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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Asia and substation monitoring   America Will Collide in Millions of Years to Form Supercontinent Amasia

www.inhandnetworks.com

In the next 50 to 200 million years, all of Earth’s continents will be once again pus industrial IoT gatewayhed together into a Amasia, a single landmass around the North Pole. This conclusion comes from a computer model that has been emulating the slow movements of the continents over the next millions of years.

The last supercontinent was formed 300 million years ago, Pangea, and the land masses were grouped together around the equator. After having examined the geology of the mountain ranges around the world, geologists had previously thought that the next supercontinent would be in the same place as Pangea, it would close up the Atlantic Ocean, or it would be in in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.

However, Ross Mitchell, a geologist at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, and his col wireless communication  leagues have other ideas. They analyzed the magnetism of ancie plc-programming  nt rocks to work out their locations on the globe in the past, and measured how the mantle moves the continents that float on its surface. They discovered that instead of staying near the equator, the next supercontinent would form over the Arctic.

Mitchell et al. think that this is part of a pattern since Pangea formed at about 90 degrees to the previous supercontinent Rodinia, and Rodinia at about 90 degrees of Nuna, which existed 2 billion years ago. Amasia would find itself 90 degrees from where Pangea was positioned on the globe.

This new model is called orthoversion, contrary to introversion, where a supercontinent forms exactly where Pangea was, or extroversion, where it moves to the other side of the world but staying on the equator.

Orthoversion clears up a conundrum that has been on geologists’ minds for decades since it models where the next supercontinent will be placed. The other possible future supercontinents were Pangea Ultima and Novopangea.

[via Nature]

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

NDCX-II, A Special Industrial IoT Connectivity  -Purpose Particle Accelerator

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A bird's-eye view of NDCX-II. The injector is at top right, inside its grounded cage. Groups of induction cells alternate with diagnostic cells to form the accelerator. The end station is at lower left.

A team of engineers and scientists just completed work on NDCX-II, a special-purpose particle accelerator designed to produce a high-quality, dense beam that can rapidly deliver a powerful punch to a solid target.

The just-completed NDCX-II, the second generation Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab), is an unusual special-purpose particle accelerator built by DOE’s Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory (HIFS VNL), whose member institutions are Berkeley Lab, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory.

NDCX-II is a compact machine designed to produce a high-quality, dense beam that can rapidly deliver a powerful punch to a solid target. Research with NDCX-II will make advances in the acceleration, compression, and focusing of intense ion beams that can inform and guide the design of major components for heavy-ion fusion energy production.

“We’ve reached the official conclusion of the NDCX-II project, which was funded in 2009 with $11 million from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act,” says Joe Kwan of Berkeley Lab’s Accelerator and Fusion Research Division (AFRD), NDCX-II project director. “Installation of all accelerating and diagnostic modules was completed in April, and we are in the process of integrating the full 27-cell configuration. We’ll be commissioning the project in stages as we go forward.”

The beam quality of NDCX-II is monitored by measurements of the injected beam after transit through multiple cells. It has the potential to deliver enough power, quickly and evenly, to boost a thin-foil target into the regime of so-called “warm dense matter” before it expands and disintegrates.

“NDCX-II is a textbook example of team science done well,” says Suzanne Suskind, Federal Project Director in DOE’s Berkeley Site Office. “Scientists and engineers from Berkeley, Livermore, and Princeton worked together seamlessly to achieve this important milestone and fulfill the charge of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act to help spur further technological advances in science.”

A close view of the upstream modules in the NDCX-II induction linac. Small coupling boxes at the top of the induction cells are for connecting power lines to the fo industrial 4G/3G router  cusing solenoids, and large coupling boxes at the side wil Smart Vending  l connect coaxial cables to carry the accelerating pulsed power, either from the pulse-forming network or the Blumleins.

The eventual goal of heavy-ion fusion is to produce electrical power with particle accelerators through a process called inertial confinement fusion. Heavy-ion fusion is a particularly promising method of accessing this inherently clean and virtually limitless source of energy, fueled by naturally occurring hydrogen isotopes. There’s plenty of practical science to be done along the way to that goal, both in accelerator design and in the physics of the fusion-fuel targets.

