waves and spontaneous wave generation, which enable energy and momentum transfer.

However, while the coexistence of waves with accelerated particles in the magnetosphere has been studied for many years, the gradual nature of the interactions between them has made observation of these processes difficult. Detection of local energy transfer between the particles and the fields is therefore required to enable quantitative assessment of their interactions.

Researchers from Nagoya University’s Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE) are part of a research team that have performed ultrafast measurements using four Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft to evaluate the energy transfer that occurred during interactions associated with electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves. “We observed that the ion distributions were not symmetrical around the magnetic field direction but were in fact in phase with the plasma wave fields,” states Nagoya University’s Masafumi Shoji.

The energy transfer process from the hydrogen ions to the helium ions occurs via wave-particle interactions.

The high-time-resolution measurements provided by the MMS spacecraft were combined with composition-resolved ion meas industrial wireless  urements to demonstrate the simultaneous occurrence of two energy transfers. The first energy transfer was from hot anisotropic hydrogen ions to an ion cyclotron wave via a cyclotron resonance process, while the second transfer was from the cyclotron wave to helium ions, which took place via a nonresonant interaction and saw the cold He+ ions being accelerated to energies of up to 2 keV.

“This represents direct quantitative evidence of the occurrence of collisionless energy transfer between two distinct particle populations via wave-particle interactions,” says Yoshizumi Miyoshi from Nagoya University’s ISEE. “Measurements of this type will even provide the capability to identify the types of wave-particle interactions that are occurring.” The team’s findings were rec industrial m2m  ently published in Science.

It is hoped that this research represents a major step towards a quantitative understanding of the wave-particle interactions and energy transfer between particle populations in space plasma. This would have implications for our understanding of a wide variety of space plasma phenomena, includ IoT PLC accessing the Van Allen radiation belt, geomagnetic storms, auroral particle precipitation, and atmospheric loss from planets, such as the loss of oxygen ions from Earth’s atmosphere.

Publication: N. Kitamura, et al., “Direct measurements of two-way wave-particle energy transfer in a collisionless space plasma,” Science 07 Sep 2018: Vol. 361, Issue 6406, pp. 1000-1003; DOI: 10.1126/science.aap8730

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Pre-Reptile Bunostegos Akokanensisear &# credit card vending machine  8211; Earliest Known Creature to Walk Upright on All Fours

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Bunostegos akokaensis: About the same size as a cow, this pre-reptile also stood the same way — upright with its legs underneath. It may be the earliest known creature to do so, according to a new study. Drawings: Morgan Turner

According to a new study from Brown University, the pre-reptile Bunostegos akokanensis the oldest known creature to have walked upright on all fours, roam dsl  ing the ancient supercontinent of Pangea about 260-million years ago.

A newly published analysis of the bones of Bunostegos akokanensis, a 260-million-year-old pre-reptile, finds that it likely stood upright on all fours like a cow or a hippo, making it the earliest known creature to do so.

To date all of the known pareiasaurs who roved the supercontinent of Pangea in the Permian era a quarter of a billion years ago were sprawlers whose limbs would jut out from the side of the body and then continue out or slant down from the elbow (like some modern lizards). Morgan Turner, lead author of the study in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, expected Bunostegos would be a sprawler, too, but the bones of the animal’s forelimbs tell a different story.

“A lot of the animals that lived around the time had a similar upright or semi-upri din rail  ght hind limb posture, but what’s interesting and special about Bunostegos is the forelimb, in that its anatomy is sprawling — precluding and seemingly directed underneath its body — unlike anything else at the time,” said Turner who performed the analysis under the supervision of Christian Sidor while a student at the University of Washington. Now Turner is a graduate student at Brown University. “The elements and features within the forelimb bones won’t allow a sprawling posture. That is unique.”

The findings allowed Turner, Sidor, and her co-authors to characterize how Bunostegos might have looked, standing like a cow and about the same size.

“Imagine a cow-sized, plant-eating reptile with a knobby skull and bony armor down its back,” said co-author Linda Tsuji of the Royal Ontario Museum, who discovered the fossils in Niger with Sidor and a team of paleontologists in 2003 and 2006.

Four forelimb findings

Turner examined much of the skeletons of several individuals. The findings that matter most, however, are all in the forelimbs. In particular, four observations make the case, she said, that Bunostegos stood differently than all the rest, with the legs entirely beneath the body.

The shoulder joint (1), humerus (2), knee-like elbow hinge (3), and a longer ulna (4) together make the case that Bunostegos stood with its legs under its body.

The shoulder joint — the glenoid fossa — is facing down such that the humerus (the bone running from shoulder to elbow) would be vertically oriented underneath. It would restrict the humerus from sticking out to the side.

Meanwhile Bunostegos’ humerus is not twisted like those of sprawlers. In a sprawler, the twist is what could allow the humerus to jut out to the side at the shoulder and then orient the forearm downward from the elbow. But the humerus of Bunostegos has no twist, suggesting that the foot could actually reach the ground only if the elbow and shoulders were aligned under the body, Turner said.

The elbow joint is also telling. Unlike in sprawling pareiasaurs, which had considerable mobility at the elbow, the movement of Bunostegos’s elbow is more limited. The way the radius and ulna (forearm bones) join with the humerus forms a hinge-like joint, and wouldn’t allow for the forearm to swing out to the sides. Instead, it would only swing in a back and forth direction like a human knee.

Finally, the ulna is longer than the humerus in Bunostegos, which is a common trait among non-sprawlers. “Many other sprawling four-legged animals have the reverse ratio,” Turner said.

Going back 260 million years

The idea that Bunostegos would be an outlier in terms of its posture matches well with the idea that it was somewhat of an outlier in its choice of habitat.

“Bunostegos was an isolated pareiasaur,” Turner said.

Way back when, Niger was an arid place (like some of it is today) where plants and water sources might well have been few and far between. Scientists have associated walking upright on all fours with a more energy-efficient posture than sprawling. For the long journeys between meals, Turner said, the upright posture might have been necessary for survival.

The significance of such an early example of the upright posture is that Bunostegos dates very far back on the evolutionary tree, pushing back the clock on when this posture shows up in evolution.

But Turner said she wouldn’t be surprised if other animals of the time are eventually also found to have similarities to this posture, which evolved independently in reptiles and mammals several times over the eras.

“Posture, from sprawling to upright, is not black or white, but instead is a gradient of forms,” Turner said. “There are many complexities about the evolution of posture and locomotion we are working to better understand every day. The anatomy of Bunostegos is unexpected, illuminating, and tells us we still have much to learn.”

At Brown, Turner is working in the lab of Stephen Gatesy, where she is studying a Industrial IoT Products   continuum of postures and locomotion in ancient creatures. In addition to Turner, Tsuji and Sidor, Oumarou Ide of the University of Niamey in Niger is an author of the study.

The National Science Foundation supported the research.

Publication: Morgan L. Turner,et al., “The vertebrate fauna of the upper Permian of Niger—IX. The appendicular skeleton of Bunostegos akokanensis (Parareptilia: Pareiasauria),” Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2015; DOI:10.1080/02724634.2014.994746

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Halide, A New and Improved Programming Language for Image cashless payment   Processing Software

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An image undergoing basic processing steps; exposure adjustments, then noise reduction, to arrive at the final image (bottom). Graphic: Christine Daniloff

In an effort to improve image-processing software, a team of researchers developed a new programming language called Halide, which is easier to read, write and revise and is significantly faster because Halide automates code-optimization procedures.

Image-processing software is a hot commodity: Just look at Instagram, a company built around image processing that Facebook is trying to buy for a billion dollars. Image processing is also going mobile, as more and more people are sending cellphone photos directly to the Web, without transferring them to a computer first.

At the same time, digital-photo files are getting so big that, without a lot of clever software engineering, processing them would take a painfully long time on a desktop computer, let alone a cellphone. Unfortunately, the tricks that engineers use to speed up their image-processing algorithms make their code almost unreadable, and rarely reusable. Adding a new function to an image-processing program, or modifying it to run on a different device, often requires rethinking an industrial IoT Gateway  d revising it from top to bottom.

Researchers at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) aim to change that, with a new programming language called Halide. Not only are Halide programs easier to read, write and revise than image-processing programs written in a conventional language, but because Halide automates code-optimization procedures that would ordinarily take hours to perform by hand, they’re also significantly faster.

In 4g-lte   tests, the MIT researchers used Halide to rewrite several common image-processing algorithms whose performance had already been optimized by seasoned programmers. The Halide versions were typically about one-third as long but offered significant performance gains — two-, three-, or even six-fold speedups. In one instance, the Halide program was actually longer than the original — but the speedup was 70-fold.