The poorly understood realm of warm dense matter is of special interest – called warm because its temperature is measured in thousands of degrees Kelvin instead of the millions of degrees typical of nuclear fusion. Denser than a plasma – a hot gas of electrons and atomic nuclei – but not quite solid, warm dense matter exists in the cores of giant planets and as a way-station on the road to fusion. The rapid heating required to create warm dense matter – and eventually achieve the fusion of a solid-fuel target – requires a very short, very high-current pulse accelerated to the right energy.

The insert at bottom shows the computer simulation of the ion beam exiting the accelerator section and entering the neutralized drift compression section, where neutralization allows the tail of the pulse to catch up with the head and compress to a length of a mere nanosecond, a billionth of a second. Above is an artist's conception of the nanosecond pulse entering the foil.

NDCX‑II is an induction accelerator that can handle compact pulses of some 200 billion positively charged lithium ions, shaping each pulse as it is accelerated, and making sure that almost all the ions are delivered to the target within a nanosecond, a mere billionth of a second. But when they start from the injector, the ions are spread out in a 500-nanosecond pulse whose tail is moving slightly faster than its head. During initial acceleration, the overall pulse length shortens to less than 70 nanoseconds.

After further acceleration, the pulse enters a drift tube filled with plasma, which neutralizes the mutually repulsive charge of the positive ions and allows the pulse to compress, as its faster-moving tail closes the final distance to the head while focusing on the target. This process of neutralized drift compression gives the machine its name.

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory provided the accelerating cells, which were previously used for its Advanced Test Accelerator. They were then modified and rebuilt for NDCX-II at Berkeley Lab. Berkeley Lab also fabricated new diagnostic “intercells” to monitor beam quality in the accelerator. The accelerator is readily reconfigurable by rearranging the cells.

The first several induction cells are powered by long-pulse voltage generators, but when the pulses become short enough, the accelerating power is supplied by 250,000-volt, pulsed-power sources called Blumleins, also supplied by Livermore. The drift chamber that finally compresses and focuses the beam is equipped with a plasma source provided by the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory.

NDCX-II’s robust design and ultimate machine performance were established through simulations at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) using the Warp-3D ion-beam optics code developed by David Grote of Livermore and Berkeley Lab’s AFRD, in collaboration with Alex Friedman of Livermore and AFRD, Jean-Luc Vay of AFRD, and others. Grote and Vay used up to 6,000 processors and over a million hours of machine time on NERSC’s Franklin and Hopper supercomputers and other NERSC platforms.

“What makes NDCX-II unique is the ion beam’s charged-particle density,” says Kwan, “The beam is optimized to deposit most of its energy in the thin target itself, heating it instantly to warm dense matter conditions.”

The study begins with thin foil targets, not giant planets, and key aspect gprs  s of heavy-ion fusion-target physics can be addressed with NDCX-II. Warm dense matter is new territory for understanding a variety of astrophysical phenomena, an important research field in itself. Much closer to home is the preparation for a new generation of power plants on Earth, mimicking the engines of the stars.

Work on NDCX-II was supported by the DOE Office of Science.

Images: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Limestone Based Cement Red 3g sunsetuces Energy Consumption and CO2 Production by 97 Percent

www.inhandnetworks.com

Dr. Michel Barsoum

A team of engineers at Drexel Univers Industrial router ity have developed a “green” version of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). By using a form of alkali-activated cement that utilizes slag, limestone, and does not require heating to produce, their cement reduces energy consumption and carbon dioxide production by 97% and decreases material cost by 40%.

Drexel University engineers have found a way to improve upon ordinary Portland cement (OPC), the glue that’s bonded much of the world’s construction since the late 1800s. In research recently published in Cement and Concrete Composites the group served up a recipe for cement that is more energy efficient and cost effective to produce than masonry’s most prevalent bonding compound.