Jonathan Ragan-Kelley, a graduate student in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Andrew Adams, a CSAIL postdoc, led the development of Halide, and they’ve released the code online. At this month’s Siggraph, the premier graphics conference, they’ll present a paper on Halide, which they co-wrote with MIT computer science professors Saman Amarasinghe and Fredo Durand and with colleagues at Adobe and Stanford University.

Parallel pipelines

One reason that image processing is so computationally intensive is that it generally requires a succession of discrete operations. After light strikes the sensor in a cellphone camera, the phone combs through the image data for values that indicate malfunctioning sensor pixels and corrects them. Then it correlates the readings from pixels sensitive to different colors to deduce the actual colors of image regions. Then it does some color correction, and then some contrast adjustment, to make the image colors better correspond to what the human eye sees. At this point, the phone has done so much processing that it takes another pass through the data to clean it up.

And that’s just to display the image on the phone screen. Software that does anything more complicated, like removing red eye, or softening shadows, or boosting color saturation — or making the image look like an old Polaroid photo — introduces still more layers of procePredictive Grid Analyticsssing. Moreover, high-level modifications often require the software to go back and recompute prior stages in the pipeline.

In today’s multicore chips, distributing different segments of the image to cores working in parallel can make image processing more efficient. But the way parallel processing is usually done, after each step in the image-processing pipeline, the cores would send the results of their computations back to main memory. Because data transfer is much slower than computation, this can eat up all the performance gains offered by parallelization.

So software engineers try to keep the individual cores busy for as long as possible before they have to ship their results to memory. That means that the cores have to execute several steps in the processing pipeline on their separate chunks of data without aggregating their results. Keeping track of all the dependencies between pixels being processed on separate cores is what makes the code for efficient image processors so complicated. Moreover, the trade-offs between the number of cores, the processing power of the cores, the amount of local memory available to each core, and the time it takes to move data off-core varies from machine to machine, so a program optimized for one device may offer no speed advantages on a different one.

Divide and conquer

Halide doesn’t spare the programmer from thinking about how to parallelize efficiently on particular machines, but it splits that problem off from the description of the image-processing algorithms. A Halide program has two sections: one for the algorithms, and one for the processing “schedule.” The schedule can specify the size and shape of the image chunks that each core needs to process at each step in the pipeline, and it can specify data dependencies — for instance, that steps being executed on particular cores will need access to the results of previous steps on different cores. Once the schedule is drawn up, however, Halide handles all the accounting automatically.

A programmer who wants to export a program to a different machine just changes the schedule, not the algorithm description. A programmer who wants to add a new processing step to the pipeline just plugs in a description of the new procedure, without having to modify the existing ones. (A new step in the pipeline will require a corresponding specification in the schedule, however.)

“When you have the idea that you might want to parallelize something a certain way or use stages a certain way, when writing that manually, it’s really hard to express that idea correctly,” Ragan-Kelley says. “If you have a new optimization idea that you want to apply, chances are you’re going to spend three days debugging it because you’ve broken it in the process. With this, you change one line that expresses that idea, and it synthesizes the correct thing.”

Although Halide programs are simpler to write and to read than ordinary image-processing programs, because the scheduling is handled automatically, they still frequently offer performance gains over even the most carefully hand-engineered code. Moreover, Halide code is so easy to modify that programmers could simply experiment with half-baked ideas to see if they improve performance.

“You can just flail around and try different things at random, and you’ll often find something really good,” Adams says. “Only much later, when you’ve thought about it very hard, will you figure out why it’s good.”

“There’s a lot of excitement about using a domain-specific language like the one they chose to do, but there really haven’t been a lot of success stories,” says John Owens, an associate professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of California at Davis. “And I think this is going to turn out to be a terrific success story. It really has all the pieces you want from a completed system, and it’s in a really important application domain.”

“I can also see it inspiring a lot of future work,” Owens adds. “I think this is going to be a really high-impact project.”

Image: Christine Daniloff

Reprinted with permission of MIT News

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Solid-State P modem  hysicists Consider the ‘Anticrystal’

www.inhandnetworks.com

Materials can be described as being on a spectrum from a perfectly ordered crystal to a perfectly disordered anticrystal.

Physicists show that the anticrystal, a theoretical solid that is completely disordered, should undergird our understanding of most materials.