Drexel’s “green” variety is a form of alkali-activated cement that utilizes an industrial byproduct, called slag, and a common mineral, limestone, and does not require heating to produce. According to Dr. Michel W. Barsoum, A.W. Grosvenor professor  Industrial VPN router in Drexel’s Department of Materials Science and Engineering, this alternative production method and the ubiquity of the mix ingredients, lessens the cost of materials for Drexel’s cement by about 40 percent versus Portland cement and reduces energy consumption and carbon dioxide production by 97 percent.

“Cement consumption is rapidly rising, especially in newly industrialized countries, and it’s already responsible for 5 percent of human-made carbon dioxide. This is a unique way to limit the environmental consequences of meeting demand,” Dr. Alex Moseson, one of the lead researchers on the project, said.

While forms of alkali-activated cement have been used as far back as the 1950s and 1960s in several buildings in the former Soviet Union, much of the inspiration for this research came from the Pyramids in Egypt, as well as buildings in ancient Rome.

“Our cement is more like ancient Roman cement than like modern Portland,” Moseson said. “Although we won’t know for 2,000 years if ours has the longevity of Roman buildings, it gives us an idea of the staying power of this material.”

In contrast to ordinary Portland cement, Drexel’s cement is made of up to 68 percent unfired limestone, a plentiful, cheap, and low-carbon dioxide resource; American Society for Testing and Materials’ standards for Portland cement limit the amount to 5 percent. To this base, a small amount of commercial alkali chemical is added along with the iron slag byproduct. In Portland cement the substitute for this mixture, called clinker, is produced by firing a number of ingredients in a kiln, thus requiring more energy and generating more carbon dioxide.

During Moseson’s work in India to commercialize the technology, he developed products that meet local standards, using entirely local materials and techni Industrial Wireless M2M Router ques. He also investigated how the availability of green cement could help make quality building materials more affordable and accessible to marginalized populations living in slums, and create jobs by jump starting small-scale cement manufacturing in the country.

“Our results and the literature confirm that it performs as well or better than OPC,” Barsoum said. “We are very close to having the cement pass an important commercialization milestone, ASTM C1157, a standard that judges cement-like products on performance, such as strength and setting-time, regardless of composition”

The next step for the cement is getting it to the market, which the group is working toward via a start-up company called Greenstone Technologies, Inc.

Image: Drexel University

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

CWRU Theoretical Phy Distribution Power Line Monitoring  sicists Suggest Dark Matter May Be Massive

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In a new study, theoretical physicists from Case Western Reserve University suggest that dark matter may be massive and that the Standard Model may account for it.

The physics community has spent three decades searching for and finding no evidence that dark matter is made of tiny exotic particles. Case Western Reserve University theoretical physicists suggest researchers consider looking for candidates more in the ordinary realm and, well, more massive.

Dark matter is unseen matter, that, combined with normal matter, could create the gravity that, among other things, prevents spinning galaxies from flying apart. Physicists calculate that dark matter comprises 27 percent of the universe; normal matter 5 percent.

Instead of WIMPS, weakly interacting massive particles, or axions, which are weakly interacting low-mass particles, dark matter may be made of macroscopic objects, anywhere from a few ounces to the size of a good asteroid, and probably as dense as a neutron star, or the nucleus of an atom, the researchers suggest.

Physics professor Glenn Starkman and David Jacobs, who received his PhD in Physics from CWRU in May and is now a fellow at the University of Cape Town, say published observations provide guidance, limiting where to look. They lay out the possibilities in a paper listed below.

The Macros, as Starkman and Jacobs call them, would not only dwarf WIMPS and axions, but differ in an important way. They could potentially be assembled out of particles in the Standard Model of particle physics instead of requiring new physics to explain their exist M2M gateway  ence.

“We’ve been looking for WIMPs for a long time and haven’t seen them,” Starkman said. “We expected to make WIMPS in the Large Hadron Collider, and we haven’t.”

WIMPS and axions remain possible candidates for dark matter, but there’s reason to search elsewhere, the theorists argue.

“The community had kind of turned away from the idea that dark matter could be made of normal-ish stuff in the late ’80s,” Starkman said. “We ask, was that completely correct and how do we know dark matter isn’t more ordinary stuff— stuff that could be made from quarks and electrons?”