For the last century, the concept of crystals has been a mainstay of solid-state physics. Crystals are paragons of order; crystalline materials are defined by the repeating patterns their constituent atoms and molecules make.

Now physicists at the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Chicago have evidence that a new concept should undergird our understanding of most materials: the anticrystal, a theoretical solid that is completely disordered.

Their work suggests that, when trying to understand a real material’s mechanical properties, scientists would be better served in many cases by starting with the framework of the anti M2M router crystal and adding order, rather than starting with a perfect crystal and adding disorder. That is because the mechanical properties of even a slightly disordered solid can have more in common with an anticrystal than a perfect crystal.

Understanding these properties is critical for modeling how materials will respond to stress, as well as for designing new materials and predicting their behavior.

The study, published in Nature Physics, was conducted by Andrea Liu, a professor 3g modem   of physics in Penn’s School of Arts & Sciences; Carl Goodrich, a graduate student in her group; and Sidney Nagel, a professor of physics at the University of Chicago.

“One of the reasons the idea of the perfect crystal has been so successful over the last 100 years,” Goodrich said, “is because the properties of an imperfect crystal are often very similar.”

Outside of extremely controlled conditions, no real crystal is perfect; there are always places of disorder within the overall pattern, which are known as defects. However, when describing the behavior of a crystalline material, scientists begin by treating it as if it were a perfect crystal, then extrapolating from that point based on how prevalent its defects actually are. Knowing the exact shape and location of each defect isn’t necessary.

“But if you keep adding disorder, the extrapolation from the perfect crystal fails badly. The mechanical properties can no longer be described well from the perfect crystal. That’s where the anticrystal comes in,” Goodrich said.

Non-crystalline, or amorphous, materials may have regions within them that have atoms in different repeating patterns but no overarching order. This means that the properties of glass or plastic cannot be inferred from a perfect crystal, but. working from the other end of the spectrum, a perfectly disordered solid, had not been feasible. Not all disorder is alike; a deck of cards, for example, has one “correct” order but can be shuffled into an astronomically large number of different sequences.

“In the last decade or so,” Liu said, “many researchers have shown that all of those different ways of being totally disordered do have something important in common, like how likely you are to draw a certain hand even given all of the ways you can shuffle a deck of cards.

“We now understand that, for a certain class of interactions, there is a starting point for understanding why different glasses have similar properties,” she said. “It’s the phase transition that occurs when a fluid becomes a disordered solid under pressure, which we call the ‘jamming transition.’”

A phase transition is what happens when one state of matter turns into another, such as when water freezes. A decrease in temperature means that the hydrogen and oxygen atoms of the water no longer have enough energy to bounce out of the six-sided pattern they naturally nestle into. Without being able to move and flow past each other, the hydrogen and oxygen atoms crystallize into solid ice.

Another way of producing a solid, however, is by jamming particles (such as atoms, molecule touchscreen vending  s, or even grains of sand) together, physically constraining their movements under high pressure.

“Anytime you have a critical point like a phase transition, studying the details really close to that transition tells you about how systems further away from the transition behave,” Goodrich said.

By extrapolating away from the jamming transition, the researchers showed that even fairly orderly materials exhibited behaviors closer to those of the anticrystal than a perfect crystal.

“It takes seven shuffles to totally randomize an ordered deck. But suppose you just shuffle it once,” Goodrich said. “What we’re saying is that, when it comes to a materials’ mechanical behavior, even this deck is closer to being totally shuffled than totally ordered.”

“Fifty-two is a large number when thinking about permutations,” Liu said, “but it’s not anywhere close to Avogadro’s number and the different ways all of the atoms in a piece of glass can be arranged.”

Having a better starting point for glass or plastic would be a boon to both research and industrial design, but the principles of the anticrystal are powerful because they can provide insight into many crystalline materials as well. Making alloys like steel stronger often involves making their crystalline patterns smaller and smaller, meaning their behaviors are better and better described by the anticrystal.

“Just as a perfect crystal has very well defined properties,” Liu said, “the anticrystal has well defined properties, and we can think of real materials as being somewhere in between the two. What we’ve shown is that it doesn’t take much disorder before the anticrystal is a better starting point.”

The research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation.