After eliminating most ordinary matter, including failed Jupiters, white dwarfs, neutron stars, stellar black holes, the black holes in centers of galaxies and neutrinos with a lot of mass, as possible candidates, physicists turned their focus on the exotics.

Matter that was somewhere in between ordinary and exotic—relatives of neutron stars or large nuclei—was left on the table, Starkman said. “We say relatives because they probably have a considerable admixture of strange quarks, which are made in accelerators and ordinarily have extremely short lives,” he said.

Although strange quarks are highly unstable, Starkman points out that neutrons are also highly unstable. But in helium, bound with stable prot m2m vpn  ons, neutrons remain stable.

“That opens the possibility that stable strange nuclear matiot vending machineter was made in the early universe and dark matter is nothing more than chunks of strange nuclear matter or other bound states of quarks, or of baryons, which are themselves made of quarks,” he said. Such dark matter would fit the Standard Model.

The Macros would have to be assembled from ordinary and strange quarks or baryons before the strange quarks or baryons decay, and at a temperature above 3.5 trillion degrees Celsius, comparable to the temperature in the center of a massive supernova, Starkman and Jacobs calculated. The quarks would have to be assembled with 90 percent efficiency, leaving just 10 percent to form the protons and neutrons found in the universe today.

The limits of the possible dark matter are as follows:

A minimum of 55 grams. If dark matter were smaller, it would have been seen in detectors in Skylab or in tracks found in sheets of mica. A maximum of 1024 (a million billion billion) grams. Above this, the Macros would be so massive they would bend starlight, which has not been seen. The range of 1017 to 1020 grams per centimeter squared should also be eliminated from the search, the theorists say. Dark matter in that range would be massive for gravitational lensing to affect individual photons from gamma ray bursts in ways that have not been seen.

If dark matter is within this allowed range, there are reasons it hasn’t been seen.

At the mass of 1018 grams, dark matter Macros would hit the Earth about once every billion years. At lower masses, they would strike the Earth more frequently but might not leave a recognizable record or observable mark. In the range of 109 to 1018, dark matter would collide with the Earth once annually, providing nothing to the underground dark matter detectors in place.

Publication: Submitted to MNRAS

PDF Copy of the Study: Macro Dark Matter

Image: Chandra/NASA/ESA

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Spintronics Device Captures Wasted Heat, Uses it to Power Dev Power Fault Detection  ices

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UCLA researchers have demonstrated the use of spin wave flow to move the domain wall in a magnetic device, allowing the harvest of wasted energy. Courtesy of UCLA and Physical Review Letters

In a newly published study, researchers at UCLA demonstrate how to add power to a spintronics device by harnessing excess heat and converting it for practical use.

FINDINGS: Imagine how much you could save on your electricity bill if you could use the excess heat your computer generates to actually power the machine.

Researchers at the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science have taken an important step toward harnessing that heat and converting it for practical use. The advance could lead to more energy-efficient appliances and information processing devices.

The research team, led by Kang Wang, UCLA’s Raytheon Professor of Electrical Engineering, demonstrates how to add power to a spintronics device, which uses the spin of electrons for energy rather than their charge.

Excess heat, like that generated by extended use of a computer or other device, naturally creates what is known as a spin wave that can move a domain wall. A domain wall separates magnetic materials that point in different directions in certain magnetic devices.

If housed within the central processing unit of a computer or other electrical device, a domain wall would serve as a sort of turbine, capturing the heat from the traveling spin wave and converting it into energy, just as a turbine harnesses the power of water and converts it into electrical energy that can be used to redirect the water or serve another purpose. The captured energy can then be used to help power the e distribution automation  lectrical device.

The concept of using heat energy to move magnetic domain walls is not new, according to researchers, but this paper is th digital signage  e first demonstration of moving a domain wall through propagation of a spin wave.

IMPACT: Researchers said the capture of heat energy can serve to supplement the power provided by traditional CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) circuits in devices from smartphones to computer servers and large electrical equipment. In the long run, the process may serve as an alternative to CMOS circuits in many devices.

AUTHORS: The study’s lead authors are UCLA postdoctoral researcher Wanjun Jiang and UCLA graduate student Pramey Industrial 3G Router   Upadhyaya. The principal investigator on the research is Kang Wang.