Publication: Carl P. Goodrich, et al., “Solids between the mechanical extremes of order and disorder,” Nature Physics, 2014; doi:10.1038/nphys3006

Image: University of Pennsylvania

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Cornell Scientists  ATM Remote Diagnostic  Take First Step Toward Cell-Sized Robots

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An electricity-conducting, environment-sensing, shape-changing machine the size of a human cell? Is that even possible?

Cornell physicists Paul McEuen and Itai Cohen not only say yes, but they’ve actually built the “muscle” for one.

With postdoctoral researcher Marc Miskin at the helm, the team has made a robot exoskeleton that can rapidly change its shape upon sensing chemical or thermal changes in its environment. And, they claim, these microscale machines – equipped with electronic, photonic and chemical payloads – could become a powerful platform for robotics at the size scale of biological microorganisms.

“You could put the computational power of the spaceship Voyager onto an object the size of a cell,” Cohen said. “Then, where do you go explore?”

“We are trying to build what you might call an ‘exoskeleton’ for electronics,” said McEuen, the John A. Newman Professor of Physical Science and director of the Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science. “Right now, you can make little computer chips that do a lot of information-processing … but they don’t know how to move or cause something to bend.”

Their work is outlined in “Graphene-based Bimorphs for Micron-sized, Autonomous Origami Machines,” published January 2 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Miskin is lead author; other contributors included David Muller, the Samuel B. Eckert Professor of Engineering, and doctoral students Kyle Dorsey, Baris Bircan and Yimo Han.

The machines move using a motor called  inhand network  a bimorph. A bimorph is an assembly of two materials – in this case, graphene and glass – that bends when driven by a stimulus like heat, a chemical reaction or an applied voltage. The shape change happens because, in the case of heat, two materials with different thermal responses expand by different amounts over the same temperature change.

As a consequence, the bimorph bends to relieve some of this strain, allowing one layer to stretch out longer than the other. By adding rigid flat panels that cannot be bent by bimorphs, the researchers localize bending to take place only in specific places, creating folds. With this concept, they are able to make a variety of folding structures ranging from tetrahedra (triangular pyramids) to cubes.

In the case of graphene and glass, the bimorphs also fold in response to chemical stimuli by driving large ions into the glass, causing it to expand. Typically this chemical activity only occurs on the very outer edge of glass when submerged in water or some other ionic fluid. Since their bimorph is only a few nanometers thick, the glass is basically all outer edge and very reactive.

“It’s a neat trick,” Miskin said, “because it’s something you can do only with these nanoscale systems.”

The bimorph is built using atomic layer deposition – chemically “painting” atomically thin layers of silicon dioxide onto aluminum over a cover slip – then wet-transferring a single atomic layer of graphene on top of the stack. The result is the thinnest bimorph ever made.

One of their machines was described as being “three times larger than a red blood cell and three times smaller than a large neuron” when folded. Folding scaffolds of this size have been built before, but this group’s version has one clear advantage.

“Our devices are compatible with semiconductor manufacturing,” Cohen said. “That’s what’s making this compatible with our future vision  ul certified  for robotics at this scale.”

And due to graphene’s relative strength, Miskin said, it can handle the types of loads necessary for electronics applications.

“If you want to build this electronics exoskeleton,” he said, “you need it to be able to produce enough force to carry the electronics. Ours does that.”

For now, these tiniest of tiny machines have no commercial application in electronics, biological sensing or anything else. But the research pushes the science of nanoscale robots forward, McEuen said.

“Right now, there are no ‘muscles’ for small-scale machines,” he said, “so we’re building the small-scale muscles.”

This work was performed at the Cornell NanoScale Facility for Science and Technology and supported by the Cornell Center for Materials Research, the National Science Foundation, the Air Force Office of Scient M2M LTE router  ific Research and the Kavli Institute at Cornell.

Publication: “Graphene-based Bimorphs for Micron-sized, Autonomous Origami Machines,” PNAS, 2018;

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Yale Engineers Develop Hybrid System for Quant wordpress plugins  um Communication

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Using microwaves and magnets, researchers at the Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science developed a hybrid system for quantum communication.

Yale engineers have developed a hybrid system that strongly couples magnons—the smallest unit of measurement for a magnetic spin excitation—with microwave photons. According to the researchers, the hybrid system achieved an ultrahigh coherence between the two platforms that makes the system suitable for storing and transferring information.