Other authors include Yaroslav Tserovnyak, UCLA associate professor physics and astronomy; Robert N. Schwartz, UCLA visiting professor of chemistry and biochemistry; UCLA postdoctoral researchers Sergiy Cherepov, Kin Wong and Jing Zhao; UCLA graduate students Li-Te Chang, Yabin Fan, Murong Lang, Mark Lewis, Yen-Ting Lin, Jianshi Tang and Minsheng Wang; and Xuezhi Zhou, a researcher at Canada’s University of Manitoba.

FUNDING: Researchers received financial support from the Western Institute of Nanoelectronics (WIN) and the Center for Functional Engineered Nano Architectonics (FENA) at UCLA, which are sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Semiconductor Industry Consortium and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

JOURNAL: The research was published online in the peer-reviewed journal Physical Review Letters on (abstract/PRL/v110/i17/e177202) and will appear in an upcoming print edition of the journal. Wanjun Jiang, et al., “Direct Imaging of Thermally Driven Domain Wall Motion in Magnetic Insulators,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 177202 (2013); DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.177202

Image: Courtesy of UCLA and Physical Review Letters.

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Cornell Scientists  ATM Remote Diagnostic  Take First Step Toward Cell-Sized Robots

www.inhandnetworks.com

An electricity-conducting, environment-sensing, shape-changing machine the size of a human cell? Is that even possible?

Cornell physicists Paul McEuen and Itai Cohen not only say yes, but they’ve actually built the “muscle” for one.

With postdoctoral researcher Marc Miskin at the helm, the team has made a robot exoskeleton that can rapidly change its shape upon sensing chemical or thermal changes in its environment. And, they claim, these microscale machines – equipped with electronic, photonic and chemical payloads – could become a powerful platform for robotics at the size scale of biological microorganisms.

“You could put the computational power of the spaceship Voyager onto an object the size of a cell,” Cohen said. “Then, where do you go explore?”

“We are trying to build what you might call an ‘exoskeleton’ for electronics,” said McEuen, the John A. Newman Professor of Physical Science and director of the Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science. “Right now, you can make little computer chips that do a lot of information-processing … but they don’t know how to move or cause something to bend.”

Their work is outlined in “Graphene-based Bimorphs for Micron-sized, Autonomous Origami Machines,” published January 2 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Miskin is lead author; other contributors included David Muller, the Samuel B. Eckert Professor of Engineering, and doctoral students Kyle Dorsey, Baris Bircan and Yimo Han.

The machines move using a motor called  inhand network  a bimorph. A bimorph is an assembly of two materials – in this case, graphene and glass – that bends when driven by a stimulus like heat, a chemical reaction or an applied voltage. The shape change happens because, in the case of heat, two materials with different thermal responses expand by different amounts over the same temperature change.

As a consequence, the bimorph bends to relieve some of this strain, allowing one layer to stretch out longer than the other. By adding rigid flat panels that cannot be bent by bimorphs, the researchers localize bending to take place only in specific places, creating folds. With this concept, they are able to make a variety of folding structures ranging from tetrahedra (triangular pyramids) to cubes.

In the case of graphene and glass, the bimorphs also fold in response to chemical stimuli by driving large ions into the glass, causing it to expand. Typically this chemical activity only occurs on the very outer edge of glass when submerged in water or some other ionic fluid. Since their bimorph is only a few nanometers thick, the glass is basically all outer edge and very reactive.

“It’s a neat trick,” Miskin said, “because it’s something you can do only with these nanoscale systems.”

The bimorph is built using atomic layer deposition – chemically “painting” atomically thin layers of silicon dioxide onto aluminum over a cover slip – then wet-transferring a single atomic layer of graphene on top of the stack. The result is the thinnest bimorph ever made.

One of their machines was described as being “three times larger than a red blood cell and three times smaller than a large neuron” when folded. Folding scaffolds of this size have been built before, but this group’s version has one clear advantage.

“Our devices are compatible with semiconductor manufacturing,” Cohen said. “That’s what’s making this compatible with our future vision  ul certified  for robotics at this scale.”

And due to graphene’s relative strength, Miskin said, it can handle the types of loads necessary for electronics applications.

“If you want to build this electronics exoskeleton,” he said, “you need it to be able to produce enough force to carry the electronics. Ours does that.”

For now, these tiniest of tiny machines have no commercial application in electronics, biological sensing or anything else. But the research pushes the science of nanoscale robots forward, McEuen said.

“Right now, there are no ‘muscles’ for small-scale machines,” he said, “so we’re building the small-scale muscles.”

This work was performed at the Cornell NanoScale Facility for Science and Technology and supported by the Cornell Center for Materials Research, the National Science Foundation, the Air Force Office of Scient M2M LTE router  ific Research and the Kavli Institute at Cornell.

Publication: “Graphene-based Bimorphs for Micron-sized, Autonomous Origami Machines,” PNAS, 2018;

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Yale Engineers Develop Hybrid System for Quant wordpress plugins  um Communication

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Using microwaves and magnets, researchers at the Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science developed a hybrid system for quantum communication.

Yale engineers have developed a hybrid system that strongly couples magnons—the smallest unit of measurement for a magnetic spin excitation—with microwave photons. According to the researchers, the hybrid system achieved an ultrahigh coherence between the two platforms that makes the system suitable for storing and transferring information.

“Magnons, because they can interact with many different information carriers, can be an ideal bridge to platforms as diverse as microwaves, light waves, and acoustic waves,” says Hong Tang, associate professor of electrical en inhand network  gineering, p Distribution Power Line Monitoring System  hysics & applied physics and principal investigator of the research published October 7 in Physical Review Letters. “This ability makes magnons a promising new platform for quantum communication and possibly for the development of a quantum computer.”

The Yale team’s hybrid system utilized a small sphere made of yttrium iron garnet (YIG)—a magnetic insulator that has very low magnon attenuation—placed inside a microwave cavity. The geometry of both the YIG sphere and the cavity resulted in uniform coupling between the microwave photons and magnons, and at a higher quality than previous experiments that used YIG thin films. The coupling was in fact so strong that information carried by the microwave signal can be written to or read from the magnon five billion times per second; such a processing speed allowed the information stored in a single magnon to be accessed 10,000 times before its energy was dissipated and the information lost.

In addition to the ultrahigh coherence and ultrastrong coupling between the magnons and microwave photons, the researchers also argue for further magnon use because of the platform’s high tunability and nonlinearity; these two attributes enable the platform to flexibly couple with other platforms.

“Nonlinearity is also crucial because it enables not only integration with other platforms, but also more complex manipulations to the information signal itself, such as one magnon being split into two magnons, each with half the energy of the original magnon, or perhaps two identical magnons being converted into two magnons with different frequencies,” says Xufeng Zhang, a Yale engineering doctoral student and lead author of the paper. “Our next step is to explore such nonlinear processes. With these linear and nonlinear properties,  Grid Analytics System  magnons become a very promising candidate as carriers for information processing and communication.”

Other authors of the article include Chang-Ling Zou and Liang Jiang. The article is titled “Strongly Coupled Magnons and Cavity Microwave Photons.”

Publication: Xufeng Zhang, et al., “Strongly Coupled Magnons and Cavity Microwave Photons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 156401, 2014; doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.156401

PDF Copy of the Study: Strongly coupled magnons and cavity microwave photons

Image: Yale University

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Printing Innovation Improve prestashop webdesign  s Organic Semiconductor Efficiency 10-Fold

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This photo shows an array of 1-mm-wide by 2-cm-long single-crystal organic semiconductors. The neatly aligned blue strips are what provide greater electric charge mobility. The Stanford logo shown here is the same size as a dime. Credit: Y. Diao, B. C-K. Tee, et al.

Using a new a printing process called FLUENCE (fluid-enhanced crystal engineering), researchers have developed highly aligned single-crystalline organic semiconductor thin films that are capable of conducting electricity 10 times more efficiently than those created using conventional methods.