“Magnons, because they can interact with many different information carriers, can be an ideal bridge to platforms as diverse as microwaves, light waves, and acoustic waves,” says Hong Tang, associate professor of electrical en inhand network  gineering, p Distribution Power Line Monitoring System  hysics & applied physics and principal investigator of the research published October 7 in Physical Review Letters. “This ability makes magnons a promising new platform for quantum communication and possibly for the development of a quantum computer.”

The Yale team’s hybrid system utilized a small sphere made of yttrium iron garnet (YIG)—a magnetic insulator that has very low magnon attenuation—placed inside a microwave cavity. The geometry of both the YIG sphere and the cavity resulted in uniform coupling between the microwave photons and magnons, and at a higher quality than previous experiments that used YIG thin films. The coupling was in fact so strong that information carried by the microwave signal can be written to or read from the magnon five billion times per second; such a processing speed allowed the information stored in a single magnon to be accessed 10,000 times before its energy was dissipated and the information lost.

In addition to the ultrahigh coherence and ultrastrong coupling between the magnons and microwave photons, the researchers also argue for further magnon use because of the platform’s high tunability and nonlinearity; these two attributes enable the platform to flexibly couple with other platforms.

“Nonlinearity is also crucial because it enables not only integration with other platforms, but also more complex manipulations to the information signal itself, such as one magnon being split into two magnons, each with half the energy of the original magnon, or perhaps two identical magnons being converted into two magnons with different frequencies,” says Xufeng Zhang, a Yale engineering doctoral student and lead author of the paper. “Our next step is to explore such nonlinear processes. With these linear and nonlinear properties,  Grid Analytics System  magnons become a very promising candidate as carriers for information processing and communication.”

Other authors of the article include Chang-Ling Zou and Liang Jiang. The article is titled “Strongly Coupled Magnons and Cavity Microwave Photons.”

Publication: Xufeng Zhang, et al., “Strongly Coupled Magnons and Cavity Microwave Photons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 156401, 2014; doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.156401

PDF Copy of the Study: Strongly coupled magnons and cavity microwave photons

Image: Yale University

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Princeton industrial 4G/3G router  ’s Nanomesh Triples Solar Cell Efficiency

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Credit: Jumanji Solar

Researchers at Princeton University have used nanotechnology to develop a nanotechnological mesh that increases efficiency over organic solar cells nearly threefold.

The scientists published their findings in the journal Optics Express¹. The team was able to reduce reflexivity and capture more of the light that isn’t reflected. The resulting solar cell is thinner, less reflective and utilizes sandwiched plastic and metal with the nanomesh. The so-called “Plasmonic Cavity with Subwavelength Hole array,” or “PlaCSH,” reduces the potential for losing light itself and reflects only 4% of direct sunlight, leading to a 52% increase in efficiency compared to conven android-computer  tional, organic solar cells.

Benefits of using the nanomesh

PlaCSH is capable of capturing large amounts of sunlight even when the sunlight is dispersed on cloudy days, which translates to an increase of 81% in efficiency in indirect lighting conditions. PlaCSH is up to 175% more efficient than traditional solar cells.

The mesh is only 30 nanometers thick and the holes in it are only 175 nm in dia industrial wireless modem  meter. This replaces the thicker, traditional top layer that is made out of indium-tin-oxide (ITO). Since this mesh is smaller than the wavelength of the light it’s trying to collect, it is able to exploit the bizarre way that light wor Industrial IoT Products  ks in subwavelength structures, allowing the cell to capture light once it enters the holes in the mesh instead of letting much of it reflect away.

The scientists believe that the cells can be made cost effectively and that this method should work for silicon and gallium arsenide solar cells as well.

References

[via Extreme Tech]

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Apollo 4 Image of Earth ethernet   at an Altitude of 9,544 Miles

www.inhandnetworks.com

On November 9, 1967, the uncrewed Apollo 4 test flight made a great ellipse around Earth as a test of the translunar motors and of the high speed entry required of Industrial IoT Products   a crewed flight returning from the Moon. A 70mm camera was programmed to look out a window toward Earth, and take a series of photographs from “high apogee.” Seen looking west are coastal Brazil, the Atlantic Ocean, West Africa and Antarctica. This photograph was made  data terminal unit  as the Apollo 4 spacecraf cost effective  t, still attached to the S-IVB (third) stage, orbited Earth at an altitude of 9,544 miles.

Image Credit: NASA

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