Menlo Park, California — Through innovations to a printing process, researchers have made major improvements to organic electronics—a technology in demand for lightweight, low-cost solar cells, flex wireless atm  ible electronic displays and tiny sensors. The printing method is fast and works with a variety of organic materials to produce semiconductors of strikingly higher quality than what has so far been achieved with similar methods.

Organic electronics have great promise for a variety of applications, but even the highest quality films available today fall short in how well they conduct electrical current. The team from the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University have developed a printing process they call FLUENCE—fluid-enhanced crystal engineering—that for some materials results in thin films capable of conducting electricity 10 times more efficiently than those created using conventional methods.

“Even better, most of the concepts behind FLUENCE can scale up to meet industry requirements,” said Ying Diao, a SLAC/Stanford postdoctoral researcher and lead author of the study, which appeared today in Nature Materials.

Stefan Mannsfeld, a SLAC materials physicist and one of the principal investigators of the experiment, said the key was to focus on the physics of the printing process rather than the chemical makeup of the semiconductor. Diao engineered the process to produce strips of big, neatly aligned crystals that electrical charge can flow through easily, while preservin Industrial Wireless M2M Router g the benefits of the “strained  Industrial IoT Router/Gateway  lattice” structure and “solution shearing” printing technique previously developed in the lab of Mannsfeld’s co-principal investigator, Professor Zhenan Bao of the Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, a joint SLAC-Stanford institute.

This image shows a simulation, called a “streamline representation,” of the organic semiconductor solution flowing around the micropillars and mixing in the spaces below. The colors indicate different speeds for the solution as it passes the micropillars and gets mixed behind them: deep blue is 0 mm/s, all the way up to red for 1.3 mm/s. Credit: Y. Diao et al.

To make the advance, Diao focused on controlling the flow of the liquid in which the organic material is dissolved. “It’s a vital piece of the puzzle,” she said. If the ink flow does not distribute evenly, as is often the case during fast printing, the semiconducting crystals will be riddled with defects. “But in this field there’s been little research done on controlling fluid flow.”

Diao designed a printing blade with tiny pillars embedded in it that mix the ink so it forms a uniform film. She also engineered a way around another problem: the tendency of crystals to randomly form across the substrate. A series of cleverly designed chemical patterns on the substrate suppress the formation of unruly crystals that would otherwise grow out of alignment with the printing direction. The result is a film of large, well-aligned crystals.

X-ray studies of the group’s organic semiconductors at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) allowed them to inspect their progress and continue to make improvements, eventually showing neatly arranged crystals at least 10 times longer than crystals created with other solution-based techniques, and of much greater structural perfection.

The group also repeated the experiment using a second organic semiconductor material with a significantly different molecular structure, and again they saw a notable improvement in the quality of the film. They believe this is a sign the techniques will work across a variety of materials.

Principal investigators Bao and Mannsfeld say the next step for the group is pinning down the underlying relationship between the material and the process that enabled such a stellar result. Such a discovery could provide an unprecedented degree of control over the electronic properties of printed films, optimizing them for the devices that will use them.

“That could lead to a revolutionary advance in organic electronics,” Bao said. “We’ve been making excellent progress, but I think we’re only just scratching the surface.”

Other study co-authors included researchers from Stanford University’s departments of chemistry and chemical and electrical engineering and Nanjing University. The research was supported by SLAC’s Laboratory Directed Research and Development program. SSRL is a national user facility operated by Stanford University on behalf of the DOE’s Office of Science.

Cross-polarized optical micrograph comparing a sample of an organic semiconducting film created without micropillars (top) and with micropillars (bottom) at scales of both one millimeter and 50 micrometers. Note the uniformity of the crystals in the bottom image as compared to the images in the top. Credit: Y. Diao et al.

SLAC is a multi-program laboratory exploring frontier questions in photon science, astrophysics, particle physics and accelerator research. Located in Menlo Park, California, SLAC is operated by Stanford University for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. To learn more, please visit www.slac.stanford.edu.

DOE’s Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, please visit science.energy.gov.

Publication: Ying Diao, et al., “Solution coating of large-area organic semiconductor thin films with aligned single-crystalline domains,” Nature Materials (2013); doi:10.1038/nmat3650

Images: Y. Diao et al.

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